A análise descritiva sobre os animais diagnosticados com distúrbios comportamentais relacionados com o medo teve como objectivo ajudar a compreender algumas tendências e padrões reportados pelos seus donos.
Os dados indicam que apenas 10% destes animais foram previamente diagnosticados pelo veterinário assistente e menos de 7% por um treinador (embora 94% dos animais tenha tido algum tipo de treino). Importa salientar que esta amostra foi recolhida numa clínica de especialidade, onde os cães foram efectivamente diagnosticados com um distúrbio específico. É, portanto, possível que a maioria dos donos entenda que o diagnóstico foi feito pelo especialista e não pelo veterinário ou treinador. No entanto, estes dados podem evidenciar a dificuldade dos veterinários generalistas na abordagem e terapêutica de problemas comportamentais, dificuldades previamente referidas por outros autores (Lord, Reider, Herron, & Graszak, 2008; Roshier & McBride, 2013).
Três quartos dos animais apresentavam mais do que um medo patológico que, ordenados por ordem descrescente de frequência, foram: medo de animais; medo de ruídos/sonofobia; ansiedade por separação; medo de pessoas; outros.
Apenas metade dos inquiridos conseguiu identificar um incidente específico potencialmente relacionado com o início da expressão de comportamentos desviantes do seu animal. No entanto, 91% reportaram sinais evidentes destes comportamentos durante a adolescência, embora 66% tenham referido que o animal foi habituado (segundo a perspectiva do dono) ao estímulo problemático durante os primeiros meses de vida. Estes dados permitem questionar a capacidade dos donos em executar uma habituação adequada, assim como de detectar sinais iniciais (geralmente subtis) de medo, o que transforma o processo de suposta habituação numa sensibilização. Por outro lado, a ausência de um incidente claro que marque o início da resposta comportamental patológica é concordante com alguns autores (ex.: Bear et al., 2007) que afirmam que alguns medos são intrínsecos ao indivíduo, não dependendo de acontecimentos específicos que os despoletem e, portanto, improváveis de prevenir.
Quando inquiridos sobre a sua reacção aos comportamentos do seu animal, os donos responderam o seguinte: 70% tentou acalmar o animal com afecto; 70% procurou ajuda profissional; 18% ignorou o animal enquanto este expressava o comportamento; 15% puniu o animal de alguma forma. A análise destes resultados revela um desvio em comparação com a
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literatura publicada, possivelmente devido a um viés de selecção da amostra: Blackwell, Twells, Seawright, & Casey (2008) reportaram que apenas 18% dos donos de animais com distúrbios comportamentais procuraram aconselhamento profissional, Blackwell et al. (2013) falam em 29% e Lord, et al. (2008) afirmam que a maioria dos donos destes animais considera consultar um treinador em vez de um veterinário. Mesmo na nossa amostra de donos privilegiada – no sentido que a ligação ao animal e a importância na sua vida os levaram a investir em ajuda especializada e na implementação de um exigente plano terapêutico –, 15% dos donos referiu utilizar técnicas punitivas no seu animal. Como abordado anteriormente, a utilização de punição não traz qualquer benefício para nenhum dos intervenientes, tendo já sido relacionada com um aumento da probabilidade de ocorrência de respostas agressivas (Herron et al., 2009).
CONCLUSÕES e CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Os distúrbios comportamentais são uma das principais causas de eutanásia e abandono de animais de companhia. Ambos os estudos desta dissertação realçam a necessidade do veterinário se destacar como um profissional instruído, sensível e actualizado na matéria do comportamento animal, de modo a conquistar a confiança dos donos. Este investimento possibilitará, no futuro, a inversão da tendência verificada actualmente, em que os donos destes animais recorrem mais prontamente a fontes de informação menos qualificadas. Conclui-se também que os distúrbios comportamentais relacionados com o medo podem e devem ser diagnosticados precocemente nos primeiros anos de vida, de forma a implementar planos terapêuticos adequados e eficazes.
Foi possível evidenciar o efeito do tratamento estatístico na inferência de conclusões, realçando a necessidade de aplicação de métodos de análise multivariada no estudo de eventuais correlações entre variáveis biológicas, com vista a obter resultados credíveis e realistas, que promovam a correcta evolução do entendimento científico numa área de estudo tão complexa e relevante. Coabitar com outros cães foi positivamente associado ao diagnóstico de distúrbios comportamentais relacionados com o medo. Uma interpretação possível é a de que viver com outros animais pode estar directamente associado ao desenvolvimento destes distúrbios. No entanto, é possível que a expressão deste problema seja precipitada pela convivência próxima com outros animais, em indivíduos predispostos para tal.
Estudos futuros dever-se-iam focar igualmente nos aspectos genéticos do comportamento de medo, de forma a compreender a relevância destes no desenvolvimento de distúrbios relacionados.
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Por outro lado, a temática da agressividade ainda divide a literatura, com alguns autores a defender a componente do medo como motivação essencial na sua génese e outros a entender que a agressividade por medo é apenas uma das diversas formas possíveis de expressar agressividade. Estudos futuros ideais seriam do tipo comparativo, estudariam amostras com dimensões representativas, teriam um desenho prospectivo, englobariam as variáveis genéticas/familiares e empregariam uma análise estatística adequada – muito provavelmente do tipo multivariado.
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