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Abortion in Burkina Faso: key determinants, costs, and consequences

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© Patrick Gueswendé Christian Ilboudo, 2015

Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo No. 1960

ISBN 978-82-8264-961-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.

Cover: Hanne Baadsgaard Utigard.

Printed in Norway: AIT Oslo AS.

Produced in co-operation with Akademika Publishing.

The thesis is produced by Akademika Publishing merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate.

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