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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ... 5
2 AIMS AND PROBLEM AREAS ... 6
2.1 ANALYTICAL MODEL ... 6
3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ... 12
3.1 TOURIST ORGANIZATIONS ... 12
3.1.1 Terms and Definitions ... 13
3.1.2 Contextual Contingencies of Tourist Organizations ... 16
3.1.3 Corporate Governance in Tourist Organizations ... 22
3.2 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BOARDS OF DIRECTORS ... 30
3.2.1 Context in Corporate Governance Studies ... 32
3.2.2 Board Roles ... 33
3.2.3 Board Characteristics ... 34
3.2.4 Board Processes ... 35
3.2.5 Structure and Public Sector Power ... 36
3.3 MULTIPLE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ... 39
3.4 SOME REFLECTIONS ON OUTCOMES ... 46
3.4.1 Outcomes in Corporate Governance Studies ... 46
3.4.2 Outcomes in Studies of Tourist Organizations ... 47
4 RESEARCH SETTING ... 49
4.1 TOURIST ORGANIZATIONS IN NORWAY ... 49
4.2 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN NORWAY ... 50
5 METHODS ... 52
5.1 THE PHILOSOPHICAL FRAME OF THE RESEARCH ... 52
5.2 MIXED METHODS ... 55
5.3 PILOT STUDY ... 55
5.4 FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS ... 56
5.4.1 Focus Group Sample ... 58
5.4.2 Focus Group Procedure ... 59
5.4.3 Analyses of Focus Group Interviews ... 61
5.5 SURVEY ... 62
5.5.1 Survey Sample ... 63
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5.5.2 Survey Instruments ... 63
5.5.3 Survey Procedure ... 67
5.5.4 Analyses of Survey Data ... 68
5.6 CASE STUDY ... 69
5.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY CONCERNS ... 71
5.7.1 Qualitative Research ... 72
5.7.2 Quantitative Research ... 77
6 RESULTS ... 82
6.1 FINDINGS REPORTED IN PAPER I ... 82
6.2 FINDINGS REPORTED IN PAPER II ... 83
6.3 FINDINGS REPORTED IN PAPER III ... 83
6.4 FINDINGS REPORTED IN PAPER IV ... 85
7 DISCUSSIONS ... 86
7.1 THE QUALITY OF THE RESEARCH ... 87
7.1.1 Level of Analysis ... 89
7.1.2 Summary of Main Limitations ... 91
7.2 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION ... 92
7.3 THE APPLICABILITY OF MODELS AND THEORIES ... 92
7.3.1 Corporate Governance Models ... 92
7.3.2 Multiple Theoretical Perspectives ... 95
7.4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE ... 96
7.4.1 Corporate Governance in Tourist Organizations ... 97
7.4.2 Corporate Governance Research ... 103
8 CONCLUDING REMARKS ... 105
8.1 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS... 105
8.2 FUTURE RESEARCH ... 107
9 REFERENCES ... 110
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Lists of Figures and Tables
Figure 1 Analytical Model and Theoretical Consistency of the Thesis ... 7
Figure 2 Analytical Model: Contextual Contingencies ... 17
Figure 3 Comprehensive View of Tourism Governance... 22
Figure 4 Analytical Model: Boards of Directors ... 31
Figure 5 Analytical Model: Structure and Public Power ... 37
Table 1 Terms and Definitions of Collaborative Arrangements in Tourism ... 14
Table 2 Peer-Reviewed Publications on Corporate Governance (1998–2014) ... 24
Table 3 Theoretical Perspectives of the Four Papers ... 40
Table 4 Methodological Overview of the Studies ... 54
Table 5 Interview Guide ... 60
Table 6 Instruments in Survey ... 64
Table 7 Population, Answers, and Response Rates ... 68
Table 8 Data Sources and Analyses in the Case Study ... 70
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List of Papers
Paper I
*DUQHV6 *U¡QKDXJ.7KHUROHRIERDUGVRIGLUHFWRUVLQWRXULVW RUJDQL]DWLRQVScandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism11±
Paper II
*DUQHV 6 0DWKLVHQ * ( 5HVHDUFK QRWH 'HVWLQDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV 'HYHORSLQJ D VWUDWHJLF RULHQWDWLRQ VFDOHInternational Journal of Tourism Policy4±
Paper III
*DUQHV 6 0DWKLVHQ * ( 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO FRPPLWPHQW RI GLUHFWRUV LQ FROODERUDWLYH WRXULVW RUJDQL]DWLRQV 0HGLDWLQJ HIIHFWV RI ERDUGURRPEHKDYLRUJournal of Travel Research,53±
Paper IV
*DUQHV67RXULVWRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGWKHSRZHURIWKHSXEOLFVHFWRUD FRUSRUDWH JRYHUQDQFH SHUVSHFWLYH Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration18±
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Summary
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1.1 Structure of the Thesis
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2 Aims and Problem Areas
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Aims and Problem Area Figure 1 Analytical Model and Theoretical Consistency of the Thesis BOARD OF DIRECTORS BOARD ROLES: STRATEGY,CONTROL, and SERVICE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENTINTRAGROUP CONFLICT EFFORT NORMS
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION Stakeholder orientation Holistic orientation COMPENSATION ORGANIZATIONAL-LEVEL OUTCOME DESTINATION-LEVEL OUTCOMES BOARD CHARACTERISTICS
EXTERNAL CONTINGENCIES Environmental variables Industry type Legal requirements Public policy INTERNAL CONTINGENCIES Structure Scale Size Resources Public influenceBOARD PROCESSESBOARD-LEVEL OUTCOME
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Table 2 Peer-Reviewed Publications on Corporate Governance (1998–2014)
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