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2.4 Voluntary interruption of pregnancy (VIP) and unsafe abortion

2.5.2 Contraception in Argentina Regulations

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Distribution of contraceptives methods by the National Program of Sexual Health and Responsible Procreation

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Table 5. Contraceptive methods distributed by the National Program of Reproductive Health and Responsible Procreation

Contraceptive method 2011 2016

Combined oral contraceptive&2&

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Current use of contraceptive methods/ contraceptive prevalence and unmet need

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Table 6. Contraceptive methods used by the population.

Contraceptive method used: Women Men

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