• No results found

Troubled families and individualised solutions? An ontological, discursive and interactionist analysis of families' involvement in alcohol and other drug treatment

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Troubled families and individualised solutions? An ontological, discursive and interactionist analysis of families' involvement in alcohol and other drug treatment"

Copied!
143
0
0

Laster.... (Se fulltekst nå)

Fulltekst

(1)

VROXWLRQV"

$QRQWRORJLFDOGLVFXUVLYHDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLVWDQDO\VLV RIIDPLOLHV¶LQYROYHPHQWLQDOFRKRODQGRWKHUGUXJ

WUHDWPHQW

E\

$QQH6FKDQFKH6HOEHNN

7KHVLVVXEPLWWHGLQIXOILOOPHQWRI WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUGHJUHHRI

3+,/2623+,$('2&725 3K'

)DFXOW\RI6RFLDO6FLHQFHV

(2)

125:$<

ZZZXLVQR

‹$QQH6FKDQFKH6HOEHNN ,6%1

3K'7KHVLVQU ,661

7KLVWKHVLVDUHGHGLFDWHGWRWKHPHPRU\RIP\IDWKHUIRUEHLQJDFRQVWDQW VRXUFHRIFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJH[LVWHQWLDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDOFXULRVLW\DQGHPRWLRQDO VXSSRUW

(3)

(4)

LY

Acknowledgements

, ZRXOG ILUVW OLNH WR H[WHQG P\ VLQFHUH WKDQNV WR WKH IDPLOLHV ZKR DJUHHG WR SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLVVWXG\7KDQN\RXIRUVRJHQHURXVO\VKDULQJDQGUHIOHFWLQJRQ

\RXUOLIHH[SHULHQFHVWRJHWKHUZLWKPHZKLFKUHSUHVHQWWKHFRUHRIZKDWWKLV WKHVLVLVDOODERXW0DQ\RI\RXVWDWHGGLUHFWO\WKDWWKHUHDVRQZK\\RXDJUHHG WR VKDUH \RXU H[SHULHQFHV ZDV WKDW LW PLJKW EH RI KHOS WR RWKHUV LQ VLPLODU VLWXDWLRQVJLYLQJWKHPHVVDJHWKDWWKH\DUHQRWDORQHDQGWKDWWKHUHLVKRSHDQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV,ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRJLYHP\GHHSWKDQNVWRWKRVHLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDW LQFOXGHG PHDQGWKRVHSDUWLFLSDQWVWKDW ZHUHZLOOLQJWRWDONZLWK PH7KDQN

\RX IRU SURYLGLQJ VXFK LQWHUHVWLQJ HQFRXQWHUV UHIOHFWLQJ RQ \RXU ZRUN H[SHULHQFHVWRJHWKHUZLWKPH

6R PDQ\ SHRSOH KDYH KHOSHG PH RQ P\ ZD\ 0DQ\ WLPHV VPDOO HQFRXQWHUV ZHUHDQHSLVRGHLVVKDUHGDUHIOHFWLRQRUVXJJHVWLRQLVPDGHDFULWLFDOTXHVWLRQV LVDVNKDYHEHHQRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFH/LNHZKHQ+HOHQH(JHODQGVXJJHVWHGPH WRLQFOXGHERWKMRLQWIDPLO\LQWHUYLHZVDQGLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUYLHZVLQWKHUHVHDUFK GHVLJQ,RZHHDFKDQGHYHU\RQHRI\RXSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKLVSURFHVVKHDUWIHOW WKDQNV5HVHDUFKLVVRFLDOZKHUHWKRXJKWVDUHGHYHORSHGDQGUHILQHGLQDOOWKH VPDOOHSLVRGHVDQGHQFRXQWHUVRIHYHU\GD\OLIH

7KDQN\RXWRP\GHDUSUHVHQWDQGIRUPHUFROOHDJXHVDW.R5XV9HVW6WDYDQJHU DQG5RJDODQG$VHQWHUIRUHQFRXUDJHPHQWDQGYDOXDEOHGLVFXVVLRQV$VSHFLDO WKDQNVWR$QGHUV+HOOPDQ/LVH5DVPXVVHQ5DQGL0RVVHILQQ0DUHQ/¡YnV 6LOMH /LOO 5LPVWDG DQG *XQYRU *U¡GHP $DPRGW IRU \RXU LQVSLUDWLRQDO UHIOHFWLRQVLQVLJKWVDQGFRPPRQHQJDJHPHQW7KDQNVWR³08*JUXSSHQ´IRU SURYLGLQJDQDUHQDWRGLVFXVV³IDPLO\´ PDWWHUV7KDQNV.MHUVWL(JHQEHUJDQG 5RJDODQG$VHQWHUIRUVXSSRUWDQGIRUPDNLQJLWSRVVLEOHWRILQDOLVHWKLVZRUN 7KDQN\RX5DVPXV6DQGIRUEHLQJVXFKDZRQGHUIXOPHQWRULQWKHHDUO\SKDVHV RI WKLV ZRUN DQG RQH RI P\ IDYRXULWH UHYLHZHUV 7KDQN \RX ,QJHU (LGH 5REHUWVRQP\GHDUSDUWQHUVRFLRORJLVWLQFULPHIRUEHLQJDFRQVWDQWVRXUFHRI UHIOHFWLRQVVXSSRUWDQGIULHQGVKLS

7KDQN \RX +LOGHJXQQ 6DJYDDJ P\ PDLQ VXSHUYLVRU IRU \RXU FRQWDJLRXVO\

HQWKXVLDVP HQFRXUDJHPHQWDQGFRRSHUDWLRQLQ GHYHORSLQJWKLVUHVHDUFKDQG IRU IDFLOLWDWLQJ D UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLW\ DW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WDYDQJHU RQ VRFLDO

(5)

Y

VFLHQWLILF DOFRKRO DQG RWKHU GUXJ UHVHDUFK 7KDQN \RX +DOYRU )DXVNH DW /LOOHKDPPHU8QLYHUVLW\&ROOHJHP\FRVXSHUYLVRUIRULQWURGXFLQJPHWRWKH LPSRUWDQWWKUHDGVRIDQDO\VLVRIFULWLFDOUHDOLVPDQGSRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\7KDQN

\RX.HUVWLQ6¡GHUVWU¡PIRUFRPPHQWLQJVRWKRURXJKO\RQP\ ZRUN LQDODWH SKDVHRIP\ZULWLQJ

7KDQN \RX FROOHDJXHV DW .25)25 IRU LQVSLUDWLRQ WUXVW DQG WKH ILQDQFLDO VXSSRUWWRDFFRPSOLVKWKLVZRUN(VSHFLDOO\6YHUUH1HVYnJIRULQVSLUDWLRQDQG JXLGDQFH DQG (VSHQ (QRNVHQ IRU LQWHUHVW DQG VXSSRUW 6YHLQXQJ '\SYLJ IRU MRXUQDOLVWLFVXSSRUW-DQQHcUVWDGIRUIHOORZVKLSDQGGLVFXVVLRQV

7KDQN\RX:LOO\3HGHUVHQIRUEHLQJVXFKDQLQVSLUDWLRQ OHDGLQJRXUZULWLQJ VHPLQDUVDW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WDYDQJHU DQG SURYLGLQJ LPSRUWDQW LQSXWV DQG JXLGDQFH $OO WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV DW WKRVH VHPLQDULHV UHSUHVHQW D VRXUFH RI LQVSLUDWLRQ ± WKDQN \RX 7KDQNV WR IHOORZ 3K' VWXGHQWV DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WDYDQJHU 7URQG *U¡QQHVWDG 8QQ +DPPHUYROG DQG 7RQH /DUVHQ IRU SURYLGLQJ VXFK DQ HQULFKLQJ HQYLURQPHQW WR ZRUN DQG UHIOHFW LQ 7KDQNV WR 6YDQDXJ)M UIRU\RXULQSXWDQGVXSSRUW$OVRWKDQNVWR3URJUDPRPUnGHWIRU SnU¡UHQGHIRUVNQLQJ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WDYDQJHU DQG 3nU¡UHQGHVHQWHUHW L 6WDYDQJHUIRUWKHLUHQJDJHPHQWDQGVXSSRUW

7KDQN\RX3HWHU-DPHV$GDPVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$XFNODQGIRUZHOFRPLQJ PH LQ\RXUEHDXWLIXOFRXQWU\DQGIRUWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRGLVFXVVRXUFRPPRQ UHVHDUFKLQWHUHVW7KDQN\RXIRUZULWLQJWKHERRN³)UDJPHQWHGLQWLPDF\´DQ LQYDOXDEOHDQDO\WLFDOWRROLQWKLVUHVHDUFKSURFHVVDQGWKDQN \RXIRU VKDULQJ

\RXUNQRZOHGJHDQGJXLGDQFH

, DOVR KLJKO\ DSSUHFLDWH WKH UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLWLHV , KDYH EHHQ DOORZHG WR SDUWLFLSDWHLQDQGGLVFXVVP\ZRUNDWYDULRXVVRPHVWDJHRIP\SURFHVVHLWKHU WKURXJK3K'FRXUVHVRUUHVHDUFKQHWZRUNV+¡JNROHQL/LOOHKDPPHU$DUKXV 8QLYHUVLWHW%DUQ%HVWHIRUVNHUQHWWYHUN.HWWLO%UXXQ6RFLHW\

,ZRXOGDOVRWKDQNDOOWKHZRQGHUIXOSHRSOHZRUNLQJLQWKLVILHOGWKDW,KDYHPHW RQP\URDGSURYLGLQJIDPLOLHVZLWKVXSSRUWDQGLQYROYHPHQWDQGVKDULQJWKHLU NQRZOHGJHDQGHQJDJHPHQWLQVHYHUDOSDUWRIWKHFRXQWULHV$VSHFLDOWKDQNV WR )ULG +DQVHQ ,QJHEM¡UJ )ODWnV RJ cVH 3UHVWYLN IRU LQVSLUDWLRQ DQG HQFRXUDJHPHQW

(6)

YL

7KDQNVWRP\GHDUIDPLO\DQGIULHQGVIRUFXULRVLW\HQJDJHPHQWVXSSRUWIRRG ORYH DQG SDWLHQFH LQ WKLV SURFHVV $QG PRVW RI DOO WKDQN \RX %nUG7LDDQG

%HUWLQHIRUEHLQJP\IDPLO\

(7)

YLL

Summary

7KHPDLQFRQFHUQLQWKLVDUWLFOHEDVHGWKHVLVLVWKHVLWXDWLRQIRUIDPLOLHVLQWKH FRXUVHRIDGGLFWLYHSURFHVVHVDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUVXSSRUWDQGLQYROYHPHQW LQWUHDWPHQWZKHUHZHDVNKRZFDQZHXQGHUVWDQGSUDFWLFHVWRZDUGVIDPLOLHV DQG DIIHFWHG IDPLO\ PHPEHUV $)0V LQ DOFRKRO DQG RWKHU GUXJ $2' WUHDWPHQW"7KUHHDUWLFOHVDUHOLQNHGWRJHWKHULQWKHLUFRPPRQIRFXVRQIDPLO\

RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHV

)LUVWO\ RQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO OHYHO DQDO\VLQJ KRZ WZR PRGHOV RI IDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQ WKH 6WUHVVVWUDLQFRSLQJVXSSRUW 66&6 PRGHO DQG WKH VRFLDO HFRORJLFDO6(PRGHODLPLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\WRZDUGV$)0VLQWKHLURZQULJKW DQGWRZDUGVUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQIDPLO\PHPEHUVUHODWHVWRWKHSKHQRPHQRQ RIDGGLFWLRQDQGZKLFKRSWLRQVDQGDFWLRQVWKH\SURYLGHIRUIDPLOLHV

6HFRQGO\ RQ WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO OHYHO DQDO\VLQJ KRZ WKHRULHV DUH DSSOLHG LQ SUDFWLFH DQG ZKDW WKH FRQGLWLRQV DUH IRU UHFHLYLQJ DWWHQWLRQ DQG VXSSRUW DV

$)0VZLWKLQ$2'WUHDWPHQW

7KLUGO\ RQ WKH IDPLO\ OHYHO DQDO\VLQJ SURFHVVHV RI WUHDWPHQW DQG UHFRYHU\

IURP WKH LQWHUUHODWHG SHUVSHFWLYHV RI SHUVRQV ZLWK D SUREOHPDWLF XVH RI VXEVWDQFHVDQGWKHLU$)0VUHODWHGWRWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVDQGRSWLRQVHQFRXQWHUV ZLWKWUHDWPHQWIDFLOLWDWHV

7KHHPSLULFDOEDVLVIRUWKHVHDQDO\VHVZDVREWDLQHGIURPWKUHHGLIIHUHQW$2' WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ1RUZD\%RWKFOLQLFLDQVn GLUHFWRUVn DQG UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURPIDPLOLHVn IURPIDPLOLHVZHUHLQWHUYLHZHGWRJDLQ NQRZOHGJH DERXW IDPLOLHV HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK WUHDWPHQW DQG WKH LQWHUDFWLRQDO FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV DUH H[HUFLVHG &RQFHSW UHWULHYHG IURPDFULWLFDOUHDOLVWGLVFXUVLYHDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLVWUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQZHUHXVHG DV WRROV XQGHUO\LQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW DQDO\VLV $ FRPPRQ JURXQG LV DVHQVLWLYLW\

WRZDUGV GLVFXUVLYH RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG SRVVLELOLWLHV DW ZRUN LQ WDON DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ

,Q$UWLFOHERWKWKH66&6PRGHODQGWKH6(PRGHODUHKLJKOLJKWHGDVHVVHQWLDO IRUGHDOLQJ ZLWKWKH FRPSOH[LW\ RIWKHSKHQRPHQRQ RIDGGLFWLRQLQIDPLOLHV 7KH 66&6 PRGHO E\ SURYLGLQJ DJHQF\ IRU D QHJOHFWHG JURXS RI $)0V DQG

(8)

YLLL

GHYHORSLQJDPHWKRGWRDGGUHVVWKHLUQHHGVDQGWKH6(PRGHOE\DGYRFDWLQJ WKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRIVRFLDOVROXWLRQVLQWKHILHOGRIDOFRKRODQGGUXJ$2' WUHDWPHQWDQGGHYHORSLQJDIUDPHZRUNIRUFRQGXFWLQJMRLQWVHVVLRQVDQGIDPLO\

WKHUDS\%RWKPRGHOVDQGWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHSUDFWLFDOJXLGHOLQHVIRULQWHUYHQWLRQV FRXOGZRUNFRPSOHPHQWDU\LQDFOLQLFDOVHWWLQJDVXVHIXOWRROVLQGLIIHUHQWW\SHV RI FDVH DQG DW GLIIHUHQW VWDJHV RI WUHDWPHQW²FRPELQLQJ WKH OHYHO DQG HPHUJHQFHLQWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDJHQF\DQGVWUXFWXUH²IRUWKHEHWWHUPHQW RIIDPLOLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV

,Q $UWLFOH LW LV UHYHDOHG WKDW IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV DUH JDLQLQJ JURXQG ZLWKLQ WKH ILHOG RI $2'WUHDWPHQW DV D ³JRLQJ FRQFHUQ´ 6WLOO WKH UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQRIIDPLO\RULHQWDWLRQLQWKHVHUYLFHVLVFRQVWUDLQHGDQGVKDSHGE\WKUHH RWKHU JRLQJ FRQFHUQV UHODWHG WR GLVFRXUVH RQ KHDOWK DQG LOOQHVV HPSKDVLVLQJ XSRQ DGGLFWLRQ DV DQ LQGLYLGXDO PHGLFDO DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO SKHQRPHQRQ UDWKHU WKDQ D UHODWLRQDO RQH GLVFRXUVH RQ ULJKWV DQG LQYROYHPHQW HPSKDVLVLQJ XSRQ WKH ULJKWV DQG DXWRQRP\ IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO SDWLHQW WR GHILQH WKH IRUPDW RI WKHLU RZQ WUHDWPHQW DQG GLVFRXUVH RQ PDQDJHPHQW HPSKDVLVLQJ XSRQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FRVW DQG EHQHILW ZKHUH IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV DUH GHILQHG DV QRW EHLQJ FRVWHIIHFWLYH $OO WKUHH GLVFRXUVHV DUH QHWZRUNHG WRJHWKHU LQ XQGHUSLQ WKH ³JUDYLW\´ WRZDUGV LQGLYLGXDOLVHG SUDFWLFHV 7KH ILQGLQJV SRLQW WR D SDUDGR[ DOWKRXJK IDPLO\

RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHVDUHVXSSRUWHGE\UHVHDUFKDQGDUHRUDUHLQWKHSURFHVVRI EHLQJ LPSOHPHQWHG LQ SROLF\ JXLGHOLQHV WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU SUHIRUPLQJIDPLO\RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHVLQWKHVHUYLFHVDUHOLPLWHG

,Q $ULFOH WKUHH PDLQ ³VWRU\OLQHV´ ZHUH DQDO\VHG DV IDFLOLWDWLQJ GLIIHUHQW SURFHVVHVRIWUHDWPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\ZLWKLQIDPLOLHVD³PHGLFDO´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³MXVWPH´WRJHWNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHVLWXDWLRQWRJHWVXSSRUW

(9)

L[

LQWDNHFDUHRIRQHVHOIWRVHWERXQGDULHVDQGPDNHWKHSHUVRQXVLQJVXEVWDQFHV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKHLU RZQ GULQNLQJ RU GUXJ WDNLQJ :LWKLQ D VWRU\OLQH RI FRQQHFWLRQ SDUWLFLSDQWV GHVFULEHG KRZ LPSRUWDQW LW ZDV WKDW $2' WUHDWPHQW SURYLGHG D VDIH SODFH IRU RSHQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG WUXVW EXLOGLQJ 7KH\

DSSUHFLDWHG WKH DVVLVWDQFH LQ HVWDEOLVKLQJ D ODQJXDJH WR WDON DERXW WKHLU GLIILFXOWLHVKLQGHUDVLWXDWLRQZKHUH$)0DQG3$5LV³RXWRIVWHS´ZLWKHDFK RWKHUDQGKHOSLQWUDQVODWLQJDQGV\QFKURQL]LQJPXWXDOSURFHVVHVRIFKDQJH 2YHUDOO WKH ILQGLQJV RI WKLV WKHVLV LQYROYH WKUHH PDLQ FRQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH UHVHDUFKOLWHUDWXUH

([DPSOHVDUHSURYLGHGRIKRZWKHSRWHQWLDOLQIRFXVLQJRQIDPLO\UHODWLRQV DQG VRFLDO PHFKDQLVPV LV UHVWULFWHG LQ WKH ZD\ VHUYLFHV DUH RUJDQL]HG DQG IXQFWLRQLQWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQ

([DPSOHVDUHSURYLGHGRIKRZIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWLQWUHDWPHQWDQGIDPLO\

RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV PDNH VHQVH DQG JLYH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU IDPLOLHV VWUXJJOLQJ ZLWKDGGLFWLRQ

$WWHQWLRQLVGUDZQWRWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHRQWRORJLFDOOHYHORIVRFLDOUHODWLRQV LQDGGLFWLRQWKHRUL]LQJDQGSUDFWLFH

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³JD]H´DQGRYHUDUFKLQJIUDPHZRUN LQWKLVUHVSHFWWKDWFDQSOD\D SDUWLQVXFKDVWUDWHJLFPRELOL]DWLRQ6RWKDWWKRVHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWKDWDUHKLJKO\

UHFRPPHQGHG WKHUDSHXWLFDOO\ ZRXOG DOVR UHSUHVHQW RUJDQLVDWLRQDO DQG RSHUDWLRQDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\

(10)
(11)

[L

6HOEHNN $ 6 6DJYDDJ + )DXVNH + $GGLFWLRQ IDPLOLHV DQG WUHDWPHQW $ FULWLFDO UHDOLVW VHDUFK IRU WKHRULHV WKDW FDQ LPSURYH SUDFWLFH

$GGLFWLRQ5HVHDUFK 7KHRU\

6HOEHNN $ 6 6DJYDDJ + 7URXEOHG IDPLOLHV DQG LQGLYLGXDOLVHG VROXWLRQVDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHDQDO\VLVRIIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWLQDOFRKRO DQGRWKHUGUXJWUHDWPHQW6RFLRORJ\RI+HDOWKDQG,OOQHVV9ROXPHLVVXH 6HSWHPEHU

6HOEHNN$6$GDPV3-6DJYDDJ+3RVLWLRQLQJIDPLOLHVLQDOFRKRO DQGRWKHUGUXJWUHDWPHQWKRZVWRU\OLQHVIDFLOLWDWHKHDOLQJSURFHVVHV

(12)
(13)

[LL

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWVLY 6XPPDU\YLL /LVWRIDUWLFOHV[L 7DEOHRIFRQWHQWV[LL

,QWURGXFWLRQ

)DPLOLHVLQWURXEOH 5HVHDUFKRQIDPLO\RULHQWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQV

*DSEHWZHHQWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH"

7KHRUL]LQJIDPLOLHVLQDGGLFWLRQ

:KDWLV³IDPLO\´"

7KHILHOGRISROLF\

$LPVDQGUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

%URDGHUUHVHDUFKIRFXV

5HVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

7KHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUN

7KHQHFHVVDULO\ODPLQDWHGV\VWHP 'LVFXUVLYHDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLVWDSSURDFKHV

&RPSDULVRQRIWKHWZRWUDGLWLRQV

6WRU\OLQHVDQGUHSRVLWLRQLQJ 7KH³ZKDWV´DQGWKH³KRZV´

0HWKRGRORJ\

)LYHGLIILFXOWTXHVWLRQV 0HWKRGVDQGPDWHULDO

$SSURDFKLQJWKHWKHRUHWLFDOOHYHO

$SSURDFKLQJWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHO

(14)

[LLL

6DPSOLQJ

$QDO\VLV

$UWLFOH

$UWLFOH

$UWLFOH

(WKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV

5ROHDVUHVHDUFKHU

7KHLQWHUYLHZVLWXDWLRQ

&RQVHQWDQGDSSURYDOV

$QRQ\PLW\

/LPLWDWLRQV 5HVHDUFKGHVLJQ

6DPSOH

*HQHUDOL]DWLRQ

$QDO\WLFDOFULWLTXH

6XPPDU\RIDUWLFOHV

$GGLFWLRQIDPLOLHVDQGWUHDWPHQW 7URXEOHGIDPLOLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOLVHGVROXWLRQV 3RVLWLRQLQJIDPLOLHVLQDOFRKRODQGRWKHUGUXJWUHDWPHQW

&RQFOXVLRQ

*UDYLW\DQGRUGHURIGLVFRXUVH

'LVFRXUVHVRIDXWRQRP\DQGFRQQHFWLRQ

$QDO\WLFDOFULWLTXH

7KHILHOGRISROLF\

6WUDWHJLFPRELOL]DWLRQRIDVRFLDORQWRORJ\

)XUWKHUUHVHDUFK

(15)

[LY

$UWLFOHVLQIXOOWH[WDQGDSSHQGL[HV

$UWLFOH

$UWLFOH

$UWLFOH

$SSURYDOIURPWKH5HJLRQDO(WKLF&RPPLWWHH*RGNMHQQLQJIUD5(.

,QIRUPDWLRQDQGGHFODUDWLRQRIFRQVHQW ,QWHUYLHZJXLGHGLUHFWRUV

,QWHUYLHZJXLGHFOLQLFLDQV ,QWHUYLHZJXLGHIDPLOLHV

,QWHUYLHZJXLGHDIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUV ,QWHUYLHZJXLGHSDWLHQW

List of tables

TABLE 1 THREE EMPIRICAL STARTING POINTS AND BROAD RESEARCH FOCI ... 13

TABLE 2 THE HOWS AND THE WHATS ... 30

TABLE 3 THREE ARTICLES AND FIVE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS ... 33

TABLE 4 INTERVIEWS WITH DIRECTORS AND CLINICIANS ... 38

TABLE 5 INTERVIEWS WITH FAMILIES ... 40

TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - ARTICLE 1 ... 54

(16)
(17)

1 Introduction

³2I SDUWLFXODU VRFLRORJLFDO LQWHUHVW KRZHYHU DUH WURXEOHV WKDW DUH LQH[WULFDEO\LQWHUSHUVRQDOPDWWHUV´(PHUVRQDQG0HVVLQJHU

1.1 Families in trouble

$GGLFWLRQDQGRWKHUGUXJ$2'SUREOHPVDUHQRWVRPHWKLQJWKDWRQO\LQYROYHV SDUWLFXODU LQGLYLGXDOV $ SHUVRQ¶V LQWHQVLI\LQJ UHODWLRQVKLS WR DQ DGGLFWLYH VXEVWDQFHWRXVH3HWHU$GDPV¶WHUPDIIHFWVWKHSHUVRQ¶VHQYLURQPHQW DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV WR FORVH IDPLO\ PHPEHUV LQ SURIRXQG ZD\V DFURVVERWKYHUWLFDOLQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDORUKRUL]RQWDOLQWUDJHQHUDWLRQDOIDPLO\

UHODWLRQVKLSV

,WDIIHFWVFKLOGUHQGXHWRWKHLPSDLUHGSDUHQWDOIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHLUVXEVWDQFH XVLQJSDUHQWV,WDIIHFWVVLEOLQJVLQWKDWWKHLUVXEVWDQFHXVLQJEURWKHURUVLVWHU UHTXLUHVH[WUDDWWHQWLRQDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHUUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\

,WDIIHFWVVSRXVHVE\DIIHFWLQJWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSDVDFRXSOHLQDQDV\PPHWULFDO GLUHFWLRQ OHDGLQJ WR VWUHVV DQG VWUDLQ ,W DIIHFWV SDUHQWV FRQVWDQWO\ ZRUU\LQJ DERXWWKHLUVXEVWDQFHXVLQJFKLOGUHQ,WIXUWKHUDIIHFWVWKHZLGHUVRFLDOQHWZRUN DQGRWKHULPSRUWDQWUHODWLRQVKLSVLQOLIH$GGLFWLRQLQIDPLOLHVHQFRPSDVVHVD ZLGHVSHFWUXPRIOLIHVLWXDWLRQVDWGLIIHUHQWSKDVHVRIOLIHLQYROYLQJGLIIHUHQW NLQGVRIVXEVWDQFHVERWKLOOLFLWDQGOHJDO

5HVHDUFKGRFXPHQWVKRZDGGLFWLRQDQGVXEVWDQFHXVHSUREOHPVDIIHFWERWKWKH SK\VLFDO DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ RI $)0V DQG RI WKH VXEVWDQFH XVLQJ SHUVRQ2UIRUGHWDO%DUQDUG&DVVZHOOHWDO%HQLVKHNHWDO 0RRUH HW DO /LQGJDDUG 5XXG ,W KDV DOVR EHHQ GRFXPHQWHG KRZ LW DIIHFWV WKH TXDOLW\ RI UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWKLQ IDPLOLHV +XVVDDUWVHWDO5RGULJXH]HWDO+DXJODQG5XXG7KH OLWHUDWXUH DOVR VKRZV KRZ QHJDWLYH HIIHFWV RI DGGLFWLRQ DQG VXEVWDQFH XVH SUREOHPV FDQ EH VHHQ RYHU JHQHUDWLRQV /LHEHUPDQ 2XU NQRZOHGJH GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH LQH[WULFDEO\ LQWHUSHUVRQDO FKDUDFWHU RI SUREOHPV ZLWK DGGLFWLRQ 5RGULJXH] HW DO $GDPV LGHQWLI\ LQWLPDF\ FORVH UHODWLRQV DV WKH SULPDU\ VLWH RI DGGLFWLYH SURFHVVHV DQG ZKHUH WKH GHVWUXFWLYHQHVVRIDGGLFWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSVLVPRVWDFWLYH$GDPV

(18)

,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWFKLOGUHQDQGSDUWQHUVOLYH ZLWK D SHUVRQ ZLWK KLJKULVN DOFRKRO FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ 1RUZD\ 5RVVRZ HW DO 7KH LVVXH RI ³KDUP WR RWKHUV´ LV QRZ UHFHLYLQJ LQFUHDVHG LQWHUHVW LQ UHVHDUFKDQGSROLF\PDNLQJIRFXVLQJRQWKHDGYHUVHHIIHFWVRIDGGLFWLRQDQG VXEVWDQFHXVHSUREOHPVDWDVRFLHWDOOHYHO5RRPHWDO5RRP

1.2 Research on family-oriented interventions

$W WKH VDPH WLPH DV DGGLFWLRQ DQG VXEVWDQFH XVH SUREOHPV KDUP IDPLOLHV LW RFFXUVLQIDPLOLHVDQGIDPLOLHVFDQKDYHDUROHLQERWKSHUSHWXDWLQJSUREOHPV ZLWK DGGLFWLRQ DQG SUHYHQWLQJ UHODSVH DQG VXSSRUWLQJ UHFRYHU\ SURFHVVHV

*UXEHU DQG 7D\ORU )DPLO\RULHQWHG WUHDWPHQW LQWHUYHQWLRQV DQG DSSURDFKHV DWWHPSW LQ GLIIHUHQW ZD\V WR PHHW WKH FKDOOHQJHV IDPLOLHV IDFH 0RUHRYHU WKH LQVWLWXWLRQV SURYLGLQJ VHUYLFHV DUH LQ D SRVLWLRQ ZKHUH WR XVH

*XEULXP DQG -lUYLQHQ¶V ZRUGV WKH\ WXUQ SHRSOH¶V WURXEOHV LQWR LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\GHILQHGSUREOHPV

$QLQFUHDVLQJDPRXQWRIUHVHDUFKLVEHLQJFRQGXFWHGWRVWXG\WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVV RI IDPLO\RULHQWHG WUHDWPHQW PHWKRGV 7KHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQV KDYH PXOWLSOH REMHFWLYHVDQGIDYRXUDEOHRXWFRPHVLQPDQ\UHVSHFWV7KH\KDYHEHHQVHHQWR EHHIIHFWLYHLQUHFUXLWLQJSDWLHQWVWRWUHDWPHQWFKDQJLQJFRQVXPSWLRQSDWWHUQV LPSURYLQJIDPLO\IXQFWLRQLQJUHGXFLQJUHODSVHDQGKHOSLQJ$)0VLQWKHLURZQ ULJKWHJ)LQQH\HWDO&RSHOORHWDO/LQGJDDUG2)DUUHOODQG

&OHPHQWV5RZH0HLVHWDO)DPLO\LQYROYHPHQWUHSUHVHQWV DQ DFWLYH LQJUHGLHQW LQ WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH LQWHUYHQWLRQV IRU SHRSOH VWUXJJOLQJ ZLWKDGGLFWLRQ/LQGJDDUG/LQGJDDUGVXPVLWXSLQWKHIROORZLQJ ZD\ ³WKH TXHVWLRQ LV QR ORQJHU µZK\¶ ZH VKRXOG SHUIRUP IDPLO\RULHQWHG VHUYLFHVEXWµKRZ¶´/LQGJDDUG

2QH OLPLWDWLRQ LQ H[LVWLQJ UHDVHDUFK LV WKDW LV ODUJHO\ PHDVXUH HIIHFW RQ WKH SHUVRQXVLQJVXEVWDQFHVDQGWRDVPDOOHUGHJUHHPHDVXUHHIIHFWRQ$)0VDQG RQSURFHVVHVZLWKLQIDPLOLHV&RSHOORHWDO6H[WRQ

´0RVWUHVHDUFKUHOLHGRQTXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGVZLWKOLWWOHXVHRITXDOLWDWLYH PHWKRGRORJ\RUDWWHPSWVWRPHDVXUHWUHDWPHQWSURFHVV7KLVFRXSOHGZLWK WKH ODFN RI D FOHDU FRQFHSWXDO DQG WKHRUHWLFDO EDVLV WR VRPH RI WKH DSSURDFKHVOLPLWRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZWKHVHLQWHUYHQWLRQVPD\KHOS

(19)

IDPLO\XQLWVWKDWLQFOXGHERWKIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGVXEVWDQFHPLVXVHUV´

&RSHOOR

%\ ZLGHQLQJ WKH VFRSH RI SRWHQWLDO UHFRYHU\ SURFHVVHV WR LQFOXGH QRW RQO\

VXEVWDQFHXVLQJLQGLYLGXDOVEXWDOVR$)0VYLWDOSURFHVVHVRIFKDQJHFDQEH LOOXPLQDWHG 0RUH UHVHDUFK LV QHHGHG RQ KRZ WUHDWPHQW DSSURDFKHV UHODWH WR SURFHVVHVZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\VHWWLQJ2¶*UDG\DQG6NLQQHU$GDPV DQGWKHIDPLO\UHFRYHU\SURFHVV6SDQLRODQG=LSSOH2UIRUGVXP XS WKUHH GLUHFWLRQV IRU IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK ZLWKLQ WKH ILHOG RI $2' ZKLFK WKLV VWXG\UHODWHVWR)LUVWE\IRFXVLQJOHVV RQWKHFRPSDULVRQ RIWHFKQLTXHVDQG PRUHRQH[SORULQJFRPPRQFKDQJHSURFHVVHVVHFRQGE\VWXG\LQJSURFHVVHV RIFKDQJHLQDEURDGHUFRQWH[WLQFOXGLQJWKHIDPLO\DQGFRPPXQLW\VHWWLQJV DQGLQDORQJHUWHUPYLHZDQGWKLUGE\LQFOXGLQJDEURDGHUYDULHW\RIUHVHDUFK SDUDGLJPVLQFOXGLQJTXDOLWDWLYHVWXGLHV

7KLV VWXG\ ZLOO IROORZ WKLV OHDG E\ H[DPLQLQJ WKH SURFHVV RI WUHDWPHQW DQG UHFRYHU\ IURP WKH LQWHUUHODWHG OLIH VLWXDWLRQ RI SHUVRQV XVLQJ VXEVWDQFHV DQG WKHLUIDPLO\PHPEHUV

³)DPLO\RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHV´LVDZLGHFDWHJRU\DQGZLOOEHXVHGLQWKLVWKHVLVWR UHSUHVHQW DOO W\SHV RI HQFRXQWHUV EHWZHHQ IDPLOLHV $)0V DQG WUHDWPHQW YDU\LQJ LQ DPRXQW OHQJWK DQG DLP 7KHVH NLQGV RI SUDFWLFHV KDYH FHUWDLQ IHDWXUHVWKDWPDNHWKHPPRUHWKDQMXVWD³PHWKRG´EHFDXVHWKH\DLPDWPRUH WKDQRQHSHUVRQ

1.3 Gap between theory and practice?

6RKRZLVNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHVLWXDWLRQIRUFKLOGUHQDQG$)0VDQGUHVHDUFK RQ IDPLO\RULHQWHG LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQWHJUDWHG LQ URXWLQH $2'WUHDWPHQW SUDFWLFHV",QVSLWHRIVROLGGRFXPHQWDWLRQRIIDPLO\RULHQWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQVWKH OLWHUDWXUHSRLQWVRXWKRZVHUYLFHVRQO\WRDPLQRUGHJUHHDUHIDFLOLWDWLQJKHOS IRU LQWLPDWHV IDPLO\ PHPEHUV RU UHODWLYHV )O\QQ &RSHOOR DQG 2UIRUG 6WHLQJODVV6HOEHNNDQG'XFNHUW9HWHUHDQG+HQOH\

:RUN ZLWK IDPLOLHV DQG IDPLO\ PHPEHUV VWLOO KDV ORZ SULRULW\ LQ LQVWLWXWLRQV 2UIRUGHWDOG2UIRUGHWDOF&RSHOORDQG2UIRUGVWDWHGLQ WKDW RQH RI WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW EDUULHUV WR IDPLO\ LQYROYHPHQW LQ URXWLQH DGGLFWLRQ WUHDWPHQW UHVXOWV IURP ³WKH FRPPRQO\ KHOG QRWLRQ DPRQJ VHUYLFH

(20)

SURYLGHUVWKDWIDPLO\PHPEHUVDUHµDGMXQFWV¶DQGDUHQRWFHQWUDOWRDGGLFWLRQ WUHDWPHQWVHUYLFHV´&RSHOORDQG2UIRUG,QWKHFDOOIRUPRUH DWWHQWLRQWRWKLVPDWWHUZDVUHSHDWHG2UIRUGHWDO

:LWKLQ D 1RUZHJLDQ FRQWH[W ZH NQRZ WKDW PDQ\ UHJXODU $2'WUHDWPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQVRIIHUVRPHNLQGRIIDPLO\RULHQWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQVRUKDYHVRPHNLQG RI HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK $)0V %M¡UQVWDG 6HOEHNN DQG 'XFNHUW 6ROEDNNHQ6WLOOWKHVHLQWHUYHQWLRQVFRYHUDZLGHUDQJHRISUDFWLFHVDQG DUHLQYDU\LQJGHJUHHVLPSOHPHQWHGLQURXWLQHDGGLFWLRQWUHDWPHQW$UHFHQW 1RUZHJLDQVWXG\ RISDWLHQWVUHFHLYLQJ RXWSDWLHQWWUHDWPHQW 2VERUJ2VHDQG 3HWWHUVHQ IRXQG WKDW RI WKH SDWLHQWV OLYHG ZLWK VRPHRQH LQ WKHLU KRXVHKROG SDUWQHUV FKLOGUHQ RU SDUHQWV ,Q WKLV SRSXODWLRQ LQ FR RSHUDWLRQ ZLWK $)0 ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RI WKH WUHDWPHQW FDVHVDQGUHFHLYHGVRPHNLQGRIIDPLO\FRQVXOWDWLRQZKLFKXQGHUOLQHVWKH H[LVWHQFH RI D JDS EHWZHHQ WKH SRWHQWLDO RI IDPLO\ LQYROYHPHQW DQG DFWXDO IDPLO\LQYROYHPHQW

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

UHOHYDQW WUDLQLQJ DQG FRQWLQXHG VXSSRUW IRU SUDFWLWLRQHUV ZDV QHHGHG LQ

$QH[FHSWLRQLVWKRVH$2'WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDWRIIHULQSDWLHQWWUHDWPHQWIRU SDUHQWVZLWKVXEVWDQFHXVHSUREOHPVDQGZKHUHWKHLUFKLOGUHQDUHDGPLWWHGWRJHWKHU ZLWKWKHP6ROEDNNHQ%+/*/XQG0‘%DUQLQQODJWVDPPHQPHG IRUHOGUHVRPHULEHKDQGOLQJIRUUXVPLGGHOSUREHOPHU6,586 2VOR

7KLVUHIHUHQFHSURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHIDPLOLHVLQYROYHGLQWKLV VWXG\WKRXJKZLWKDIDLUO\ORZUHVSRQVHUDWHRI

)URPDFOLQLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHZLWKLQWKH1RUZHJLDQFRQWH[WWKHUHLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJ DUWLFOHUHIOHFWLQJRQEDUULHUVLQIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWIURPWKHVLGHRIWKHFOLQLFLDQVDQG WKHDIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUV0MHOGKHLP+cLQYROYHUHSnU¡UHQGHL

EHKDQGOLQJKLQGULQJHURJPXOLJKHWHU5XVIDJ

(21)

RYHUFRPLQJWKHVHFKDOOHQJHV&RSHOOR HWDO PDNHVLPLODUSRLQW ZKHQ KLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI NQRZOHGJH FRQILGHQFH VXSSRUW IURP WKH VHUYLFH OHJLWLPDF\ PRWLYDWLRQ DQG VHOIEHOLHI DV LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUV LQ SURPRWLQJ IDPLO\ RULHQWHG DSSURDFKHV )DOV6WHZDUW HW DO IRXQG WKDW FOLHQWV¶EDUULHUVWREULQJDORQJWKHLUSDUWQHUVZHUHUHODWHGWRWKHIHDURIEODPLQJ WKDW FOLQLFLDQV¶ EDUULHUV ZHUH UHODWHG WR WKHLU DELOLW\ WR GHOLYHU DQ DFFHSWHG

³SURGXFWLRQ´ DQG WKDW WKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ ZDV KDQGOLQJ WKH SUREOHPV DV VRPHWKLQJEHORQJLQJWRLQGLYLGXDOV7KLVVWXG\DLPVWRHODERUDWHRQWKLVLVVXH E\H[DPLQLQJWKHGLVFXUVLYHHQYLURQPHQWRI$2'WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQV

1.4 Theorizing families in addiction

6HOEHNN DQG 'XFNHUW LQ DVVHVVLQJ IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV ZLWKLQ D KHDOWK UHJLRQ LQ 1RUZD\ VKRZHG KRZ WKH DLPV RI IDPLO\RULHQWHG LQWHUYHQWLRQV DV WKH\ ZDV GHVFULEHG YDULHG IURP RQH WUHDWPHQW VHWWLQJ WR DQRWKHU,QVRPHWUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRULHV$)0VZDVSULPDULO\LQFOXGHGWRVXSSRUW WKHSULPDU\SDWLHQWLQRWKHUWUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRULHV$)0VUHFHLYHGKHOSLQWKHLU RZQULJKW,QRWKHUIDPLO\LQYROYLQJWUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRULHVDJDLQLQWHUYHQWLRQV ZDV DLPLQJ DW WKH ZD\ WKH IDPLO\ IXQFWLRQHG WKHUHIRUH QRW WR WKH QHHG RI individualsEXWWRWKH QHHGV RIWKHIDPLO\DVDsystem, FRQFHUQHG ZLWK ZKDW KDSSHQV LQEHWZHHQ IDPLO\ PHPEHUV LQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV ,Q RWKHU WUHDWPHQW WUDMHFWRULHV WKH DLPV ZDV VKLIWLQJ DORQJ WKH ZD\ 7ZR DQVZHUV JLYHQ LQ WKH DVVHVVPHQWZHUHSLQSRLQWLQJDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQSUDFWLFHVLQSDUWLFXODU7KH ILUVWDQVZHUZDV³:HGRQRWHQJDJHLQIDPLO\WKHUDS\ZHJLYHDIIHFWHGIDPLO\

PHPEHUVVXSSRUW´DQGWKHVHFRQG³:HWU\WRDVVLVWWKHZKROHIDPLO\V\VWHP ZLWKFKDQJH´6HOEHNNDQG'XFNHUW7KHVHDQVZHUZHUHDOVRUHODWHG WRGLIIHUHQWIRUPDWVIRULQWHUYHQWLRQVLQ³VHSDUDWH´RU³LQWHJUDWHG´WUHDWPHQW WUDMHFWRULHV6HOEHNNDQG'XFNHUW

7KH GLVWLQFWLRQDQGWHQVLRQEHWZHHQIRFXVLQJRQ LQGLYLGXDOQHHGV ZLWKLQWKH IDPLO\ RI $)0 DQG RI WKH SHUVRQ XVLQJ VXEVWDQFHV DQG RQ KRZ WKH IDPLO\

IXQFWLRQV DV D V\VWHP FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH DV GLIIHUHQW ZD\V RI PRGHOOLQJIDPLOLHVLQDGGLFWLRQ2QHIDPLO\WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOWKDWIRFXVRQWKH QHHGV RI $)0V LQ WKHLU RZQ ULJKW LV WKH VWUHVVVWUDLQFRSLQJVXSSRUW 66&6 PRGHO2UIRUGHWDOD,QWKLVPRGHOSUREOHPVEHORQJVWRSHUVRQVDQG SHRSOH FORVH WR SHUVRQV ZLWK D SUREOHPDWLF XVH RI VXEVWDQFHV UHVSRQG WR D

(22)

VWUHVVIXO VLWXDWLRQ XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW FRSLQJ VWUDWHJLHV 2UIRUG DQG FROOHDJXHV FULWLFLVHDOWHUQDWLYH³V\VWHPLF´DQG³SDWKRORJLFDO´ZD\VRIPRGHOOLQJIDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQ 2UIRUG HW DO DORQJ WKH OLQHV WKDW IRFXVLQJ RQ ³V\VWHP´

SDWKRORJLVHIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGPDNHWKHPSDUWRIWKHSUREOHP5HVHDUFKHUV DQG FOLQLFLDQV DGYRFDWLQJ V\VWHPLF RU HFRORJLFDO PRGHOV RI IDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQZLOORQWKHRWKHUKDQGDUJXHWKDWSHRSOHVSUREOHPPXVWEHLQWHUSUHWHG DFFRUGLQJWRV\VWHPVRILQWHUDFWLRQLQZKLFKWKHSUREOHPFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDQ KDQGOHG 9HWHUH DQG 'DOORV $GDPV 7KHVH WZR DSSURDFKHV UHSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWGLVFRXUVHVRISUREOHPVDQGVROXWLRQVUHJDUGLQJIDPLOLHVLQ DGGLFWLRQ

$Q LQWHUHVWLQJ H[DPSOH ZKHUH WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR DSSURDFKHG ZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGLVWDNHQIURPDQDVVHVVPHQWRIKHOSDQGVXSSRUWRIIHUHGWR

$)0VE\1RUZHJLDQ$2'VHUYLFHSURYLGHUV%M¡UQVWDG7KHVFRSHRI WKHDVVHVVPHQWZDVGHILQHGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\

´,QWHUYHQWLRQ WR SHUVRQV LQ D FORVH UHODWLRQV WR VRPHRQH VWUXJJOLQJ ZLWK DGGLFWLRQ DQG ZKR QHHGV KHOS WR FRSH ZLWK SV\FKRORJLFDO DQG VRPDWLF VWUDLQ 7R GHOLPLW WKH VFRSH RI DVVHVVPHQW LV QHFHVVDU\ EHFDXVH PDQ\

WUHDWPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV LQFOXGH DIIHFWHG IDPLO\ PHPEHUV LQ WUHDWPHQW DQG FODLPWKDWWKH\JDLQIURPWKLVLQFOXVLRQ1RQHWKHOHVVLQWHUYHQWLRQVOLNHWKLV LVQRWSULPDULO\WDUJHWLQJDIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQWKHLURZQULJKWDQG PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D SDUW RI WKH SULPDU\ SDWLHQWV WUHDWPHQW ZKHUH DIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVSDUWLFLSDWHDVDUHVRXUFH7KLVUHSRUWZLOOWKHUHIRUH QRWLQFOXGHWKHVHNLQGRILQWHUYHQWLRQV´%M¡UQVWDG

%HKLQGWKLV ZD\ RI GHOLPLWWKHDVVHVVPHQWOLHVDQ LQGLYLGXDOIRFXVHG ZD\ RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJSUREOHPVDQGVROXWLRQVIRU$)0VLWUHODWHVWR³LQGLYLGXDOVLQ WURXEOH´ ,W GRHV QRW UHODWHG WR WKH OHYHO LQEHWZHHQ WR UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWKLQ IDPLOLHVDQG³UHODWLRQVLQWURXEOH´'DO\HPSKDVLVWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ

7KLVLVP\RZQWUDQVODWLRQ7KHRULJLQDOWH[WLVDVIROORZV³7LOEXGWLOSHUVRQHUVRPL NUDIWDYVLQQ UHUHODVMRQWLOQRHQPHGUXVSUREOHPHUWUHQJHUKMHOSWLOPHVWULQJDY SV\NLVNHHOOHUVRPDWLVNHEHODVWQLQJHURJOLGHOVHU'HQQHDYJUHQVQLQJHQDYWLOEXGHWHU Q¡GYHQGLJIRUGLPDQJHEHKDQGOLQJVLQVWLWXVMRQHUWUHNNHUSnU¡UHQGHLQQLEHKDQGOLQJ DYUXVPLVEUXNHUHQRJKHYGHUDWGHSnU¡UHQGHEHULNHVDYGHQQHGHOWDNHOVHQ6OLNH WLOEXGHUOLNHYHOLNNHSULP UWUHWWHWPRWnKMHOSHSnU¡UHQGHPHQPnEHWUDNWHVVRPHQ GHODYGHWnEHKDQGOHSHUVRQHUPHGUXVPLGGHOSUREOHPHURJKYRUGHSnU¡UHQGHLQQJnU VRPHQUHVVXUVLEHKDQGOLQJ5DSSRUWHQYLOGHUIRULNNHRPIDWWHGHQQHW\SHWLOWDNª

(23)

DXWRQRP\ DQG FRQQHFWLRQ DV RQH RI WKH PRVW FHQWUDO FRQWUDGLFWLRQV LQ UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG DV D NH\ RQWRORJLFDO DVVXPSWLRQ DERXW KXPDQ QDWXUH )DPLOLHV FDQ EH DSSURDFKHG IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ DQG DXWRQRP\ IRU SDUWLFXODUIDPLO\PHPEHUVRUFDQEHDSSURDFKHGE\IRFXVLQJRQUHODWLRQVKLSV DQGFRQQHFWLRQZLWKLQIDPLOLHV

7KHOLWHUDWXUHTXHVWIRUDQLQFUHDVHGDZDUHQHVVRIWKHWKHRUHWLFDODVVXPSWLRQV XQGHUSLQQLQJ RXU SUDFWLFHV &RSHOOR HW DO /HH VXJJHVW WKH UHODWLRQEHWZHHQZD\VRIFRQVWUXFWLQJRUWKHRUL]LQJIDPLOLHVDQGDGGLFWLRQDQG WKH ZD\ LW IRUPV RXU VHUYLFHV DQG JLYH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU IDPLOLHV LV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJDQGLPSRUWDQWDUHDRIUHVHDUFK

³$VVHVVLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI YDULRXV ZD\V RI IUDPLQJ DGGLFWLRQ ZLWK FRGHSHQGHQF\EHLQJRQHH[DPSOHDQGKRZWKH\DUHLQWHUQDOL]HGDQG DSSURSULDWHGE\FOLHQWVDQGSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGZLWKZKDWHIIHFWVZRXOG PDNHLQWULJXLQJIXWXUHVVWXGLHV/HHI

7KLVVWXG\ZLOOWDNHXSRQWKLVOHDGDQGHODERUDWHIXUWKHURQVRPHGLVWLQFWLYH ZD\V RI WKHRULVLQJ IDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQ PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO XQGHUSLQQLQJRILQWHUYHQWLRQVDLPLQJDWLQGLYLGXDOVDQGLQWHUYHQWLRQVDLPLQJDW UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWKLQ IDPLOLHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH VWUHVVVWUDLQFRSLQJVXSSRUW 66&6PRGHODQGWKHVRFLDOHFRORJLFDO6(PRGHO

1.5 What is “family”?

$QDOWHUQDWLYHWRWKHWHUPIDPLO\PHPEHULV³LQWLPDWH´PHDQLQJVRPHRQHLQD FORVH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK D SHUVRQ KHUH D SHUVRQ LQ DQ DGGLFWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS

$GDPV³,QWLPDWH´EURDGHQVWKHWHUPIDPLO\PHPEHUDVPRUHWKDQ FRQQHFWLRQE\EORRGRUPDUULDJH7KHWHUPIDPLO\FDQWKHQEHXQGHUVWRRGLQ

'LIIHUHQWWHUPVKDYHRYHUWKH\HDUEHHQXVHGWRIUDPHDQGFRQFHSWXDOL]HDGGLFWLRQ DQGLQWHUYHQWLRQVUHJDUGLQJIDPLOLHV&DWHJRULHVOLNH³IDPLO\V\VWHP´³DWWDFKPHQW´

³HFRORJ\´³FRGHSHQGHQF\´³VWUHVVDQGFRSLQJ´KDYHEHHQXVHGLQGHVFULELQJ VHYHUDODVSHFWVRIWKHPDWWHUHPSKDVL]LQJGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDFWLQJ RQWKHSUREOHPUHSUHVHQWLQJGLIIHUHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHSHRSOHLQYROYHG(J /LQGJDDUG+)DPLOLHRULHQWHUHWDONRKROEHKDQGOLQJHWOLWWHUDWXUVWXGLXPDI IDPLOLHEHKDQGOLQJHQVHIIHNWHU6XQGKHGVVW\UHOVHQ9LGHQRJ

GRNXPHQWDWLRQVHQKHGHQ .¡EHQKDYQ

(24)

WKH IROORZLQJ ZD\ DV ³WKH OD\HU RI VWURQJHVW LQWHUORFNLQJ LQWLPDF\ DURXQG D SHUVRQ´

³«WKH FLUFOH RI LQWLPDWHV VXUURXQGLQJ RQH SHUVRQ RYHUODSV DQG LQWHUORFNV ZLWK WKH FLUFOHV RI LQWLPDWHV DURXQG RWKHU SHRSOH 7KH VWUHQJWKRIWKHVHLQWHUORFNLQJFLUFOHVWKHQIRUPLQWROD\HUVRILQFUHDVLQJ FORVHQHVVDURXQGHDFKSHUVRQDQGRQWKHFORVHVWOD\HUWKHOD\HUZKHUH WKHUHLVWKHVWURQJHVWRYHUODSWKDWLVZKHUHSHRSOHLGHQWLI\DVIDPLO\

&RQVHTXHQWO\ IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKLV GLVFXVVLRQ WKH WHUPIDPLO\

UHIHUVWRWKHOD\HURIVWURQJHVWLQWHUORFNLQJLQWLPDF\DURXQGDSHUVRQ 7KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LV LQWHQWLRQDOO\ EURDG DQG UHFRJQL]HV ERWK WKH WUDGLWLRQDOPHDQLQJRIIDPLO\DVDJURXSRISHRSOHFRQQHFWHGE\EORRG RU PDUULDJH DV ZHOO DV WKH ORRVHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI D JURXS ZLWKRXW EORRG RU PDULWDO OLQNV FRQQHFWHG SXUHO\ E\ YDU\LQJ GHJUHHV RI FORVHQHVVFRPSDVVLRQFRPPLWPHQWDQGDFFRUG´$GDPV )DPLOLHVLQWKLVWKHVLVW\SLFDOO\FRQVLVWRIDPDOHVXEVWDQFHXVLQJIDWKHUZKHUH WKHVXEVWDQFHLVDOFRKROWKHSUREOHPKDVDPRGHUDWHFKDUDFWHUDQGWKHZLIHDQG FKLOGUHQDUHLQFOXGHGLQWUHDWPHQWDWVRPHVWDJH+RZHYHUWKHLQVLJKWVDQGWKH ILQGLQJVDUHQRWOLPLWHGWRWKLVVLWXDWLRQWKH\UHSUHVHQWWKHYDULHW\WREHIRXQG LQFRQWHPSRUDU\RXWSDWLHQW$2'WUHDWPHQWLQ1RUZD\)XUWKHUZKHQZHUHIHU WRSDUWLFXODUIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKLVWKHVLVWKHWHUP³SHUVRQLQWKH DGGLFWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS´ 3$5 $GDPV ZLOO EH XVHG IRU WKH VXEVWDQFH XVLQJSHUVRQDQG³DIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUV´$)02UIRUGHWDOGIRU WKH LQWLPDWHV DURXQG WKLV SHUVRQ 7KH ZD\ ZH FDWHJRUL]H IDPLOLHV LV DQ XQGHUO\LQJ SRLQW RI LQWHUHVW LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WKLV WKHVLV XQGHUSLQQLQJ WKH EURDGHUUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWDQGWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

1.6 The field of policy

7KHLVVXHRIIDPLOLHVDQGDGGLFWLRQLVFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKHILHOGRISROLF\,Q WKH ILHOG RI $2' WUHDWPHQW VHUYLFHV LQ 1RUZD\ ZDV WUDQVIHUUHG IURP VRFLDOVHUYLFHVWRKHDOWKVHUYLFHV1RUZD\¶VDOFRKRODQGGUXJWUHDWPHQWZKLFK DOVRLQFOXGHVJDPEOLQJLVRUJDQL]HGXQGHUWKHVWDWHRZQHGUHJLRQDOKHDOWKFDUH HQWHUSULVHV DV D PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ VSHFLDOL]HG VHUYLFH IRU VXEVWDQFH DEXVHUV 1HVYnJDQG/LHZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHIUDPHZRUNIRUVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQ

(25)

,QWKHVRFLDOGHPRFUDWLFZHOIDUHUHJLPHVHWWLQJRI1RUZD\(VSLQJ$QGHUVHQ WKHFRQFHUQIRUIDPLOLHVDQG$)0VHVSHFLDOO\FKLOGUHQLVKLJKOLJKWHG LQ SROLF\ GRFXPHQWV ,Q DQ LPSRUWDQW FKDQJH ZDV PDGH UHJDUGLQJ WKH ULJKWV RI FKLOGUHQ RI SDWLHQWV +HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHW E\ PDNLQJ KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOVREOLJHGE\ODZWRDVVHVVDQGDWWHQGWRWKHQHHGVRIWKHVHFKLOGUHQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ D SHUVRQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FKLOGUHQ VKRXOG EH DGPLWWHG LQ HDFK WUHDWPHQWGHSDUWPHQW7KLVOHJDOFKDQJHKDVEHHQVXEMHFWWRDPXOWLFHQWUHVWXG\

LQ1RUZD\DQGSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHQHZOHJLVODWLRQLVRQO\WRD OLPLWHGH[WHQWEHLQJFRPSOLHGZLWK5XXG

)XUWKHUWKHQH[WRINLQRISDWLHQWVDUHHQWLWOHGWRLQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQYROYHPHQW LQWUHDWPHQWDVORQJDVWKHSDWLHQWSHUPLWVLWDFFRUGLQJWR†RIWKH3DWLHQW DQG 8VHU 5LJKWV $FW +HOVHRJRPVRUJVGHSDUWHPHQWHW )DPLO\ DQG QHWZRUNLQYROYHPHQWLQWUHDWPHQWLVQRZVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGRQDQDWLRQDO OHYHO+HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHWDGXHWRUHVHDUFKRQWUHDWPHQWRXWFRPHV$)0V DUHDOVRHQWLWOHGWRLQGLYLGXDOWUHDWPHQWLQ$2'LQVWLWXWLRQV+HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHW F 7KLV KDV EHHQ UHFHQWO\ GHEDWHG LQ WKH PHGLD UHJDUGLQJ D GUDIW IRU SULRULW\ JXLGHOLQHV IRU $2' WUHDWPHQW +HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHW E ZKHUH

³DIIHFWHG IDPLO\ PHPEHUV´ SnU¡UHQGH ZHUH UHPRYHG DV D WDUJHW JURXS WLOVWDQGVJUXSSH &RUGW+DQVHQ 6\YHUVHQ 6HOEHNN 6HOEHNN.MHOOHYROG3UHVWYLN 7KH UHDVRQ IRU GRLQJ VR ZDV DUJXHG DORQJ WKH OLQHV WKDW ³DIIHFWHG IDPLO\

PHPEHUVLVQRWDGLDJQRVLV´7KHGUDIWZHQWWKURXJKDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVWKH KHDOWK DXWKRULWLHV FODLPHG WKDW ³QRWKLQJ ZLOO FKDQJH´ +HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHW )DFHERRN 7KLV GHEDWH KDV LOOXPLQDWHG FHQWUDO GLOHPPDV DQG FKDOOHQJHV LQ WKH ILHOG UHJDUGLQJ IDPLO\ LQYROYHPHQW LQ WUHDWPHQW )DPLO\

DSSURDFKHVDUHQHFHVVDU\DQGVHQVLEOHEXWGR QRWDOZD\VPDNHVHQVH ZLWKLQ WKHZD\VLQZKLFKZHRUJDQL]HRXUVHUYLFHV

(26)
(27)

2 Aims and research questions

2.1 Broader research focus

7KLVVWXG\DLPWRFRQWULEXWHWRWKHUHVHDUFKOLWHUDWXUHE\H[DPLQHWKHWKHRUHWLFDO DQG FRQFHSWXDO EDVLV IRU WUHDWPHQW DSSURDFKHV E\ DGGUHVVLQJ EDUULHUV LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV LQ WKH VHUYLFHV DQG E\ IRFXVLQJ RQ SURFHVVHVZLWKLQIDPLOLHVDQGWKHSRVLWLRQRI$)0VLQWKHFRXUVHRIWUHDWPHQW DQGUHFRYHU\

7KHFXULRVLW\EHKLQGWKLVWKHVLVFDQEHVXPPHGXSLQWKUHH W\SHVRIDQVZHUV SURYLGHG LQ DVVHVVLQJ IDPLO\RULHQWHG VHUYLFHV LQ $2' WUHDWPHQW XQLWV LQ 1RUZD\SULRUWRWKLV3K'VWXG\LQ6HOEHNNDQG'XFNHUWVHHDOVR 6HFWLRQ5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURPWKH$2' WUHDWPHQWXQLWVZHUHDVNHGKRZ WKH\ZRXOGGHILQHIDPLO\WUHDWPHQW

2QHRIWKHDQVZHUVZDVDVIROORZV³7KHTXHVWLRQLVQRWUHOHYDQWWRXVZH KDYHSULPDULO\DQLQGLYLGXDODSSURDFK´6HOEHNNDQG'XFNHUW7KLV DQVZHUFDSWXUHVP\FXULRVLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUSHUIRUPLQJIDPLO\

RULHQWHGVHUYLFHVDWDOODQGWKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRIIDPLOLHVLQWKHVHUYLFHV 7KH WZR RWKHU DQVZHUV DV DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG LQ ZHUH JLYHQ DORQJ WKH IROORZLQJ OLQHV ³:H GR QRW HQJDJH LQ IDPLO\ WKHUDS\ ZH JLYH DIIHFWHG IDPLO\PHPEHUVVXSSRUW´DQG³:HWU\WRDVVLVWWKHZKROHIDPLO\V\VWHPZLWK FKDQJH´ 6HOEHNN DQG 'XFNHUW 7KHVH WZR DQVZHUV FDSWXUH P\

FXULRVLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQDSSURDFKHVDLPLQJDWUHVSHFWLYHO\

$)0VLQGLYLGXDOO\LQ³VHSDUDWH´WUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRULHVDQGDSSURDFKHVDLPLQJ DWUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGWKHIDPLO\V\VWHPLQ³LQWHJUDWHG´

WUHDWPHQW WUDMHFWRULHV DQG KRZ WKHVH GLVWLQFWLRQV KDYH EHHQ PRGHOOHG DFFRUGLQJO\LQWKH66&6PRGHODQGWKH6(PRGHO

7KHVHWKUHHDQVZHUVUHSUHVHQWWKHSURFHVVWKDWKDYHIRUPHGWKHIUDPHZRUNDQG VWUXFWXUHRIWKLVWKHVLVSRQGHULQJ+RZLVLWWKDWVRPHWUHDWPHQWXQLWVGRQRW FRQVLGHUIDPLOLHVDWDOO"+RZ GRGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJIDPLOLHVLQ DGGLFWLRQOHDGWRGLIIHUHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIDPLOLHV":KDWDUHWKHUDWLRQDOLWLHV EHKLQGGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIWKLQNLQJ"+RZGRWKHIDPLOLHVWKHPVHOYHVH[SHULHQFH WKHVHFRQVWUXFWLRQVDQGZKHQDQGKRZDUHWKH\XVHIXO":KHQLVLWEHVWWREH

(28)

PHWE\WKHWUHDWPHQWV\VWHPDVDSDUWLFXODUIDPLO\PHPEHUDQGZKHQLVLWEHVW WREHPHWDVDIDPLO\V\VWHP"7KLVFXULRVLW\UHSUHVHQWVWZREURDGUHVHDUFKIRFL LQ WKLV WKHVLV $ 7KH UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQ RI IDPLOLHV LQ $2' WUHDWPHQW DQG %

&RPSDULVRQRI³LQGLYLGXDOIRFXVHG´DQG³UHODWLRQVKLSIRFXVHG´DSSURDFKHVWR WURXEOHGIDPLOLHV)URPWKHVHEURDGHUUHVHDUFKIRFLRQHPDLQUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQ DQGWKUHHVXETXHVWLRQVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGUHODWHGWRWKUHHGLIIHUHQWDUWLFOHV

2.2 Research questions

7KHPDLQUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQLQWKHUHVHDUFKXQGHUO\LQJWKLVWKHVLVLV

How can we understand practices towards families and affected family members in AOD treatment?

7KHIROORZLQJVXETXHVWLRQVHODERUDWHRQWKHPDLQUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQLQWKUHH DUWLFOHV

,Q WKH OLJKW RI WKHRULHV RI DGGLFWLRQ +RZ GR PRGHOV RI IDPLOLHV LQ WUHDWPHQWUHODWHWRWKHRULHVRIDGGLFWLRQDQGZKDWDUHWKHFRQVHTXHQFHV IRUSUDFWLFH"

,Q WKH OLJKW RI WKH GLVFXUVLYH HQYLURQPHQW RI $2' LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLWLHV :KDW DUH WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU UHFHLYLQJ DWWHQWLRQDQGVXSSRUWDVDIIHFWHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQ$2'WUHDWPHQW"

,QWKHOLJKWRIVWRU\OLQHVIDFLOLWDWLQJKHDOLQJSURFHVVHVZLWKLQIDPLOLHV +RZDUHIDPLOLHVSRVLWLRQHGLQHQFRXQWHUVZLWKWUHDWPHQWDQGKRZGR VWRU\OLQHVIDFLOLWDWHSURFHVVHVRIUHLQWHJUDWLRQDQGUHSRVLWLRQLQJZLWKLQ IDPLOLHV"

7DEOH SUHVHQWV DQ RYHUYLHZ RYHU WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH HPSLULFDO VWDUWLQJSRLQWVWKHEURDGUHVHDUFKIRFLDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGDUWLFOHV

(29)

Table 1 Three empirical starting points and broad research foci

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

$)0V

:H ZLOO QRZ WXUQ WR WKH WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN LQ ZKLFK WKHVH UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQVZHUHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGDQGVKDSHG

• Article 1: Research focus B (+A)

• Article 2: Research focus A (+B)

• Article 3: Research focus B + A

Three articles

• A. The relative position of families in AOD-treatment

• B. Comparison of

"individual-focused and "relationship- focused"

approaches to troubled families

Two broad research foci

• 1. "The question is not relevant for us; we have primarily an individual approach"

• 2. "We do not engage in family therapy, we give affected family members support"

• 3. "We try to assist the whole family system with change"

Three empirical starting points

(30)
(31)

3 Theoretical framework

7KLV WKHVLV LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK KRZ IDPLOLHV DQG $)0VDUH DFWHG XSRQ LQ WKH ILHOGRI$2'WUHDWPHQW$FRPPRQJURXQGLVDVHQVLWLYLW\WRZDUGVGLVFXUVLYH RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG SRVVLELOLWLHV DW ZRUN LQ WDON DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ +ROVWHLQ DQG

*XEULXP:HDUHIXUWKHULQWHUHVWHGLQERWKWKHwhatsDQGWKHhows RIIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWLQWUHDWPHQWPHDQLQJERWKZKLFKGLVFXUVLYHIRUPDWLRQ FUHDWHV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ VWUXFWXUH IRU IDPLOLHV LQ WKLV DUHQD DQG KRZ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWUHDWPHQWDQGZLWKLQIDPLOLHVSOD\VRXW+ROVWHLQDQG*XEULXP +HUH WKH WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN GUDZV RQ VRXUFHV UHODWHG WR D FULWLFDOUHDOLVWDQGDFRQVWUXFWLYLVWUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQ,Q$UWLFOHZHIRFXVRQ PRGHOVDVUHSUHVHQWLQJPHFKDQLVPDWGLIIHUHQWOD\HUVRIUHDOLW\WKLVHQWDLOVWKH whatsEXWQRWWKHhowsZKLOHLQ$UWLFOHERWKDVSHFWVDUHLQFOXGHGEXWZLWK DVWURQJHUHPSKDVLVRQWKHwhatsWKDQRQWKHhows,Q$UWLFOHWKH\DUHDOVR FRPELQHG EXW KHUH JUHDWHU HPSKDVLV LV SODFHG RQ WKH hows RI UHDOLW\

FRQVWUXFWLRQVZLWKLQIDPLOLHV

$ WKHRUHWLFDO VWDUWLQJ SRLQW LV WKH FULWLFDO UHDOLVW QRWLRQ RI WKH ³QHFHVVDULO\

ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP´ ,W VHUYHV DV DQ DQDO\WLFDO WRRO LQ $UWLFOH DV ZHOO DV D IUDPHZRUNLQFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKHWKHVLVDVDZKROH,WZLOOEH HODERUDWHGRQDQGGLVFXVVHGLQ

,QDQDO\VLQJWKHGLVFXUVLYHILHOGRI$2'WUHDWPHQWDQGWKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRI IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV WKH FRQFHSWV RI ³JRLQJ FRQFHUQ´ ³FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\´ ³LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLW\´ DQG ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´ DUH XVHG DV WKH PDLQDQDO\WLFDOWRROVDQGZLOOEHHODERUDWHGRQDQGGLVFXVVHGLQ

,Q DQDO\VLQJ HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK WUHDWPHQW IURP IDPLOLHV¶ SRLQW RI YLHZ DQG SURFHVVHV RI FKDQJH LQ IDPLOLHV HQFRXQWHULQJ $2' WUHDWPHQW SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\LVXVHGDVDQDQDO\WLFDOWRRODQGZLOOEHHODERUDWHGRQDQGGLVFXVVHGLQ

3.1 The necessarily laminated system

$FHQWUDOFRQFHSWRIDQDO\VLVLQWKLVWKHVLVLVWKH³QHFHVVDULO\ODPLQDWHGV\VWHP´

%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN&ROOLHUFUDIWHGZLWKLQDFULWLFDOUHDOLVW

(32)

UHVHDUFK WUDGLWLRQ ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO LQWURGXFH WKH FRQFHSW RI WKH QHFHVVDULO\ODPLQDWHGV\VWHPDQGFULWLFDOUHDOLVPLQVRPHZKDWPRUHGHWDLOWKDQ ZDVSRVVLEOHLQ$UWLFOH:HZLOOIXUWKHUSUHVHQWWKHDQDO\VLVPDGHLQ$UWLFOH RI WZR PRGHOV RI IDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH ODUJHU ILHOG RI DGGLFWLRQ WKHRUL]LQJDQGIXUWKHUDFFHQWXDWHWKHQHFHVVDU\ODPLQDWHGV\VWHPDVDSRWHQWLDO IUDPHZRUNIRUFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWKHVLVDVDZKROH

&ULWLFDOUHDOLVPLVDPHWDWKHRU\FRQFHUQLQJWKHLQFOXVLYHQHVVRIGLIIHUHQWOD\HUV RI UHDOLW\ IURP WKH QDWXUDO WR WKH VRFLDO ZRUOG KHQFH WKH WHUP QHFHVVDULO\

ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP DQG KRZ LW LV XVHG KHUH LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DGGLFWLRQ DV D SKHQRPHQRQ 7KH GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV RI UHDOLW\ HPHUJH WRJHWKHU LQ H[SODLQLQJ HYHQWVLQWKHZRUOG&ULWLFDOUHDOLVPJHQHUDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHZRUNRI5R\

%KDVNDU %KDVNDU HPSKDVL]HV WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WUDQVLWLYH ZKDWLVUHDORQWRORJ\DQGWKHLQWUDQVLWLYHZKDWZHKDYHNQRZOHGJHDERXW HSLVWHPRORJ\$FFRUGLQJWR%KDVNDUWKHH[WHUQDOZRUOGH[LVWVLQGHSHQGHQWO\

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

$GGLFWLRQ DQG $2' SUREOHP LV D PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ ILHOG RI UHVHDUFK %\

DGRSWLQJ DQ LQFOXVLYH RQWRORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN ZKHUH UHDOLW\ LV PXOWLOD\HUHG VWUDWLILHG DQG QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG UHVHDUFK UHODWHG WR ELRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV ZLWKLQWKHEUDLQSV\FKRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVZLWKLQWKHKHDGVRFLDOSURFHVVHVLQ FORVHUHODWLRQVDQGQHWZRUNVDQGSURFHVVHVRQWKHFXOWXUDODQGVRFLHWDOOHYHOFDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV SDUW RI WKH VDPH SKHQRPHQRQ $Q LQFOXVLYH RQWRORJLFDO IUDPHZRUNDOVRFRQWULEXWHVWRHQFRXUDJHUHIOHFWLRQRQWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSRU HPHUJHQFH EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW DUHDV RI UHVHDUFK $ FULWLFDO UHDOLVW IUDPHZRUN JLYHV FRQFHSWV WR WKH HVVHQWLDO FRPSOH[LW\ DQG QHFHVVDU\ ODPLQDWLRQ WKDW LQFOXGHV DOO SRWHQWLDO FDXVDOO\ UHOHYDQW OHYHOV RI UHDOLW\ DQG WKHLU FR GHWHUPLQDWLRQ%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN

(33)

7KLV SRVLWLRQ FDQ EH UHODWHG WR WKH ³RQWRORJLFDO WXUQ´ LQ VRFLDO VFLHQFH LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ PHGLFDO VRFLRORJ\ DQG DQWKURSRORJ\ 2QH H[DPSOH LV 0RO ZKRGHVFULEHVKRZVRFLDOSHUVSHFWLYHVRQGLVHDVHVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG QRWMXVWDVSHUVSHFWLYHVRQUHDOLW\EXWDVSDUWRIWKHUHDOLW\DQGHQDFWPHQWRI GLVHDVH³LWVHOI´0RO$FFRUGLQJWR0ROWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQW YHUVLRQV GLIIHUHQW SHUIRUPDQFHV DQG GLIIHUHQW UHDOLWLHV WKDW FRH[LVW LQ WKH SUHVHQW2QWRORJ\FDQEHGHILQHGDVZKDWEHORQJVWRWKHUHDO0RO$Q RQWRORJLFDOWXUQUHSUHVHQWVDVKLIWIURPIRFXVLQJRQKRZZHFDQJDLQNQRZOHGJH HSLVWHPRORJ\WR ZKDWWKHUHLVWRNQRZRQWRORJ\7KLVJURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQ RQWRORJ\LVUHSUHVHQWHGZLWKLQGLIIHUHQWWKHRUHWLFDOWUDGLWLRQVRQHRIZKLFKLV FULWLFDOUHDOLVP/DZ

6RFLDOVWUDWDLQFOXGHVERWKWKHOHYHOVRIDJHQF\DQGVWUXFWXUH6RFLDOVWUDWDKDYH HPHUJHQWSURSHUWLHVDQGSRZHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHLQWHQWLRQDOLW\RIKXPDQEHLQJV UHIOH[LYLW\ODQJXDJHDQGVNLOOWRFKDQJHZKLFKLPSOLHVWKDWVRFLDOVWXGLHVDUH FRQGXFWHGLQRSHQV\VWHPV'DQHUPDUN$JHQF\DQGVWUXFWXUHKDYHWKHLU UHVSHFWLYH SURSHUWLHV DQG SRZHUV DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV WKH\ DUH FORVHO\

LQWHUUHODWHG6WUXFWXUHHQDEOHVDQGFRQVWUDLQVVRFLDODFWRUVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDV DFWRUV UHSURGXFH DQG WUDQVIRUP VWUXFWXUH 'DQHUPDUN 6RFLDO PHFKDQLVPVGRQRWKDYHWKHVDPHVWDELOLW\DVQDWXUDOPHFKDQLVPV\HWWKH\DUH QRW PHUHO\ PHQWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV LQ SHRSOH¶V KHDGV 7KH\ FKDQJH RYHU WLPH DOWKRXJKWKHLUFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKH PDWHULDOZRUOGUHSUHVHQWVRPHVWDELOLW\DQG GXUDWLRQ 7KH ZRUOG LV VRFLDOO\ SURGXFHG DQG ³UHDO´ DW WKH VDPH WLPH 'DQHUPDUN+HUHWKHUHLVDQRYHUODSEHWZHHQFULWLFDOUHDOLVPDQG FRQVWUXFWLYLVWUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQV%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN$QGHUVHQ 7KHLQWHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQDFULWLFDOUHDOLVWDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQLVWUHVHDUFK WUDGLWLRQ ZLOO EH IXUWKHU GLVFXVVHG LQ 6HFWLRQ 7KH ZD\ WR ILQG VRFLDO PHFKDQLVPVLVWKURXJKVWUXFWXUDODQDO\VLVDQGFRQFHSWXDODEVWUDFWLRQ7RMXGJH WKH YDOLGLW\ RI D WKHRU\ LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU WKHRULHV LV E\ XVLQJ KLVWRULFDO HPDQFLSDWRU\FULWLFDODQGLQVWUXPHQWDOFULWHULD'DQHUPDUN

&ULWLFDO UHDOLVP UHLQYHQWHG WKH WHUP ³FDXVDOLW\´ DV VRPHWKLQJ GLIIHUHQW IURP SUHGLFWLRQDVLQHPSLULFLVPDQGQRWDVDQRSSRVLWLRQWRPHDQLQJZKLFKPDNH WKH PHFKDQLVWLF PHWDSKRUQRWQHFHVVDU\6D\HU6D\HUVWDWHVKRZ FDXVDOLW\LVFRQWLQJHQWWRZKHWKHURXUSRZHUVDQGVXVFHSWLELOLW\DUHDFWLYDWHG ZKLFKDJDLQGHSHQGVRQWKHFDXVDOSRZHUVDQGVXVFHSWLELOLW\RIRWKHUREMHFWV DQGKRZSHRSOHSXVKDQGSXOODQGDUHSXVKHGDQGSXOOHGZLWKLQWKHILHOGRI

(34)

IRUFHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUSRVLWLRQDQGWKHUHODWLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHLUSRZHUVDQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 6D\HU ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH GXDOLVP RI FDXVDOLW\ DQG PHDQLQJLVQRORQJHUFHQWUDO(OGHU9DVVGHVFULEHVLWLQWKHIROORZLQJ ZD\

³$UHDOLVWVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQLVPLQRWKHUZRUGVZRXOGVHHODQJXDJH GLVFRXUVHDQGFXOWXUHDVSURGXFWVRILQWHUDFWLQJFDXVDOSRZHUVDQGDOVR SRWHQWLDOO\DVFDXVDOIRUFHVWKHPVHOYHV7KLVRSHQVXSWKHSURVSHFWRI VHHLQJVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQDVDUHDOFDXVDOSURFHVVRUDIDPLO\RIVXFK SURFHVVHV%\GHYHORSLQJDVRFLDORQWRORJ\RIODQJXDJHGLVFRXUVHDQG FXOWXUHZHFDQWKHQGHYHORSDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHHQWLWLHVSRZHUV DQGPHFKDQLVPVDWZRUN´(OGHU9DVV

$V)LD]SRLQWVRXWFULWLFDOUHDOLVPPRYHVEH\RQGWKHPDWHULDOLGHDWLRQDO TXHVWLRQE\LQVLVWLQJWKDWDYDULHW\RIVWUXFWXUHVDQGXQGHUO\LQJSURFHVVHVDUH RQWRORJLFDOO\ ³UHDO´ DQG KDYH FDXVDO HIIHFWV 6R LW LV RI OLWWOH FRQVHTXHQFH ZKHWKHU WKH SURFHVV RU VWUXFWXUH LV ³PDWHULDO´ RU ³GLVFXUVLYH´ EXW UDWKHU ZKHWKHULWKDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRHQDEOHRUFRQVWUDLQVRFLDOUHDOLW\,QWKLVUHVSHFW WKHVRFLDOLVDQHFHVVDULO\UHOHYDQWRQWRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQ)LD]

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

DSSO\LQJWKHIUDPHZRUNRIFULWLFDOUHDOLVPWRWKHPRGHOVWKH\DUHQRWDQDO\VHG DV PHUH GLVFRXUVHV LI WKHUH LV VXFK D WKLQJ EXW DV PRGHOV UHODWLQJ WR PHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUH³UHDO´

0RGHOVDUHKHUHXQGHUVWRRGDVSLFWXUHVRULPDJHVWKDWDUHLQWHQGHGWRUHSUHVHQW H[SODQDWRU\PHFKDQLVPVWKH\LQGLFDWHZKDWDPHFKDQLVPPLJKWORRNOLNHDQG

(35)

WKXVKHOSUHVHDUFKHUVLQWKHVHDUFKIRUWKHP%ODLNLH7KHUHLVDQRWKHU SRLQWWREHPDGHQDPHO\WKDWWKHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHPRGHOVRUWKHRULHV DQGWKH PHFKDQLVPV LQYROYHG YDULHVIURPFDVHWRFDVHDQG ZHVKRXOGQHYHU JLYHWKHVDPHIRUPRIWUHDWPHQWDQGVRFLDOUHVSRQVHWRHDFKFDVHRIDGGLFWLRQ

%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN7KHDUWLFXODWHGODPLQDWLRQLVLQUHODWLRQ WRWKHH[SHULHQFHDQGSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHH[SHULHQFHRIDGGLFWLRQ %KDVNDUDQG 'DQHUPDUN

7KH DQDO\VLV LQ $UWLFOH ZDV UHVWULFWHG WR PRGHOV RI IDPLOLHV LQ DGGLFWLRQ HPSKDVL]LQJWKHOD\HUVRISV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOPHFKDQLVPRIDJHQF\DQG VWUXFWXUH7KHUHODWLRQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHPRGHOVDQGPHFKDQLVPV RQ RWKHU OD\HUV RI UHDOLW\ ZHUH QRW H[DPLQHG HJ KRZ QHXURELRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV RI DGGLFWLRQ DIIHFW SDUHQWDO UHIOHFWLYH FDSDFLWLHV 6|GHUVWU|P DQG 6NnUGHUXG7KLVLVDGHPDUFDWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN RIIHU VRPH FRPIRUWLQJ UHPDUNV ³2I FRXUVHWKLV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW HDFK RI WKHVHGLPHQVLRQVKDVWREHFRQVFLRXVO\UHIHUUHGWRLQHYHU\VRFLDOH[SODQDWRU\

DFW7KDWLVDPDWWHUIRUWKHSUDJPDWLFVRIH[SODQDWLRQJLYHQWKHIRFXVRIWKH SDUWLFXODUH[SODQDWRU\LQTXLU\´%KDVNDUDQG'DQHUPDUN

0RYLQJIURPWKHZRUOGRIPRGHOVWRWKHZRUOGRIVRFLDOSUDFWLFH7KHFRQFHSW RIWKHQHFHVVDULO\ODPLQDWHGV\VWHPVHUYHVLQWKLVWKHVLVDOVRDVDFULWLFDOWRRO IRU DQDO\VLQJ SUDFWLFHV LQ WKH ILHOG 7KH FULWLFDO UHDOLVW UHVHDUFK WUDGLWLRQ DUH FRQFHUQHGDERXWXQGHUO\LQJPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUHLQWULQVLFDOO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKH HPHUJHQFHRISKHQRPHQD7KDWLQFOXGHVTXHVWLRQVOLNHWKHRQHV-RVHSK DVNV:K\GRSKHQRPHQDJHWFRQVWUXFWHGLQWKHZD\WKH\GR":K\DUH VRPH FRQVWUXFWLRQV PRUH SRZHUIXO WKDQ RWKHUV" :KDW DUH WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\IRUVSHFLILFVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQV",WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWZKHQ-RVHSK XVHVWKHWHUPFRQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLW\KHUHZKLFKZHZLOOFRPHEDFNWRLQWKH QH[WVHFWLRQLWLVXVHGWRGHVFULEHWKHVHDUFKIRUVXFKPHFKDQLVPV5HVHDUFK RQ IDPLO\RULHQWHG WUHDWPHQW LQWHUYHQWLRQ VXSSRUWV LQ JHQHUDO WKH YDOLGLW\ RI LQFOXGLQJ$)0VDQGDIIHFWHGIDPLOLHVLQWKHRUL]LQJDGGLFWLRQDVDSKHQRPHQRQ

<HWKRZGRHVWKLVZRUNLQSUDFWLFH":KDWLVWKHUHODWLYHLQIOXHQFHRIGLIIHUHQW HQDFWPHQWV RI WKH ZRUOG" %\ XVLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI WKH QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHPSUDFWLFHVFDQEHHYDOXDWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUHPSKDVLVRQWKHGLIIHUHQW OHYHOVRIUHDOLW\DQGDOVRWKHHPHUJHQFHEHWZHHQOHYHOV

(36)

7KLVEULQJVXVWRWKHQH[WVHFWLRQZKHUHZHZLOOHODERUDWHRQWKHFRQFHSWVXVHG WRDQDO\VHWKHGLVFXUVLYHILHOGRI $2'WUHDWPHQWDQG WKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRI IDPLO\RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV LQ PRUH GHWDLO ZKLFK UHSUHVHQW WKH PDLQ IRFXV RI

$UWLFOH ,Q $UWLFOH WKH FRQFHSWV VKLIW IURP ³PHFKDQLVP´ WR ³GLVFRXUVH´

³JRLQJFRQFHUQ´DQG³LQVWLWXWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHV´DQGIURP³QHFHVVDU\ODPLQDWLRQ´

WR ³FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLWLHV´ DQG ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´ $OWKRXJK WKHVH FRQFHSWV KDYH EHHQ FUDIWHG ZLWKLQ GLIIHUHQW UHVHDUFK WUDGLWLRQV WKH\ DUH SRWHQWLDOO\QRWIDUDSDUW

3.2 Discursive and interactionist approaches

2SHUDWLQJ ZLWKLQ WKH VRFLDO UHDOP ZH KDYH GUDZQ KHDYLO\ LQ WKLV WKHVLV RQ GLVFXUVLYH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQLVW UHVHDUFK WUDGLWLRQV ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO LQWURGXFH WKH FRQFHSWV ³FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\´ ³JRLQJ FRQFHUQ´

³LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLW\´ DQG ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´ ZKLFK ZH XVHG DV D IUDPHZRUN LQ DQDO\VLQJ WKH GLVFXUVLYH HQYLURQPHQW RI $2' WUHDWPHQW LQ

$UWLFOH7KHFRQFHSWVDUHXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVRI³LQVWLWXWLRQDOWDON´0F+RXO DQG 5DSOH\ EDVHG RQ LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK FOLQLFLDQVDQG GLUHFWRUV DWWKUHH GLIIHUHQW$2'WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ1RUZD\7KHFRQFHSWV³FRQGLWLRQVRI SRVVLELOLW\´³JRLQJFRQFHUQ´³LQVWLWXWLRQDOLGHQWLW\´DQG³RUGHURIGLVFRXUVH´

DQGWKHLUWKHRUHWLFDOEDFNJURXQGZLOOEHHODERUDWHGRQDQGGLVFXVVHG

7KH IRFDO SRLQW LQ $UWLFOH LV QRW WR GHVFULEH DQG DQDO\VH FRQFUHWH IDPLO\

RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHV SHUIRUPHG E\ LQVWLWXWLRQV EXW IROORZLQJ 0LOOHU WR VWXG\WKHLQWHUDFWLRQDOFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHVHSUDFWLFHVDUHH[HUFLVHG7KHWHUP

³FRQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLW\´LVXVHGWRGHVFULEHKRZVDOLHQWGLVFRXUVHVDQGWKHLU LQWHUUHODWHGQHVVDQGGLVFRQWLQXLW\FRQVWLWXWHWKHFRQGLWLRQVLQDJLYHQVHWWLQJ ZLWKLQZKLFKVRPHVRFLDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGUHDOLWLHVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRHPHUJH WKDQRWKHUV)RXFDXOW0LOOHU

6RZKDWGRZHPHDQE\GLVFRXUVHLQWKLVVHWWLQJ"7KHWHUPGLVFRXUVHLVKHUH DSSOLHGLQWKHVHQVHRISDUWLFXODUZD\VRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHZRUOGDVDQLQWHJUDO SDUWRIVRFLDOSUDFWLFH)DLUFORXJK+ROVWHLQDQG*XEULXP,Q WKLV ZD\ RI DSSURDFKLQJ GLVFRXUVHV WKH\ DUH QHYHU ³PHUH´ GLVFRXUVHV LQ DQ DEVWUDFWVHQVHEXWHQWLWLHVFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGWRGLVFXUVLYHDQGVRFLDOSUDFWLFH DQGWRSRZHU

(37)

+ROVWHLQDQG*XEULXPFRQFHSWXDOL]HWKHLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQ³GLVFRXUVH LQSUDFWLFH´DYDLODEOHGLVFRXUVHV±WKHwhatsDQG³GLVFXUVLYHSUDFWLFHV´WKH howsDVWZRLQWHUUHODWHGZD\VRIDSSURDFKLQJVRFLDOSUDFWLFH7KHSURMHFWLV DFFRUGLQJWR0LOOHUZKRRSHUDWHVZLWKLQWKHVDPHUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQWR

³«V\QWKHVL]H )RXFDXOW¶V FRQFHUQ IRU VSHFLI\LQJ WKH FRQGLWLRQV WKDW VKDSHZKDWPD\EHVDLGDQGZKRFDQVSHDNZLWKLQVRFLDOO\RUJDQL]HG VHWWLQJV ZLWK HWKQRPHWKRGRORJLVWV¶ DQG FRQYHUVDWLRQ DQDO\VLVWV¶

LQWHUHVWLQDQDO\VLQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQGWKHSURFHGXUHV WKURXJKZKLFKUHDOLW\FODLPVDUHDFWXDOO\PDGH´0LOOHU

%\ GRLQJWKLVDQGFRPELQLQJWKHGLVFXUVLYHDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLVWHOHPHQWVERWK WKHwhats DQG WKHhows RI UHDOLW\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DUH DGGUHVVHG +ROVWHLQ DQG

*XEULXP $Q DOWHUQDWLYH WHUP HQFRPSDVVLQJ GLVFRXUVH LQ DQ LQWHUDFWLRQLVWVHQVHLV+XJKHV¶QRWLRQRI³JRLQJFRQFHUQ´

,QRXUVWXG\ ZHIRXQGLWXVHIXOLQOLQH ZLWKWKHLQWHUDFWLRQLVWDQG GLVFXUVLYH IUDPHZRUNWRDGRSWWKHWHUP³JRLQJFRQFHUQ´LQWURGXFHGE\+XJKHVWR DQDO\VH ³GLVFRXUVHV DW ZRUN´ *RLQJ FRQFHUQV DVVHPEOH DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI GLVFRXUVHWKDWLQFRUSRUDWHVWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQGLVFXUVLYHIRUPDWLRQDQG VRFLDOSUDFWLFHDQGHYHQWV8VLQJWKHWHUPJRLQJFRQFHUQDOORZVXVWRIRFXVRQ WKH LQWHUSOD\ EHWZHHQ GLVFRXUVHVLQSUDFWLFH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\ DQG GLVFXUVLYHDQGVRFLDOSUDFWLFHV+ROVWHLQ *XEULXP

+XJKHVDUJXHVWKDWWKHWHUPLQVWLWXWLRQ³LQJHQHUDOVXIIHUVIURPDQRYHUGRVHRI UHVSHFWDELOLW\´+XJKHV+HVWDWHVWKDWWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHHOHPHQWVRI DQLQVWLWXWLRQDUHDFRQFHSWDQGDVWUXFWXUHDQGWKDWWKHVWUXFWXUH PD\EHDV XQSUHWHQWLRXVDVSHUKDSV³RQO\DQXPEHURIIXQFWLRQDULHVVHWWRFRRSHUDWH LQ SUHVFULEHG ZD\V DW D FHUWDLQ FRQMXQFWXUH´ +XJKHV +XJKHV HPSKDVLVHXSRQWKHYDOXHRIH[DPLQLQJWKHSURFHVVHVLQZKLFKVRFLDOYDOXHV DQGFROOHFWLYHDUUDQJHPHQWDUHPDGHDQGXQPDGHDQGKRZWKLQJVDULVHDQGKRZ WKH\FKDQJH,QJLYLQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKH³QRW\HWV´WKH³GLGQ¶WTXLWHPDNHLWV´

WKH³QRWTXLWHUHVSHFWDEOH´WKH³XQUHPDUNHG´DQGWKHRSHQO\³DQWL´JRLQJRQ LQRXUVRFLHW\+XJKHVWKHLQWHUDFWLYHDQGQHJRWLDWLQJFKDUDFWHURI VRFLDO OLIH FDQ EH LOOXPLQDWHG *RLQJ FRQFHUQ FDQ UHODWH WR D WUDGLWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQ DV D ZKROH RU WR FROOHFWLYH DFWLRQ ZLWKLQ D ODUJHU HQWHUSULVH :lVWHUIRUV ,Q RXU FDVH LW UHODWHV WR WKH ODWWHU 'LVFXUVLYH DQG VRFLDO

(38)

SUDFWLFHVUHODWHGWRWKHVLWXDWLRQIRUIDPLOLHVDQG$)0VFDQEHVHHQDVVXFKD JRLQJFRQFHUQ

,QWHUDFWLRQLVW UHVHDUFKHUV OLNH *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ DGRSW WKH WHUP JRLQJ FRQFHUQ *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ +ROVWHLQ DQG *XEULXP 7KH\ HPSKDVL]H WKH ODFN RI IRFXV WKDW WUDGLWLRQDOO\ KDV EHHQJLYHQWRFRQGLWLRQVDQGSRVVLELOLWLHVE\V\PEROLFLQWHUDFWLRQLVWVIRUIHDURI UHLI\LQJVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH*XEULXPDQG+ROVWHLQ7KH\UHFRJQL]HWKH SRZHUDVSHFWFRQQHFWHGWRJRLQJFRQFHUQVDQGSHRSOH¶VXQHTXDODFFHVVWRWKH VDPH ILHOG RI SRVVLELOLWLHV *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ (DFK JRLQJ FRQFHUQ UHSUHVHQWV DQ RQJRLQJ FRPPLWPHQW WR D SDUWLFXODU PRUDO RUGHU DQG SDWWHUQVRIFRQFHUWHGDFWLYLW\*XEULXPDQG+ROVWHLQ,Q$UWLFOH WKH JRLQJ FRQFHUQ RI IDPLOLHV DQG $)0V DUH DQDO\VHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU LQWHUSUHWHG SUDFWLFHV ZLWKLQ WKH ODUJHU GLVFXUVLYH HQYLURQPHQW RI $2' WUHDWPHQW

*XEULXPDQG+ROVWHLQDOVRFRQFHSWXDOL]HWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQFRQGLWLRQVRI SRVVLELOLWLHVJRLQJFRQFHUQDQGLGHQWLWLHVZLWKLQLQVWLWXWLRQDOVHWWLQJV*XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ &HUWDLQ VHWWLQJV DQG WKHLU JRLQJFRQFHUQVPDNHVRPHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULQWHUYHQWLRQVPRUHDYDLODEOHWKDQ RWKHUV DQG KHQFH RIIHU FHUWDLQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV 7KLV LV ZKDW +DFNLQJ FDOOV ³PDNLQJ XS SHRSOH´ RU ³PDNLQJ XS NLQGV RI SHRSOH´

+DFNLQJ IRFXVHV RQ KRZ FODVVLILFDWLRQV DQG FDWHJRUL]DWLRQV ³PDNLQJ XS NLQGV´ DUH GLUHFWHG DW QHZ RU FKDQJLQJ FODVVLILFDWLRQV RI SHRSOH DQG H[HUW LQIOXHQFH DV D VRFLDO SURFHVV ZLWKLQ DQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO PDWUL[ +DFNLQJ

$SSOLHGRQWKLVVWXG\LWLVUHOHYDQWWRDVNWRZKDWH[WHQWDQGLQZKLFKZD\V DUH $)0V DQG IDPLOLHV ³PDGH XS´ ZLWKLQ WKH GLVFXUVLYH VHWWLQJ RI $2' WUHDWPHQW"'LIIHUHQWZD\VRIPDNLQJXSFOLHQWKRRGVRULQVWLWXWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHV UHSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWORFDWLRQVIRUERWKSUREOHPVDQGVROXWLRQV

$ODVXXWDUL VWXG\LQJ SDUHQWDO LQYROYHPHQW LQ SV\FKLDWULF WUHDWPHQW RI FKLOGUHQ H[SORUH WKH WHUP ³FOLHQW´ DV ERWK ³D FOLHQW RI SURIHVVLRQDO FR RSHUDWLRQ´DQG³DFOLHQWRIVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQIRUWKHGHVLJQDWHGSUREOHP´7R EHDFOLHQWLVQRWKRPRQ\PRXVZLWKEHLQJWUHDWHGIRUDGHVLJQDWHGSUREOHP2QH PD\EHDFOLHQWRISURIHVVLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQLQSUREOHPLQWHUYHQWLRQEXWQRWD FOLHQWRIVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQIRUWKHGHVLJQDWHGSUREOHP $ODVXXWDUL

&OLHQWKRRG LV KHUH EURDGO\ LQYHVWLJDWHG DV SDUW RI WKH WDUJHW RI SURIHVVLRQDO

(39)

ZRUN $ODVXXWDUL 7KLV LV RI UHOHYDQFH IRU WKLV VWXG\ IDPLO\ RULHQWHG SUDFWLFHVSURIRXQGO\FKDOOHQJHWKHZD\³FOLHQWKRRG´LVXQGHUVWRRGDQGPDGH XSZLWKLQWKHVHUYLFHV&OLHQWKRRGLQIDPLO\RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHVLVVKLIWLQJIURP DLPLQJDW3$5WRIRFXVLQJRQWKH$)0VDQGWRIDPLO\V\VWHPVRUUHODWLRQVKLSV )DPLO\RULHQWHGWUHDWPHQWLQYROYHVPRUHSHRSOHFRQVWUXFWLQJ³FOLHQWKRRG´LQ GLIIHUHQWPDQQHUVZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR$ODVXXWDUL*RDOVDQGVROXWLRQVLQ WKHFRXUVHRIWUHDWPHQWGRQRWRQO\WDUJHWFKDQJHLQGULQNLQJRUGUXJWDNLQJEXW DOVR FKDQJH LQ IDPLO\ UHODWLRQV DQG V\VWHPV RI LQWHUDFWLRQV LQYROYLQJ

³UHODWLRQVKLSDVFOLHQW´ .XUUL DQG :DKOVWURP 6R ZKDW DUH WKH FRQGLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHGLVFXUVLYHHQYLURQPHQWRI$2'WUHDWPHQWIRUPDNLQJXS FOLHQWV LQ WKLV ZD\" 7KH SRLQW RI LQWHUHVW KHUH LV KRZ IDPLO\ LQYROYHPHQW LV LQFOXGHGLQWKHZD\LQVWLWXWLRQVGHILQHDQGFRQGXFWWKHLUVHUYLFHVDQGZKLFK LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV DUH RIIHUHG :KDW DUH WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\ IRU UHFHLYLQJDWWHQWLRQDQGVXSSRUWDV$)0VDQGDVIDPLOLHVZLWKLQWKLVLQVWLWXWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW"

&RQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLWLHV DUH UHODWHG WR D FHUWDLQ ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´

)DLUFORXJK¶VHJGUDZLQJRQ)RXFDXOWLQGHYHORSLQJFULWLFDOGLVFRXUVH DQDO\VLV &'$ HODERUDWHG RQ WKLV FRQFHSW ZKLFK LV XVHIXO LQ H[SORULQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW JRLQJ FRQFHUQV LQ PRUH GHWDLO ,Q DQDO\VLQJ UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWGLVFRXUVHVZHFDQDQDO\VHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQWVRFLDOSUDFWLFHV&KRXOLDUDNLDQG)DLUFORXJK

7KH WHUP ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´ UHIHUV WR WKH VSHFLILFDOO\ GLVFRXUVDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO ORJLF RI D ILHOG &KRXOLDUDNL DQG )DLUFORXJK LQFOXGLQJWKHYDULHW\RIGLVFXUVLYHDQGKHQFHVRFLDOSUDFWLFHVWKDWDUHSUHVHQW LQDFHUWDLQVHWWLQJLQRXUFDVH$2'WUHDWPHQWDQGKRZWKH\DUHQHWZRUNHG WRJHWKHU )DLUFORXJK HPSKDVL]HV WKDW D GLVFRXUVH DQDO\VLV LV QRW DQ DQDO\VLVRIDGLVFRXUVHLQLWVHOIEXWLWVUHODWLRQWRRWKHUREMHFWVHOHPHQWVDQG PRPHQWVDVZHOODVLQWHUQDOUHODWLRQVDQGRUGHURIGLVFRXUVHV)DLUFORXJK

&'$ LQ OLQH ZLWK )RXFDXOW¶V ZRUN UHSUHVHQWV D FULWLFDO HQWUDQFH )RXFDXOW KLJKOLJKWV WKH DQDO\VLV RI H[FOXVLRQ OLPLWDWLRQ DQG DSSURSULDWLRQ WKDW LV LQYROYHGLQVRFLDOHYHQWV)RXFDXOW)DLUFORXJK¶V&'$VHHVFULWLTXH DVFORVHO\UHODWHGWRPDNLQJWKHLQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVVRIWKLQJVYLVLEOH

(40)

³7KHSDSHUVXJJHVWVDYLHZRIFULWLTXHDVHPEHGGHGZLWKLQRSSRVLWLRQDO SUDFWLFH2SSRVLWLRQDQGVWUXJJOHDUHEXLOWLQWRWKHYLHZRI³RUGHURI GLVFRXUVH´ RI VRFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DV ³SOXUDOLVWLF´ HDFK LQYROYLQJ D FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDOO\ DQWDJRQLVWLF ³LGHRORJLFDOGLVFXUVLYH IRUPDWLRQV´,')VZKLFKDUHRUGHUHGLQGRPLQDQFH7KHGRPLQDQFH RI RQH ,') RYHU RWKHUV ZLWKLQ WKH RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH UHVXOWV LQ WKH QDWXUDOL]DWLRQRILWVLGHRORJLFDOPHDQLQJVDQGSUDFWLFHV´)DLUFORXJK

)DLUFORXJK¶V&'$KDVDQH[SODQDWRU\JRDODLPLQJWRHOXFLGDWHKRZGLVFRXUVHV FXPXODWLYHO\ FRQWULEXWH WR WKH UHSURGXFWLRQ RI PDFUR VWUXFWXUH )DLUFORXJK ,Q$UWLFOHWKHWHUPRUGHURIGLVFRXUVHDSSOLFDEOHLQDQDO\VLQJWKH HPSLULFDOGHULYHGWHUP³JUDYLW\´ZKLFKLVXVHGLQWKHPDWHULDOWRGHVFULEHWKH SRZHU LQ LQGLYLGXDO VROXWLRQV *XLGLQJ WKH DQDO\VLV LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI GRPLQDWLRQDQGSRZHUWRGHILQHVHUYLFHVLQWKHILHOGRI$2'

3.2.1 Comparison of the two traditions

7KHFRQFHSWVDGRSWHGKHUH LQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQGHULYHIURPWZRGLIIHUHQW UHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQVERWKKHDYLO\LQVSLUHGE\WKHZRUNRI)RXFDXOW7KHILUVWOLQH RI UHVHDUFK LV URRWHG LQ DQ LQWHUDFWLRQLVWHWKQRPHWKRGRORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN UHSUHVHQWHGE\*XEULXP+ROVWHLQ+XJKHVDQG0LOOHU(WKQRPHWKRGRORJ\KDV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ FORVH OLQNV WR FRQYHUVDWLRQ DQDO\VLV &$ DV D IUDPHZRUN IRU DQDO\VLV7KHVHFRQGOLQHRIUHVHDUFKLVZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRI&'$DVERWK D WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN DQG D IUDPHZRUN IRU DQDO\VLV UHSUHVHQWHG E\

)DLUFORXJKDQG&KRXOLDUDNL7KHVHWZROLQHVDUHRQO\YDJXHO\FRQQHFWHGLQWKH OLWHUDWXUH +RZHYHU WKH\ KDYH D FRPPRQ LQWHUHVW LQ GLVFRXUVH DQG LQ VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ

+ROVWHLQDQG*XEULXPKDYHRQHUHIHUHQFHWR&'$LQWKHLUOLWHUDWXUHRQPHWKRG +ROVWHLQDQG*XEULXPDVDSRWHQWLDOWRROIRUDQDO\VLQJGLVFRXUVHV DQGLQWHUDFWLRQ&'$DQDO\VLVLVDOVRSUHVHQWHGDVRQHRIVHYHUDOPHWKRGVRI DQDO\VLV LQ D ERRN RQ LQWHUDFWLRQLVW UHVHDUFK -lUYLQHQ 7KH FRPSUHKHQVLYHDVVHPEO\RIWKHWZRWUDGLWLRQVLVIRXQGLQ0F+RXODQG5DSOH\¶V ERRNRQDQDO\VLVRIWDONLQLQVWLWXWLRQDOVHWWLQJVZKLFKFRYHUVERWK&'$

UHODWHG WR )DLUFORXJK DQG &KRXOLDUDNL¶V ZRUN DQG &$ FORVHO\ UHODWHG WR HWKQRPHWKRGRORJ\DQGRIWHQPHQWLRQHGLQ*XEULXPDQG+ROVWHLQ¶VZRUN

(41)

7KHUHDUHERWKLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHVDQGVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQDSSOLHG&$DQG

&'$2QHRIWKHPDLQFRQWURYHUVLHVLVWKHLQYHUVLRQRIWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWV&$

EHJLQVZLWKDFWXDOWDONDQGEXLOGVLWVILQGLQJVIURPWKHUH&'$DQDO\VHVWH[W DQGLQWHUDFWLRQEXWVWDUWVZLWKVRFLDOLVVXHVDQGSUREOHPV0F+RXODQG5DSOH\

[LLL +ROVWHLQ DQG *XEULXP TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU WKH ZD\ &'$ FULWLFDOO\

DGGUHVVHVWKHVXEVWDQWLYHwhatsRIVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQVDQG³ODUJHGLVFRXUVHV´

FDQVKRUWFKDQJHWKHDUWIXOKXPDQFRQGXFWDQGDJHQF\LQYROYHG LQGLVFXUVLYH SUDFWLFH +ROVWHLQ DQG *XEULXP +HUH WKH\ SLQSRLQW VRPH PDMRU GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR WUDGLWLRQV EXW DOVR WKH SRWHQWLDO LQ FRPELQLQJ WKHP DV H[HPSOLILHG E\ $UWLFOH ,Q &'$ WKHUH LV QR ³SDUW\ OLQH´ DQG DV 0F+RXODQG5DSOH\VWDWHWKHUHLVQRUHDVRQQRWWRLQFOXGH&$LQWKH RSHQQHVV RI &'$ WR DQ\ GLVFLSOLQH WKDW LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK OLQJXLVWLF DQG VHPLRWLF DQDO\VLV 7KH WZR DSSURDFKHV DUH DOVR VLPLODU ZLWK UHJDUG WR WRSLFV 0F+RXODQG5DSOH\[LLL

7KH ZRUNRI)RXFDXOWKDYHGHHSO\LQVSLUHGERWKUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQV\HWWKH\

KDYH GHYHORSHG RYHU WKH \HDUV WRZDUGV UHVSHFWLYHO\ D FRQVWUXFWLYLVWLQWHUDFWLRQLVW DQG D FULWLFDO UHDOLVW UHVHDUFK SDUDGLJP

&KRXOLDUDNLDQG)DLUFORXJK7KHPDLQFRQWURYHUVLHVLQWKLVLQWHUVHFWLRQ DUH WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI VWUXFWXUH DV ZH ZLOO UHWXUQ WR LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ

&RQVWUXFWLYLVWVZRXOGDUJXHWKDWFULWLFDOUHDOLVWVUHLI\VWUXFWXUHVE\DVFULELQJ WKHP H[LVWHQFH DQG SRZHUV ZKLOH FRQVWUXFWLYLVWV WKHPVHOYHV XQGHUVWDQG DQG VWXG\VWUXFWXUHVDVFRQGLWLRQVLQFRQFUHWHHSLVRGHVRILQWHUDFWLRQ2QWKHRWKHU KDQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDUJXHWKDWFULWLFDOUHDOLVWVWKHRUHWLFDOO\VHSDUDWHVWUXFWXUH DWWKHVDPHWLPHDVWKH\VHHLWHPHUJLQJLQDQGLQVHSDUDEOHIURPWKHLQWHUSOD\

ZLWK KXPDQ DFWRUV $GRSWLQJ D PHWKRGRORJLFDO UHODWLRQDOLVP 7KLV SX]]OH FRQFHUQLQJ VWUXFWXUH LV DQ RQJRLQJ LVVXH LQ VFLHQWLILF GLVFXVVLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH VRFLDOVFLHQFHV

7KH GLVFXUVLYH DQG WKH LQWHUDFWLRQLVW DSSURDFKHV WR WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQWRI$2'WUHDWPHQWDSSOLHGLQWKLVDUWLFOHFRPSOHPHQWHDFKRWKHU 7KH ODUJHU ILHOG RI GLVFXUVLYH SUDFWLFHV RU RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH FRQGLWLRQV WKH JRLQJ FRQFHUQ RI IDPLOLHV DQG $)0V HQDFWHG LQ HYHU\ GD\ FOLQLFDO OLIH 'LIIHUHQW FRQFHUQV UHODWH WR HDFK RWKHU LQ SDUWLFXODU ZD\V LQFOXGLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSV RI GRPLQDWLRQ FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ DQG FRQWUDGLFWLRQ7KLV DIIHFWV WKH WUHDWPHQW RSWLRQV IRU WKH SHRSOH LQYROYHG DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO ³LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV´ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ FDQ UHFHLYH KHOS DQG VXSSRUW )RU WKH SXUSRVH RI

(42)

$UWLFOHWKHWKHRULHVDSSOLHGHQDEOHDFULWLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQV RIFRQFHUQVDQGGLVFRXUVHVDQGWKHSRVVLEOHLQWHUYHQWLRQVKHOSDQGVXSSRUWIRU WKH SHRSOH LQYROYHG ,Q $UWLFOH ZH ZLOO VKLIW RXU IRFXV IURP LQVWLWXWLRQDO FRQGLWLRQVWRKRZHQFRXQWHUVZLWKWUHDWPHQWXQIROGIRUWKHIDPLOLHVLQYROYHG

3.3 Storylines and repositioning

)URPIRFXVLQJRQFRQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLWLHVDQGWKHGLVFXUVLYHHQYLURQPHQWRI

$2'LQVWLWXWLRQVZHZLOOQRZWXUQWRIDPLOLHV¶DFFRXQWVRIWKRVHHQFRXQWHUV ZKHUH LQVWLWXWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ DUH UHMHFWHG DFFHSWHGRUQHJRWLDWHGIDFLOLWDWLQJSURFHVVHVRIWUHDWPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\ZKHUH UHDOLWLHV DUH HQDFWHG )RU WKLV SXUSRVH ZH KDYH DGRSWHG WKH IUDPHZRUN RI SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ DV GHYHORSHG LQ $UWLFOH +DUUp DQG /DQJHQKRYH +DUUpDQG0RJKDGGDP+DUUpHWDO)LUVWDEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWR SRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\ZLOOEHJLYHQ7KHQWKLVDQDO\WLFDODSSURDFKDQGWKHFRQFHSWV IURP SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH RWKHU WKHRUHWLFDO FRQFHSWVDQGUHVHDUFKWUDGLWLRQVWKDWWKLVWKHVLVGUDZVRQ

2SHUDWLQJ LQ WKH ILHOG RI GLVFXUVLYH SV\FKRORJ\ DQG LQVSLUHG E\ V\PEROLF LQWHUDFWLRQLVP5RP+DUUpGHYHORSHGZLWKFROOHDJXHVDQLQWHUDFWLRQLVWWKHRU\

RI GLVFXUVLYH ³SRVLWLRQLQJ´ 3RVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ LV GHVFULEHG DV ³WKH VWXG\ RI ORFDOPRUDORUGHUVDVHYHUVKLIWLQJSDWWHUQVRIPXWXDODQGFRQWHVWDEOHULJKWVDQG REOLJDWLRQV RI VSHDNLQJ DQG DFWLQJ´ +DUUp DQG /DQJHQKRYH +DUUp FKDOOHQJHV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO HSLVWHPRORJLFDO IRUP RI FRQGXFWLQJ SV\FKRORJLFDO UHVHDUFK3RVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\UHSUHVHQWVDSV\FKRORJ\ZKHUHWKHUHLVURRPIRU DFWLYHSHUVRQVDQGDQDO\VLVRIRUGLQDU\ODQJXDJHRXWVLGHWKHODERUDWRU\+DUUp DQG /DQJHQKRYH IRFXVLQJ RQ KRZ SV\FKRORJLFDO SKHQRPHQD DUH SURGXFHGLQGLVFRXUVH+DUUpDQG/DQJHQKRYH

3RVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ FRPELQHV WKUHH FHQWUDO HOHPHQWV RI VRFLDO HSLVRGHV LQWR D PXWXDOO\GHSHQGHQWWULDQJOHpositionZKLFKPHDQVWKHPRUDOSRVLWLRQLQJ RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGWKHULJKWVDQGGXWLHVWKDWWKH\KDYHWRVD\FHUWDLQWKLQJV storylineZKLFKLVWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHVHTXHQFHRIWKLQJVWKDW KDYHDOUHDG\EHLQJVDLGDQGspeech actZKLFKLVWKHDFWRIWDONLQJZLWKLWV SRZHUWRVKDSHFHUWDLQDVSHFWVRIWKHVRFLDOZRUOGDQGFRPSULVHVLOORFXWLRQWKH PHDQLQJRIDVSHHFKDFWDQGSHUORFXWLRQWKHHIIHFWRIDVSHHFKDFW+DUUpDQG /DQJHQKRYH ,Q XVLQJ WKHVH DQDO\WLFDO WHUPV SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\

(43)

LOOXPLQDWHV WKH QRUPDWLYH IUDPHV ZLWKLQ ZKLFK ³ZH OLYH RXU OLYHV WKLQNLQJ IHHOLQJDFWLQJDQGSHUFHLYLQJDJDLQVWVWDQGDUGVRIFRUUHFWQHVV´ +DUUpHWDO 2SSRVHG WR WKH PRUH VWDWLF FRQFHSW RI ³UROH´ KH LQWURGXFHV WKH FRQFHSW RI ³SRVLWLRQ´ DV D PRUH IOH[LEOH DQG RSHQ ZD\ RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ SHRSOH¶V ZKHUHDERXWV LQ WKH ZRUOG ,Q SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ VRFLDO DFWVDUH WKH EDVLFVXEVWDQFHRIWKHVRFLDOZRUOGDQGWKHREMHFWXQGHUVFUXWLQ\FRPSULVLQJ FRQYHUVDWLRQVLQVWLWXWLRQDOSUDFWLFHVDQGVRFLHWDOUKHWRULFVDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI VRFLHW\LQFRQWUDVWWRVWXG\LQJSHRSOHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGVRFLHWLHV +DUUpDQG /DQJHQKRYH,Q$UWLFOHSRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\LVXVHGLQWZRGLIIHUHQW ZD\V LQ DQDO\VLQJ HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK WUHDWPHQW ZKHUH SRVVLEOH VWRU\OLQHV UHSUHVHQWWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOFRQVWUDLQWVRIIDPLOLHV¶LQYROYHPHQWDQGLQDQDO\VLQJ IDPLO\ LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ WKH SURFHVV RI WUHDWPHQW DQG UHFRYHU\ $V $UWLFOH SUHVHQWVDPRUHWKRURXJKLQWURGXFWLRQWRSRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\WKLVVHFWLRQZLOO IRFXV SULPDULO\ RQ WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKLV WKHRU\ DQG RWKHU WKHRUHWLFDO FRQFHSWVXVHGLQWKLVWKHVLV

,Q WKH IUDPHZRUN RI WKLV WKHVLV ZH KDYH XVHG WKHRUHWLFDO FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP ERWK%KDVNDUDQG+DUUp%ODLNLHGHVFULEHWKHFRQVLGHUDEOHRYHUODSWKHUH KDVEHHQLQWKHLUWKHRUL]LQJDQGKRZWKLVKDVQRZGLYHUJHGWRDSRLQWZKHUH WKH\UHMHFWLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVRIHDFKRWKHU¶VSRVLWLRQ%ODLNLH 5HWURGXFWLRQDVDUHVHDUFKVWUDWHJ\ZDVLQWURGXFHGE\+DUUpWKHQGHYHORSHG E\%KDVNDUILUVWIRUQDWXUDOVFLHQFHDQGWKHQIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGIRUWKHVRFLDO VFLHQFHV 7KHRULHV ZLWKLQ VXFK D UHVHDUFK VWUDWHJ\ SURYLGH DQVZHUV WR WKH TXHVWLRQ :K\ LV LW WKDW WKH SDWWHUQV RI SKHQRPHQD DUH WKH ZD\ WKH\ DUH"

%ODLNLH 7KH WKHRULHV SURYLGH DQ DFFRXQW RI WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQ DQG EHKDYLRXURIWKRVHWKLQJVZKLFKLQWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQZLWKHDFKRWKHUSURGXFHWKH PDQLIHVWHGSDWWHUQ0RGHOVDUHSLFWXUHVRULPDJHVWKDWDUHLQWHQGHGWRUHSUHVHQW DQ H[SODQDWRU\ PHFKDQLVP %ODLNLH 5HWURGXFWLRQ UHIHUV WR WKH SURFHVVRIEXLOGLQJK\SRWKHWLFDOPRGHOVRIVWUXFWXUHVDQGPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUH DVVXPHG WR SURGXFH HPSLULFDO SKHQRPHQD %RWK +DUUp DQG %KDVNDU VXJJHVW UHWURGXFWLRQDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRGHGXFWLRQDQGLQGXFWLRQ%XWZKHUH%KDVNDU IRFXVHVRQH[SODQDWLRQVLQVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVWKDWDUHH[WHUQDOWRVRFLDODFWRUV +DUUp IRFXVHV RQ FRJQLWLYH PHFKDQLVPV DQG VRFLDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG UXOHV RI EHKDYLRXUDQGKHQFHDGRSWVDVWUXFWXUDOLVWDQGDVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLYLVWYHUVLRQRI UHWURGXFWLRQ%ODLNLH

(44)

6RZKLOHWKH\ERWKUHSUHVHQWDQRQWRORJLFDOWXUQLQRYHUWO\DGGUHVVLQJZKDWLV

³UHDO´WKH\GLVDJUHHDERXWWKHRQWRORJ\RIVRFLDOOLIHSDUWLFXODUO\RQWKHQDWXUH VWDWXVDQGRULJLQVRIVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH%ODLNLH)RU%KDVNDUVWUXFWXUH KDV D FDXVDOUROH WR SOD\ DQG H[LVWV LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI VRFLDO DFWRUV DQG WKHLU DFWLYLWLHV)RU+DUUpVWUXFWXUHLVLQWLPDWHO\UHODWHGWRVRFLDODFWRUVJHQHUDWHG IURPQHWZRUNVRIUHODWLRQVKLSVRISHRSOHDQGKDVQRFDXVDOHIILFDF\DVLWZRXOG EHZURQJWRJLYHUXOHVDQGFRQYHQWLRQVFDXVDOHIILFDF\+DUUpLVQRWUHMHFWLQJ VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH DV VXFK EXW UHMHFW LW DV D FDXVDO WUDQVFHQGHQWDO IRUFH RU PHFKDQLVP+HHPSKDVL]HVKXPDQDFWRUVDQGWKHUXOHVWKH\IROORZRUGRQRW IROORZ +DUUp E 7KH IXUWKHVW KH ZLOO JR LQ GHVFULELQJ VRPHWKLQJ OLNH VWUXFWXUHLV³WKHSDWWHUQVWKDWPLJKWHPHUJHLQWKHIORZRIGLVFXUVLYHDFWVDV FRQVWUDLQWVRQWKHDFWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOV´+DUUpD+DUUpQDPHVKLV FXUUHQW SRVLWLRQ ³FRQYHUVDWLRQDO UHDOLVP´ DFFRUGLQJ WR 9DUHOD )RU

%KDVNDUVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVGRQRWHPHUJHRQO\RXWRIKXPDQDFWLYLW\LQWKHKHUH DQGQRZ WKHLU RULJLQV DUH LQ WKH SDVW +XPDQ DJHQF\ DFWV RQ SUHH[LVWLQJ VWUXFWXUHVLWGRHVQRWFUHDWHWKHPIURPVFUDWFK%ODLNLH+RZHYHU DVZHKDYHFRPPHQWHGRQHDUOLHUFULWLFDOUHDOLVWVDUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHZRUOG DVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VRFLDOO\SURGXFHGDQGUHSURGXFHG

,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKRXJKWKDWZKHQ+DUUpDQG/DQJHQKRYHZULWHDERXW IXUWKHU RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI SRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\WKH\KLJKOLJKWWKHILQHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHLQWHUQDOUHODWLRQVRI WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI D SRVLWLRQ FOXVWHU DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHURORJLFDO DXWRELRJUDSKLFDO DQG SHUVRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG IXUWKHU KRZ GXWLHV DUH JHQHULF DQG GHULYH IURP SRZHUV DQG FDSDFLWLHV +DUUp DQG /DQJHQKRYH 7KLV FDQ EH DOLJQHG ZLWK D FULWLFDO UHDOLVW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRZ GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV LQ D QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP UHSUHVHQWSRZHUVDQGHPHUJHLQWRWKHVRFLDOZRUOG,WLVDOVRLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHH WKDWZKHQ $UFKHUZLWKLQDFULWLFDOUHDOLVW WUDGLWLRQWKHRUL]HVWKHLQWHUSOD\RU

³SRLQWRIFRQWDFW´EHWZHHQDJHQF\DQGVWUXFWXUHLQWURGXFHVWKHWHUP³SRVLWLRQ´

SODFHVIXQFWLRQVUXOHVGXWLHVDQGULJKWVRFFXSLHGILOOHGDVVXPHGHQDFWHG E\LQGLYLGXDOVDQGWKHSUDFWLFHVDFWLYLWLHVLQZKLFKWKH\HQJDJHDVDPHGLDWLQJ V\VWHP$UFKHU

&RQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLW\DQGJRLQJFRQFHUQVDUHFRQFHSWVWKDWFDQEHDOLJQHG ZLWK+DUUp¶VWHUP³VWRU\OLQH´3RVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\LVERWKDWWHQWLYHWRSRVLWLRQLQJ DFFRUGLQJ WR D FHUWDLQ PRUDO RUGHU ZKDW LV DOORZHG DQG DOVR RSHQV XS

(45)

FRQFHSWXDOO\ IRU WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI UHSRVLWLRQ +DUUp DQG /DQJHQKRYH DOVRGHVFULEHGKRZLQVWLWXWLRQDOSRVLWLRQLQJRFFXUVZKHQDQLQVWLWXWLRQZDQWV WRFODVVLI\SHUVRQVZKRDUHH[SHFWHGWRIXQFWLRQZLWKLQWKDWLQVWLWXWLRQDQGLV DQDORJRXV WRUHVHDUFK RQLQVWLWXWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHVDQGFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ *XEULXP DQG +ROVWHLQ +DFNLQJ 3RVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ FDSWXUHV RQJRLQJ SURFHVVHVRIFKDQJH,WHPSKDVL]HVWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUFKDQJHLQVLWXDWLRQVEXW WKHDYDLODEOHVWRU\OLQHVWLOOSOD\VDUROHLQUHSUHVHQWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLW\

+DUUp WHQGV WR HPSKDVL]H WKH GLVFXUVLYH KHUHDQGQRZ DQG KRZ LW LV RQO\

SHRSOHWKDWWKURXJKWKHLUDFWLRQJHQHUDWHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHQHFHVVDU\IRXQGDWLRQ RQZKLFKWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHGHSHQG+DUUpE7KXV +DUUp SXWV PRUH ZHLJKW RQ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI UHSRVLWLRQLQJ WKDQ RQ WKH UHVWULFWLRQVLQ³SRVVLEOHVWRU\OLQHV´DQG³GRPLQDWLQJVWRU\OLQHV´$FFRUGLQJWR +DUUpWKH\DUH³MXVWVWRU\OLQHV´+DUUpE,QWKLVWKHVLV+DUUp¶VWRROV DQG WKLQNLQJ DUH XVHG EXW ZKHUH WKH DVSHFW RI SRZHUDQG WKH FRQVWUDLQW DQG FRQGLWLRQVUHSUHVHQWHGLQGRPLQDWLQJVWRU\OLQHVLVHPSKDVL]HG,QWKLVZD\WKH ZKROH WKHVLV KDV D FULWLFDO SRLQW RI GHSDUWXUH )RU ERWK +DUUp DQG %KDVNDU SUDFWLFHV DQG PDWHULDOLW\ LQ D EURDG VHQVH DUH FORVHO\ WLHG WR GLVFRXUVHV ODQJXDJH8VLQJSRVLWLRQLQJWKHRU\EULQJGLVFRXUVHVYHU\FORVHWRSHRSOH¶V GDLO\OLYHVDQGFRQFUHWHHYHU\GD\HSLVRGHVJLYLQJXVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH FRQFUHWH LPSDFW RI FHUWDLQ GLVFRXUVHV RQ $)0V DQG RQ IDPLOLHV DQG WKH SRWHQWLDOLQUHSRVLWLRQLQJ

3.4 The “whats” and the “hows”

7KHUH PD\ VHHP WR EH RYHUO\ PDQ\ FRQFHSWV DQG WKHRULHV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU+RZHYHUDVQRWHGLQLWLDOO\LQWKLVFKDSWHUWKHFRQFHSWVKDYHJURZQLQ WKHUHVHDUFKSURFHVV7KHGLIIHUHQWWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFKHVXVHGLQWKLVWKHVLVDUH WLHGWRJHWKHULQWKHLUIRFXVDQGHPSKDVL]HIDPLO\RULHQWHGSUDFWLFHVUHODWHGWR VRFLDOPHFKDQLVPVUHJDUGLQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDGGLFWLRQ7KHFRQFHSWRIWKH QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP KLJKOLJKWV DQG FRQWH[WXDOL]HV WKH UHOHYDQFH RI VRFLDO PHFKDQLVPV 7KH WHUPV ³FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVVLELOLW\´ DQG ³RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH´ HQDEOH DQ DQDO\WLFDO FULWLTXH RI WKH UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQ RI WKHVH PHFKDQLVPVDQGKRZWKH\HQIROGLQFOLQLFDOOLIHLQ$2'WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQV 3RVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ LV XVHG WR GHVFULEH KRZ WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV DUH HQDFWHG LQ HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK WUHDWPHQW DQG KRZ IDPLOLHV GHVFULEH DQG KLJKOLJKW WKH

(46)

LPSRUWDQFH RI PHFKDQLVP DW GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI UHDOLW\ LQ IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKHLU SURFHVVHVRIWUHDWPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\,QWKLVZD\WKHFRQFHSWVFROOHFWHGIURP GLIIHUHQW WKHRUHWLFDO VRXUFHV DUH ERXQG WRJHWKHU LQ FRQFHSWXDOL]LQJ ERWK WKH whats DQGWKHhows RIUHDOLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHYDULRXVWKHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHV DQGWKHGLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWVLQIRUPRQHDQRWKHUIURPDWKHRUHWLFDOOHYHOWRWKH OHYHORILQVWLWXWLRQDOSUDFWLFHDQGWRWKHOHYHORIIDPLOLHV¶SUDFWLFHV

7KHVHWKUHHDQDO\WLFDOHQWUDQFHVFRQWULEXWHLQGLIIHUHQWZD\VWRWKHwhatsDQG WKHhowsDQGGHHSHQRXUDSSURDFKHV&RQFHSWVOLNHWKHQHFHVVDULO\ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP³FRQGLWLRQVRISRVVLELOLW\´DQG³RUGHURIGLVFRXUVH´VHUYHDVWRROVLQ DQDO\VLQJWKHZKDWVEXWLQUHODWLRQWRWKHFRQFHSWVRI³JRLQJFRQFHUQ´³VSHHFK DFW´ DQG ³SRVLWLRQ´ WKDW IRFXV RQ WKH VRFLDO SUDFWLFH ZLWKLQ ZKLFK WKHVH FRQGLWLRQVDUHHQDFWHGUHSURGXFHGDQGWUDQVIRUPHGTable 2JLYHVDQRYHUYLHZ RYHUWKHPDLQDQDO\WLFDOFRQFHSWVLQWKHWKHVLVDQGKRZWKH\UHODWHWRHDFKRWKHU

Table 2 The hows and the whats Critical realist analysis

Interactionist and discursive analysis

Positioning analysis

Hows Going concern,

institutional identities

Speech act, positioning and repositioning Whats Mechanism

The necessarily laminated system

Conditions of possibilities Order of discourse

Storylines

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

Next, we present cryptographic mechanisms that we have found to be typically implemented on common commercial unmanned aerial vehicles, and how they relate to the vulnerabilities

Particularly famous are the Iskander-M short range ballistic missile, the Kalibr land attack and anti-ship cruise missiles, and the S-400 air defence system.. Other new

“Synthetic decision making”. These games, designed as simplified land combat simulation models, are defined and some of their properties described. We give a theoretical and

The dense gas atmospheric dispersion model SLAB predicts a higher initial chlorine concentration using the instantaneous or short duration pool option, compared to evaporation from

Based on the above-mentioned tensions, a recommendation for further research is to examine whether young people who have participated in the TP influence their parents and peers in

The Autodyn simulation code with the smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method and Impetus Afea Solver with the corpuscular model are used and the results are compared with

The increasing complexity of peace operations and the growing willingness of international actors to take on extensive responsibility for the rule of law in often highly criminalized

gradient. Moreover Appendix D shows that the distances for the gradients in each point can be different depending on how steep the gradients in the [\ and 45 ° -direction are.