• No results found

3 Theoretical framework

5 Summary of articles

6.2 Discourses of autonomy and connection

LV DQ HDVLHU RSWLRQ WKDQ D IRFXV RQ FRQQHFWLRQ LQ WKH DIIHFWHG IDPLO\

$SSURDFKLQJ$)0VVHSDUDWHO\DVLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKQHHGVLQWKHLURZQULJKWILWV LQEHWWHUZLWKWKHFXUUHQWGLVFXUVLYHRUGHU,QWKLVZD\$)0VDUHJLYHQVRPH LQGLYLGXDO EXW IHZHU UHODWLRQDO RSWLRQV LQ KDQGOLQJ WKHLU GLIILFXOWLHV 7KH LQVWLWXWLRQDOLGHQWLW\RIIHUHGLV³SDWLHQW´RU³LQQHHGRIKHOSLQWKHLURZQULJKW´

DQGWRDVPDOOHUGHJUHH³UHODWLRQVKLSDVFOLHQW´

7KLVFDQEHVHHQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKEURDGHUFXOWXUDOWUHQGV,QWKHRU\DERXWWKH

³VHFRQG PRGHUQLW\´ WKH WHUP ³LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG LQGLYLGXDOL]DWLRQ´ LV XVHG WR FDWHJRUL]HDWZRIROGWHQGHQF\2QWKHRQHKDQGWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDOWLHVDQGEHOLHI V\VWHPVDUHORVLQJWKHLUVLJQLILFDQFHDQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGSHRSOHDUHPRUH WLHG WR PRGHUQ LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKLFK SURGXFH WKHLU RZQ UXOHV DGGUHVVHG WR WKH LQGLYLGXDODQGQRWWRWKHIDPLO\DVDZKROH%HFN %HUQVWHLQ%HFN

$SSURDFKHV WKDW LQFOXGH IDPLOLHV DQG QHWZRUNV FDQ EH VRPHZKDW FRXQWHUFXOWXUDO%URWWYHLW

+RZHYHUEDVHGRQWKHHYLGHQFHIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHILQGLQJVIURPWKLV VWXG\ WKHUH LV DQ XUJHQW QHHG RI SURYLGLQJboth UHODWLRQDO DQG LQGLYLGXDO RSSRUWXQLWLHVWRWURXEOHGIDPLOLHVLQUHODWLRQWRWUHDWPHQW7KLVLVLQOLQHZLWK /HH ZKR PDLQWDLQV WKDW FRXSOH WKHUDS\ DV RQH RI VHYHUDO IDPLO\

RULHQWHG LQWHUYHQWLRQV LV DQ XQGHUXWLOL]HG DQG XQGHUH[DPLQHG PRGDOLW\ LQ DGGLFWLRQFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDQGWUHDWPHQWDQGFRXOGZHOOEHDFULWLFDOPLVVLQJ FRPSRQHQWLQWKHDGGLFWLRQVHUYLFHSURYLGHU¶VWRRONLW$QLQWHUHVWLQJTXHVWLRQ LV ZKHWKHU WKLV ILHOG QHHGV D UDGLFDO UHVWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH RUGHU RI GLVFRXUVH )DLUFORXJK ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W D NH\ TXHVWLRQ WR DVN LV +RZ LV LW SRVVLEOHWRPDNHLWHFRQRPLFDOO\DQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOVXVWDLQDEOHWRH[HFXWHWKH EHVWSUDFWLFHZKLFKLQFOXGHVIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWZLWKLQWKHILHOGRI$2'"

6.2 Discourses of autonomy and connection

7KH WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VLV LQ $UWLFOH VWDUWV IURP IRFXVLQJ RQ WZR PRGHOV RI DGGLFWLRQ LQ IDPLOLHV WKHLU UHODWLRQ WR DGGLFWLRQ DV D SKHQRPHQRQ DQG WKHLU LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUSUDFWLFH7KH66&6DQGWKH6(PRGHOVUHVSHFWLYHO\DLPLQJDW VXSSRUWLQJ $)0V LQ WKHLU RZQ ULJKW DQG DLPLQJ DW DGGUHVVLQJ IUDJPHQWHG UHODWLRQVLQWKHFRXUVHRIDGGLFWLYHSURFHVVHVUHSUHVHQWWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\VRI FRQVWUXFWLQJIDPLOLHVLQDGGLFWLRQ)RFXVLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\RQSV\FKRORJLFDODQG VRFLDO PHFKDQLVP WKH\ DUH ERWK KLJKOLJKWHG DV LPSRUWDQW LQ DGGUHVVLQJ WKH

HVVHQWLDOFRPSOH[LW\RIDGGLFWLRQDVDSKHQRPHQRQ%RWKPRGHOVFRQWULEXWHE\

ZLGHQLQJWKHVFRSHRIDGGLFWLRQWKHRUL]LQJIROORZLQJWKHFRQFHUQVH[SUHVVHG E\&RSHOORDQG2UIRUG³0RGHOVRIDOFRKRODQGGUXJSUREOHPV QHHGWRSODFHWKHUROHRIWKHVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWDVFHQWUDODQGDVLPSRUWDQWDV WKDWSOD\HGE\ LQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUV´7KLVUHSUHVHQWVD FKDOOHQJHWRWKHILHOGRI DGGLFWLRQ WKHRUL]LQJ LQ JHQHUDO E\ WKH ODFN RI LQWHJUDWLQJ VRFLDO RQWRORJ\

*UDQILHOG

+RZHYHULQWKHILHOGRIIDPLO\WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOVWKHSUHPLVHVIRUGLIIHUHQW PRGHOV KDYH VHOGRP EHHQ FRPSDUHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO ZLWK VRPH H[FHSWLRQV 9HOOHPDQHWDO2UIRUGHWDOD,QRXUFDVHWKHFRPSDULVRQLVPDGH ZLWKLQ D PRUH RYHUDUFKLQJ IUDPHZRUN WKH QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP DOORZLQJDQDQDO\VLVRIERWKFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQGFRPSOHPHQWDULW\,QWKLVZD\

WKH DQDO\VLV UHSUHVHQWV D FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH XQGHUSLQQLQJ RI SODQQLQJ DQG GHYHORSLQJ IXWXUH SUDFWLFHV WKDW FXW DFURVV ERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQ PRGHOV FRQVLGHULQJUHOHYDQWRQWRORJLFDOOHYHOV

7KHWZRPRGHOVUHSUHVHQWWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQDVWRU\OLQHRIDXWRQRP\IRU

$)0DQGDVWRU\OLQHRIFRQQHFWLRQLQIDPLOLHVLVIXUWKHUDQDO\VHGDFFRUGLQJWR KRZWKH\DUHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\IDPLOLHVLQYROYHGLQWUHDWPHQW7KHVWRU\OLQHV DQDO\VHG KHUHLV H[DPSOH RI GLVFRXUVHVSUHVHQWLQWKH ILHOGEXW LVLQ QR ZD\

H[KDXVWLYH IRU ZKDW KDSSHQV LQ HQFRXQWHUV EHWZHHQ IDPLOLHV DQG WUHDWPHQW 7KH\UHSUHVHQWDVWUDWHJLFVDPSOHDQGDIRFXVIRUUHVHDUFK

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³EHLQJLQWKHZDLWLQJURRP´WR³NQRZLQJZKDW\RXDUHZDLWLQJ IRU´DQGIURPEHLQJDORQHWRLGHQWLI\LQJ ZLWKDJURXSRISHRSOH LQDVLPLODU VLWXDWLRQ 7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV DOVR HPSKDVL]HG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI EHLQJ DFNQRZOHGJHGLQWKHLUOLIHVLWXDWLRQEHLQJ³MXVWPH´JDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHDERXW WKHVLWXDWLRQJHWWLQJVXSSRUWLQWDNHFDUHRIWKHPVHOYHVVHWWLQJERXQGDULHVDQG PDNLQJ3$5VUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHLURZQGULQNLQJRUGUXJWDNLQJ 0DQ\$)0

DUHLQDGHDGORFNHGVLWXDWLRQZKHUHMRLQWLQWHUYHQWLRQVLVQHLWKHUZDQWHGQRU SRVVLEOHDWWKHFXUUHQWVWDJH

7KHVWRU\OLQHRIFRQQHFWLRQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGHQDEOHVELODWHUDOUHSRVLWLRQLQJ SURFHVVHV IURP DQ XQZDQWHG SRVLWLRQLQJ RI FDUHJLYHUFDUH UHFHLYHU PRWKHUFKLOGRUSHUSHWUDWRUYLFWLPWRHQWHULQJLQWRDV\PPHWULFDOUHODWLRQVKLS FDWFKLQJXSZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQGEHFRPLQJDQHZFRXSOH7KLVXQGHUOLQHVWKH QHHGRIIRFXVLQJRQWUHDWPHQWQRWRQO\DVDSURFHVVEHWZHHQDFOLQLFLDQDQGD SDWLHQW EXW RQ MRLQW SURFHVVHV LQ WKH IDPLO\ 1D\ORU DQG /HH VWXG\

XQGHUSLQVWKLVSRLQW,QVWXG\LQJZRPDQSDUWQHUVWKH\ VKRZKRZWKH3$5¶V UHFRYHU\SURFHVVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\HQWDLOWKHSDUWQHU¶VFRQFRPLWDQWUHFRYHU\

QRU LV WKH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI WKH FRXSOH UHODWLRQVKLS HQVXUHG /HH DQG 5RYHUV DOVRSRLQWWRKRZHDUO\FRQMRLQWFRXSOHWKHUDS\KDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRDOORZ FRXSOHV WR JURZ DQG UHFRYHU LQ V\QFKURQ\ ZLWK HDFK RWKHU RUWR ³NHHS ERWK SDUWQHUV¶UHFRYHU\LQWDQGHPWKDWZRXOGHDVHWKHVWUDLQVRIDQDUGXRXVMRXUQH\

ZKHQWDNHQDORQH´1D\ORUDQG/HH7KLVLVLQOLQHZLWKWKHILQGLQJV LQWKLVVWXG\3DUWLFLSDQWVHPSKDVL]HWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDVDIHSODFHIRURSHQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG WUXVWEXLOGLQJ EHWZHHQ IDPLO\ PHPEHUV DVVLVWDQFH LQ HVWDEOLVKLQJDODQJXDJHWRWDONDERXWWKHLUGLIILFXOWLHVSUHYHQWLRQRIDVLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH$)0DQG3$5DUH³RXWRIVWHS´ZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQGKHOSLQWUDQVODWLQJ PXWXDOSURFHVVHVRIFKDQJHIURP3$5WR$)0DQGYLFHYHUVD$GDPV WHUPUHLQWHJUDWLRQFDSWXUHVWKHHVVHQFHRIWKLVFRQFHUQDQGUHSUHVHQWVDEDVLF IHDWXUHRIDVRFLDOSDUDGLJP

³3UDFWLWLRQHUV VKRXOG VHHN VWURQJHU VRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ VR DV WR SUHYHQW IXUWKHUVRFLDOIUDJPHQWDWLRQRILQWLPDWH UHODWLRQVKLSVLQWKHDGGLFWLYH V\VWHP $OVR E\ ZRUNLQJ DORQJVLGH RWKHU LQWLPDWHV WKH SUDFWLWLRQHU YDOLGDWHVWKHSURFHVVRIUHLQWHJUDWLRQ´$GDPV

$VWRU\OLQHRIFRQQHFWLRQPLJKWEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDILUVWFKRLFH$TXRWHIURP RQH$)0LQWKLVVWXG\XQGHUSLQWKLVSRLQW³:KHQWKHERDWKDVQ¶WOHIWWKHVKRUH WKHZLIHDQGIDPLO\VKRXOGEHLQYROYHGIURPWKHVWDUWRIWUHDWPHQW´/HH SRLQWVWRKRZLQGLYLGXDOZRUNZLWKSDUWQHUVRIDGGLFWHGLQGLYLGXDOVDSDUWIURP WKH FRXSOH UHODWLRQVKLS FDQ EH D SRWHQWLDOO\ ORVW RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU FRQFXUUHQW JURZWK DQG KHDOLQJ IRU ERWK SDUWQHUV DQG WKH FRXSOH UHODWLRQVKLS 6WLOO DV D VXSSOHPHQWDQGLQVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRIRFXVRQFRQQHFWLRQ

ZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\DVWRU\OLQHRIDXWRQRP\PLJKWEHLQWURGXFHGFRPELQHGZLWK DIRFXVRQHVWDEOLVKLQJFRQQHFWLRQVHOVHZKHUH

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

$UWLFOHWKHVWRULHVRIIDPLOLHVLQYROYHGLQDWUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRU\VXSSRUWVXFK DQ DSSUR[LPDWLRQ 7KHVH GLVFRXUVHV JLYH PHDQLQJ DW GLIIHUHQW WLPHV DQG LQ GLIIHUHQWFDVHV7KHUHVXOWVDOVRFDOOIRUDVWURQJDZDUHQHVVDQGDVVHVVPHQWRI WKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQRIIDPLOLHV HQFRXQWHULQJWUHDWPHQW$IRFXVRQGLIIHUHQW RQWRORJLHV DQG QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHPV RSHQV XS IRU QHZ LQWHUHVWLQJ UHVHDUFKFRPELQLQJLQVLJKWVDQGGDWDIURPGLIIHUHQW³OD\HUV´RIUHDOLW\DQGWKHLU LQWHUUHODWHGQHVVDQGKHQFHSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUSUDFWLFH9HWHUHDQG+HQOH\

JLYHDQH[DPSOHRIKRZWKLVFDQEHGRQHZLWKLQDQ$2'WUHDWPHQWWUDMHFWRU\

FRPELQLQJ VXSSRUW IRU WKH 3$5 DQG WKH $)0 LQGLYLGXDOO\ ZLWK FRXSOHV DQG IDPLO\WKHUDS\3URFHVVHVIRFXVLQJRQDXWRQRP\DQGRQFRQQHFWLRQFDQERWK EHRIJUHDWYDOXHDQGVWUHQJWKHQHDFKRWKHU

5HVHDUFK RQ HIIHFWV RI IDPLO\RULHQWHG WUHDWPHQW LQWHUYHQWLRQV KDV PRVWO\

H[DPLQHGWKHVLWXDWLRQRIWKH3$5&RSHOORHWDO7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLV VWXG\XQGHUSLQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFKDOOHQJHWKLVZD\RIIUDPLQJVXFKUHVHDUFK 2XUFDVHVVKRZKRZERWK3$5DQG$)0DUHLQDSURFHVVRIFKDQJHDQGSOD\

LQWHUUHODWHGSDUWVLQWKHSURFHVVRIUHFRYHU\ 7KLVLVLQOLQHZLWKKRZ$GDPV DQG 2¶*UDG\ DQG 6NLQQHU DQG RWKHUV UHIUDPH WKH ILHOG DV UHLQWHJUDWLRQSURFHVVHVRUUHFRYHU\SURFHVVHVZLWKLQIDPLOLHV7KHDFFRXQWVRI IDPLO\PHPEHUVVKRZKRZVHUYLFHVFDQEHDSDUWRIRUIDFLOLWDWHVXFKDSURFHVV HLWKHUGXULQJDMRLQWSURFHVVRUE\DWWHQGLQJWKHQHHGVRIERWK3$5DQG$)0

LQGLYLGXDOO\7KHVHSDUDOOHODQGMRLQWSURFHVVHVUHTXLUHLQFUHDVHGDZDUHQHVVDQG IOH[LEOH VHUYLFHV 7KLV DOVR EURDGHQV WKH VFRSH RI SRWHQWLDO SUREOHPV DQG VROXWLRQV DQG SURPRWHV IXUWKHU FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ VSHFLDOLVW FDUH DQG FRPPXQLW\FDUH

3RVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ UHSUHVHQW D IUDPHZRUN WKDW FRQFHSWXDOLVH LQWHUUHODWHG SURFHVVHVRIFKDQJH ZLWKLQIDPLOLHVLQWKH FRXUVH RIWUHDWPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\

LQFOXGLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO LQ LQWHUDFWLRQDO UHSRVLWLRQLQJ 7KH FRQFHSW RI UHSRVLWLRQLQJ LV DOVR FORVHO\ UHODWHG WR WKH FRQFHSW RI UHLQWHJUDWLRQ DV UHLQWHJUDWLRQ LQYROYHV D SURFHVV RI UHSRVLWLRQLQJ )RU FOLQLFLDQV SRVLWLRQLQJ WKHRU\ FRXOG EH D XVHG D SRWHQWLDO IUDPHZRUN IRU DQ LQFUHDVHG DZDUHQHVV RI DGGLFWLYHSURFHVVHVDQGUHFRYHU\SURFHVVHVDVLQWHUDFWLRQDODQGDVDSRWHQWLDO WKHUDSHXWLFWRROVLQZRUNLQJZLWKIDPLOLHVRQWKHURDGIURPXQZDQWHGELQGLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSVWRZDUGVPXWXDOUHFLSURFLW\UHODWLRQVKLSV

9LHZLQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDGGLFWLRQZLWKLQDVRFLDORQWRORJ\LQYROYHVWDNLQJ PRUHSHRSOHDQG PRUHUHODWLRQVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQQRWRQO\WKH QHHGVRIWKH 3$5LQVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQ7KHDLPPXVWEHWRRUJDQL]HVHUYLFHVLQDZD\WKDW HQFRPSDVVHV WKH LQGLYLGXDO QHHGV RI ERWK 3$5 DQG $)0 DQG WKHLU LQWHUUHODWHGQHVV

6.3 Analytical critique

%\ YLHZLQJ DGGLFWLRQ DV D QHFHVVDULO\ ODPLQDWHG V\VWHP ZLWK D OD\HUHG RQWRORJ\DOOSRVVLEOH OD\HUVHJELRORJLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLDO RIWKH SKHQRPHQRQSOD\DSRWHQWLDOUROHDQGQHHGWREHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQ WKHSUDFWLFHVRI$2'VHUYLFHV0ROXVHVWKHWHUP³RQWRORJLFDOSROLWLFV´

LQIUDPLQJWKHZD\LQZKLFK³WKHUHDO´LVLPSOLFDWHGLQSROLWLFVDQGWKHRWKHU ZD\ DURXQG &HUWDLQ RQWRORJLHV PLJKW KDYH SULYLOHJH RYHU RWKHUV $V /DZ DVNV :KLFK UHDOLWLHV LQ RXU FDVH GRHV WKH FXUUHQW V\VWHP RI $2' WUHDWPHQWKHOSWRHQDFWRUHURGH"

:KDWZHILQGLQWKLVVWXG\LVWKDWDOOUHOHYDQWOD\HUVRIUHDOLW\LVQRWQHFHVVDULO\

LQFOXGHGLQWKHZD\VHUYLFHVDUHRUJDQL]HGDQGSHUIRUPHG7KHQDWXUHRIWKH SKHQRPHQRQ ZLWK LWV HVVHQWLDO FRPSOH[LW\ LV QRW JXLGLQJ SUDFWLFHV RWKHU FRQFHUQV DUH SRWHQWLDOO\ LQ D UHGXFWLRQLVW ZD\ 7KHUH LV D JDS EHWZHHQ WKH PXOWLOD\HUHGFKDUDFWHURIWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIDGGLFWLRQDQGWKHZD\WURXEOHV

DUHWXUQHGLQWRLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\GHILQHGSUREOHPV%RWKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOSUDFWLFHV DQGWKHXVHUH[SHULHQFHVGRFXPHQWHGLQWKLVVWXG\XQGHUOLQHWKLVJDSEHWZHHQ WKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH7KHILQGLQJVEXLOGRQH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUHWKDWGLVFXVVHVWKH VDPHJDS

$FFRUGLQJWR RXUILQGLQJV SUDFWLFHVLQWKHILHOGGRQRWUHIOHFWWKLVQHFHVVDU\

ODPLQDWLRQ WR D ODUJH HQRXJK GHJUHH WKH ILHOG LV QRW VXIILFLHQWO\

³PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\´PHDQLQJWKDWDOOGLVFLSOLQHVZKHQFDOOHGIRUGRQRWKDYH WKH QHFHVVDU\ SRZHU WR RIIHU WKH VHUYLFHV QHHGHG 7KH HQWLUH WKHVLV WKXV UHSUHVHQWVDQDQDO\WLFDOFULWLTXHRIWKHFXUUHQWRUGHURIGLVFRXUVHDQGFRQGLWLRQV RISRVVLELOLWLHVIRUIDPLOLHVLQ$2'WUHDWPHQW,PSRUWDQWFULWLFDOTXHVWLRQVWR DVN DUH :KDW NLQG RI UHDOLW\ LV WKH EDVLV IRU GHYHORSLQJ RXU VHUYLFHV" $UH GLIIHUHQWRQWRORJLFDOOHYHOVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW"

2XUILQGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWWKHV\VWHPLVGHYHORSLQJLQDZD\WKDWGRHVQRWPDWFK WKH RQWRORJ\ RI WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI DGGLFWLRQ 2QH H[DPSOH RI WKLV LV WKH PDQDJHPHQWGLVFRXUVHWKDWWZLVWVRXUSUDFWLFHVLQDZD\WKDWGRHVQRWILWWKH FRPSOH[LW\RIWKHSKHQRPHQRQ0DNLQJIDPLO\RULHQWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQOHVVFRVW HIIHFWLYHGLVFRXUDJHVWKHDPELWLRQWRSURYLGHWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHVHUYLFH 7KHFDVHRI$)0VFKLOGUHQDQGIDPLOLHVUHSUHVHQWVDJRLQJFRQFHUQHVSHFLDOO\

ZLWK UHJDUG WR KRZ QHZ SROLF\ JXLGHOLQHV DUH VKDSHG +HDOWK DXWKRULWLHV DUH FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKLVLVVXHDVDUHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGFOLQLFLDQVEXWVWLOOWKHUHLVD VWUXJJOH WR LQFRUSRUDWH WKHVH SHUVSHFWLYHV LQ HYHU\GD\ FOLQLFDO OLIH 7KH GLVFRXUVHVWKDWUHSUHVHQW³JUDYLW\´DUHSRZHUIXO7KHUHLVDFRUHPLVVLRQDQG WKLVFRUHPLVVLRQUHGXFHVIDPLO\LQYROYHPHQWWRVRPHWKLQJRXWVLGHWKLVFRUH VRPHWKLQJRIOHVVHULPSRUWDQFH7KHSUREOHPLVQRWLQGLYLGXDODSSURDFKHVWR SHUVRQVDVVXFKWKH\DUHRIYLWDOLPSRUWDQFHWKHSUREOHPLVZKHQWKH\EHFRPH UHGXFWLRQLVW LQ GRPLQDWLQJ WKH ILHOG ,Q YLHZLQJ WKH ZRUOG DV PXOWLOD\HUHG WKHUHLVQR³FRUH´WKHUHDUHPHFKDQLVPVDWGLIIHUHQWOD\HUVRIUHDOLW\ZKLFKDOO QHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG1RWHYHU\PHFKDQLVPLVHTXDOO\UHOHYDQWLQDOOFDVHVEXW WKH\ VKRXOG EH JLYHQ HTXDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ WKH VHDUFK IRU SUREOHPV DQG VROXWLRQV

6.4 The field of policy

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

LQYROYHPHQW LQ WUHDWPHQW WUDMHFWRULHV DOVR LQYROYH LQGLYLGXDO VHVVLRQV IRU

$)0V

7KHSULRULW\JXLGHOLQHVKDYHEHHQVXEMHFWWRGHEDWHLQWKHPHGLD7KHUHDVRQWR UHPRYH $)0V DV D WDUJHW JURXS ZDV HVVHQWLDOO\ EHFDXVH ³DIIHFWHG IDPLO\

PHPEHUV DUH QRW D GLDJQRVLV´ $ FHQWUDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZKHQ LQYROYLQJFKLOGUHQLVZKHWKHU$)0DUHEHVWKHOSHGLQ$2'WUHDWPHQWRUFRXOG SHUKDSVJHWHYHQEHWWHUVXSSRUWRXWVLGHRILW:KDWGRHVLWLPSO\WKDW$)0DUH LQFOXGHG LQ $2'WUHDWPHQW VHUYLFHV DUH WKH ILHOG JLYHQ WKHP ³SUREOHPDWLF´

LGHQWLWLHV"(YHU\ERG\DJUHHGZLWKWKDWWREH$)0LVQRWDGLDJQRVLVEXWPDQ\

SHRSOHVWLOOIRXJKWWRNHHSWKHPDVDJURXSRIIHDWXUHGSDWLHQWV

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³SURGXFWLRQ´DQG HFRQRPLFDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGLQWKLVZD\VHFXUHVRPHNLQGRIIDPLO\RULHQWHG SRVVLELOLWLHV ,Q WKH GLVSXWH $2' WUHDWPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV ZHUH DVVXUHG E\ WKH KHDOWKDXWKRULWLHVWKDW³QRWKLQJZRXOGFKDQJH´EXWWKLVUHPDLQVWREHVHHQ

2QHRIWKHGLOHPPDVLVWKDW$)0VDUHFDWHJRUL]HGDORQJWZROLQHVHLWKHUWKH\

DUH³SDWLHQWV´LQQHHGRIKHOSLQWKHLURZQULJKWRUWKH\DUHDUHVRXUFHIRUWKH SDWLHQW )DPLO\ LQYROYHPHQW LV PDLQO\ FRQVWUXFWHG DV WKHVH WZR SRVLWLRQV LQ RIILFLDO JXLGHOLQHV :KDW LV ODFNLQJ LV D FOHDUHU SRVLWLRQLQJ RI $)0V DQG 3$5VDV³UHODWLRQVKLSVLQWURXEOH´DQGDV³UHODWLRQVKLSDVFOLHQW´7KHFXUUHQW V\VWHPVWUXJJOHVWRLQFOXGHWKLVSRVLWLRQDQGWKXVWKHVRFLDOSDUDGLJPLQLWV SROLF\DQGWUHDWPHQWDSSURDFKHV

7KH DUJXPHQW WKDW ³$)0 LV QRW D GLDJQRVLV´ FDQ EH FRXQWHUSURGXFWLYH WR SURYLGLQJWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVZLWKLQDV\VWHPEDVHGRQGLDJQRVLVDQGZKHUHLWLV WKHLQGLYLGXDOWKDWFRXQWV,QUHODWLRQWRWKHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\OHDYLQJ$)0V RXWVLGH WKH VFRSH RI WUHDWPHQW UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU LQGLYLGXDO ULJKWV WR WUHDWPHQW WKHUHFDQPHDQIXUWKHUIUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGXQFRRUGLQDWHGVHUYLFHVEDVHGRQD SDUWLFOH DQG LQGLYLGXDOLVHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI SUREOHPV DQG VROXWLRQV %\

VHDUFKLQJIRUWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVZHKDYHWRRYHUFRPHRUSOD\DORQJZLWKWKH RYHUDUFKLQJ RUGHURIGLVFRXUVH ,W UHPDLQV WR EH VHHQ ZKHWKHU WKH QDWLRQDO JXLGHOLQH IRU WUHDWPHQW DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI $2' SUREOHPV DQG DGGLFWLRQ +HOVHGLUHNWRUDWHW D FRQWDLQLQJ WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ RI LQFOXGLQJ RI IDPLO\ DQG QHWZRUN LQ WUHDWPHQW WUDMHFWRULHV FRPHV ZLWK DQ HFRQRPLFDO XQGHUSLQQLQJ

7KH VLWXDWLRQ IRU FKLOGUHQ LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WUHDWPHQW LV DQ LVVXH WKDW KDV JDLQHG JURZLQJ DWWHQWLRQ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV LQ $2' WUHDWPHQW LQ 1RUZD\ 7KH PRVWFRQFUHWHH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVWKHFKDQJHLQOHJLVODWLRQIURPWKDWJLYHV KHDOWKZRUNHUVWKHGXW\WRDVVHVVWKHQHHGVRIFKLOGUHQDQGHQVXUHWKDWVXSSRUW LV SURYLGHG LQ WKHLU VLWXDWLRQ $OWKRXJK WKH VLWXDWLRQ IRU FKLOGUHQ LV QRW IXOO\

VXEVWDQWLDWHGLQWKLVVWXG\LWVWLOOSURYLGHVVRPHLQSXWUHJDUGLQJWKLVFKDQJHLQ WKH ODZ :KLOH WKHLU VLWXDWLRQ LV EURDGO\ DFNQRZOHGJHG ZLWK LQFUHDVHG LPSRUWDQFH WUHDWPHQW SUDFWLFHV DSSOLHG WR FKLOGUHQ YDU\ EHWZHHQ LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG EHWZHHQ FOLQLFLDQV 2QH LVVXH WKDW ZDV UDLVHG FRQFHUQHG WKH SRWHQWLDO LQGLYLGXDOLVDWLRQRIWKHZD\LQZKLFKVHUYLFHVDSSURDFKHVFKLOGUHQ,WZDVQRWHG WKDWWKHFKDQJHLQODZJDYHFKLOGUHQ RISDWLHQWVPRUHDWWHQWLRQEXWGRHVQRW QHFHVVDULO\ PDNH WKH FOLQLFLDQ VHH WKH IDPLO\ RU WKH UHODWLRQV ZLWKLQ LW PRUH FOHDUO\,QWKLVZD\WKHFKLOGUHQRISDWLHQWV²DQGQRWIDPLOLHV²KDYHHPHUJHG DVDNLQG2QHRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVSXWLWWKLVZD\³<RXFDQUHJLVWHUWKDWLWLVD FKLOG DQG FDQ VD\ WKDW VRPHRQH HOVH KDV WR WDON WR WKH FKLOG %XW \RX FDQ FRQWLQXHWRIRFXVRQ'DG´7KLVLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJLVVXHWRIROORZLQWKH\HDUWR

FRPH+RZFDQWKHFKLOGUHQRISDWLHQWJHWWKHVXSSRUWWKH\QHHGDQGZKRVKDOO GRLWLQZKLFKIRUPDWV"5HFHQWUHVHDUFKKDVDOVRLQGLFDWHGWKDWLQJHQHUDOPDQ\

WUHDWPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVGRQRWIROORZXSWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWRZDUGVFKLOGUHQ RISDWLHQWV5XXG