Characterization of two sites for geotechnical testing in permafrost: Longyearbyen, Svalbard

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CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO SITES FOR GEOTECHNICAL TESTING IN PERMAFROST:

LONGYEARBYEN, SVALBARD

DOC.NO. 20160154-07-R REV.NO. 0 / 2019-12-04

shall be made without consent from NGTS.

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Project title: Norwegian GeoTest Sites (NGTS)

Document title: characterization of two sites for geotechnical testing in permafrost: Longyearbyen, svalbard

Document no.: 20160154-07-R

Date: 2019-12-04

Revision no. /rev. date: 0

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Client: Research Council of Norway (RCN) Client contact person: Herman Fabrot

Contract reference: RCN project number 245650

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Project manager: Jean-Sebastien L'Heureux

Prepared by: Graham L. Gilbert, Arne Instanes, Anatoly Sinitsyn, Arne Aalberg Reviewed by: Priscilla Paniagua

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1 Introduction 6

2 Study region 8

2.1 Glacial history, geology, and permafrost formation 8

2.2 Climate 9

3 Field and laboratory investigations 11

3.1 Site descriptions 11

3.2 Field investigations 11

3.3 Laboratory investigations 13

4 Stratigraphy and soil conditions 13

4.1 Adventdalen site 13

4.2 UNIS East site 17

5 Ground thermal regime and freezing-point depression 19

5.1 Ground thermal regime 19

5.2 Freezing-point depression 19

5.3 Saline permafrost soils and climate change 20

6 Piezocone penetration testing (CPTU) 21

6.1 CPTU testing at UNIS East 21

6.2 CPTU in Arctic site investigations 22

7 Supplementary investigations and future use 23

8 Summary 23

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Figure 1. A) Location of Longyearbyen in Svalbard. B) Location of the Adventdalen and UNIS East sites in relation to Longyearbyen (LYB). C) Details of the Adventdalen site. D) Details of the UNIS East site. Map data from the Norwegian Polar Institute.

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Figure 2. Mean annual air temperature Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Figure modified from [17]

based on data from [18].

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Figure 3. Air Thawing Index (ATI) Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Figure modified from [17] based on data from [18].

Figure 4. Air Freezing Index (AFI) Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Figure modified from [17] based on data from [18].

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Table 1. Site information and borehole locations. Casing depth refers to the housings for the thermistor strings.

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Figure 5. A) SINTEF drill rig during operation at the UNIS East site during spring 2018. B) Pagani Geotechnical TG63-150 CPTU rig at the Adventdalen site in July 2018.

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Figure 6. Example images of soil beds at the Adventdalen (Units D1-D3) and UNIS East (Units

U1-U3) sites. D1, laminated to weakly-laminated muds (ca. 16–30 m); D2, interlayered graded sand and silt (3–16 m); D3, silt (0–3 m); U1, diamicton with muddy matrix; U2, weakly laminated to massive silty mud; U3, interlayered sand and gravel (0–3 m).

Figure 7. Soil type and index parameters at the Adventdalen (upper row) and UNIS East (lower row) sites. Borehole locations (A3–A6 and E1–E7) are indicated in Figure 1. Note the boundary between Unit U2 and Unit U3 varies at the UNIS East site between borehole locations and is therefore not indicated.

Figure 8. Example grain size distribution curves and plasticity charts for the soil beds at the Adventdalen (Units D1–D3; upper row) and UNIS East (Units U1–U3; bottom row) sites.

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Figure 9. Schematic cartoons illustrating soil stratigraphy at the Adventdalen (A & B) and UNIS East (C & D) sites.

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Figure 10. Ground temperature envelopes and freezing-point depression (FPD) in the soil profiles at the Adventdalen and UNIS East sites. Temperature envelopes are constructed using data from the period 01/04/2018–31/03/2019 for the Adventdalen site and the period 01/09/2017–31/08/2018 for the UNIS East site.

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Figure 11. Piezocone penetration (CPTU) results from three tests conducted at the UNIS East site (Figure 1). The tests were conducted in late-August 2018. Note the base of the active layer (perforated red line) at ca. 1 m depth.

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Dokumenttittel/Document title

characterization of two sites for geotechnical testing in permafrost:

Longyearbyen, Svalbard

Dokumentnr./Document no.

20160154-07-R Dokumenttype/Type of document

Rapport / Report Oppdragsgiver/Client

Research Council of Norway (RCN) Dato/Date 2019-12-04 Rettigheter til dokumentet iht kontrakt/ Proprietary rights to the document

according to contract NGTS

Rev.nr.&dato/Rev.no.&date 0

Distribusjon/Distribution

ÅPEN: Skal tilgjengeliggjøres i åpent arkiv (BRAGE) / OPEN: To be published in open archives (BRAGE) Emneord/Keywords

Norwegian GeoTest Sites,

Stedfesting/Geographical information

Land, fylke/Country Havområde/Offshore area

Kommune/Municipality Feltnavn/Field name

Sted/Location Sted/Location

Kartblad/Map Felt, blokknr./Field, Block No.

UTM-koordinater/UTM-coordinates

Zone: East: North: Koordinater/Coordinates

Projection, datum: East: North:

Dokumentkontroll/Document control

Kvalitetssikring i henhold til/Quality assurance according to NS-EN ISO9001 Rev/

Rev. Revisjonsgrunnlag/Reason for revision Egenkontroll Self review by: av/

Sidemanns- kontroll av/

Colleague review by:

Uavhengig kontroll av/

Independent review by:

Tverrfaglig kontroll av/

Interdisciplinary review by:

0 Original document 2019-12-04

Graham L. Gilbert

2019-12-04 Priscilla Paniagua

Dokument godkjent for utsendelse/

Document approved for release Dato/Date Prosjektleder/Project Manager