FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY
Progressive lupus nephritis: Biological
consequences of renal DNaseI gene silencing
Dhivya Borra Thiyagarajan
A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor
August 2013
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