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Fish wars on the high seas : a straddling stock competition model

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(22)

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55

(23)

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56

(24)

ˆ ) (6α ) ) )o o 5ˆα

6ˆα

Figure 1.

Monopolistic harvesting. The case of 1 .

ˆ ) (6β )

) o) o)(6ˆα)

5ˆα

6ˆβ

)o)(6ˆα)

)(6ˆα)

6ˆα

Figure 2. The repeating pulse cycle in the case with IOHHWdominance. 1 . ˆ )

(6α ) )o

ˆ ) (6α )

(25)

ˆ ) (6α )

ˆ ) (6β ) 5ˆα

6ˆα

6ˆβ

Figure 3. The repeating pulse cycle in the coexistence case for 1 .

(26)

ˆ ) (6β ) 5ˆα

)o)o)(6ˆα)

6ˆβ

)o)(6ˆα)

)(6ˆα)

6ˆα

Figure 4. The repeating pulse cycle in the coexistence case. 1 .

(27)

ˆ ) (6α ) ) )o o 5ˆα

ˆ ) (6β )

ˆ ) (6α ) )o

6ˆβ

ˆ ) (6α ) 6ˆα

Figure 5.

The repeating single-period pulse cycle in the case with IOHHWdominance.

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