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© Synnøve Smebye Botnen, 2020
Series of dissertations submitted to the
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo No. 2241
ISSN 1501-7710
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.
Cover: Hanne Baadsgaard Utigard.
Print production: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo.
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(4403777$2!7).'&/2!,,.%4(/74/$2!7!-!#"//+
• Field sampling
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• ITS1/ITS2/18S amplification + tagging
• equimolar pooling of amplicons into libraries
• 454
• Illumina
• Data filtering
• Denoising
• Demultiplexing
• Sequence clustering
• Taxonomic annotation
• Ecological analyses
• Biological interpretation
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