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REPORT

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INTERPRETATION REPORT ONSØY SOFT CLAY SITE

DOC.NO. 20160154-11-R REV.NO. 0 / 2019-12-05

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Neither the confidentiality nor the integrity of this document can be guaranteed following electronic transmission. The addressee should consider this risk and take full responsibility for use of this document.

This document shall not be used in parts, or for other purposes than the document was prepared for. The document shall not be copied, in parts or in whole, or be given to a third party without the owner’s consent. No changes to the document shall be made without consent from NGTS.

Ved elektronisk overføring kan ikke konfidensialiteten eller autentisiteten av dette dokumentet garanteres. Adressaten bør vurdere denne risikoen og ta fullt ansvar for bruk av dette dokumentet.

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Dokumentet må ikke endres uten samtykke fra NGTS.

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Project title: Norwegian GeoTest Sites (NGTS) Document title: Interpretation report Onsøy Document no.: 20160154-11-R

Date: 2019-12-05

Revision no. /rev. date: 0 /

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Client: Research Council of Norway (RCN) Client contact person: Herman Fabrot

Contract reference: RCN project number 245650

IRU1*76

Project manager: Jean-Sebastien L'Heureux

Prepared by: Aleksander S. Gundersen, Ragnhild Christin Hansen Reviewed by: Tom Lunne, Stein O. Strandvik

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