This is the Accepted version of the article
The Effect of Sonication on Extravasation and Distribution of Nanoparticles and Dextrans in Tumor Tissue Imaged by Multiphoton Microscopy
Citation:
Yemane, Petros Tesfamichael, Åslund, Andreas, Sæterbø, Kristin Grendstad, Bjørkøy, Astrid, Snipstad, Sofie, van Wamel, Annemieke, Berg, Sigrid, Mørch, Ýrr Asbjørg, Hansen, Rune, Angelsen, Bjørn Atle Johan, Davies, Catharina de Lange (2018). The Effect of Sonication on Extravasation and Distribution of Nanoparticles and Dextrans in Tumor Tissue Imaged by Multiphoton Microscopy Proceedings - IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. 2018, 4 pp.
DOI:10.1109/ULTSYM.2018.8580082
This file was downloaded from SINTEFs Open Archive, the institutional repository at SINTEF http://brage.bibsys.no/sintef
Yemane, Petros Tesfamichael, Åslund, Andreas, Sæterbø, Kristin Grendstad, Bjørkøy, Astrid, Snipstad, Sofie, van Wamel, Annemieke, Berg, Sigrid, Mørch, Ýrr Asbjørg, Hansen, Rune, Angelsen, Bjørn Atle Johan, Davies, Catharina de Lange
This is the Accepted version.
It may contain differences form the journal's pdf version
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