Strait Crossings 2013 : proceedings NB: 28 MB!

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STATENS VEGVESENS RAPPORTER Nr. 231

Strait Crossings 2013

Proceedings

Styringsstab 2013-08-21

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Statens vegvesens rapporter

Strait Crossings 2013

Bruer, Tunneler, Ferjer, Regional utvikling Bridges, Tunnels, Ferries, Regional development

Presentasjon av symposiets styringsorganer, program og godkjente bidrag levert til sym- posiet.

Presentation of the Organising bodies, the Symposium Programme and approved papers submitted to the symposium.

Strait Crossings 2013

Tor Erik Frydenlund, Kaare Flaate, Håvard

Østlid Tor Erik Frydenlund, Kaare Flaate, Håvard

Østlid

603248 603248

Nr. 231 No. 231

Olav Egil Ellevset Olav Egil Ellevset

Styringsstab Director General’s Staff

xxviii + 1051 xxviii + 1051

2013-08-21 2013-08-21

Tittel Title

Author Forfatter

Avdeling Department

Prosjektnummer Project number

Rapportnummer Report number

Prosjektleder Project manager

Seksjon Section

Emneord Key words

Sammendrag Summary

Antall sider Dato

Pages Date

Proceedings ProceedingsSubtitle

Undertittel

Olav Egil Ellevset Olav Egil Ellevset

Godkjent av Approved by

Norwegian Public Roads Administration

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i

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON STRAIT CROSSINGS, BERGEN, NORWAY JUNE 16^TH–19^TH, 2013.

Strait Crossings 2013

Bergen, Norway

Tor Erik Frydenlund Kaare Flaate Håvard Østlid

Editors

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ii Cover illustration, courtesy of:

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration

The papers presented in these proceedings are printed as received from the authors.

No responsibility is assumed by the editors and organizers for the information contained herein, nor for any misprints or errors occurring.

ISSN 1893-1162 paper version

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iii

Table of content

Title Page no.

Table of content iii

Table of approved papers iv

Preface viii

Organisation x

Symposium Programme xi

Symposium sponsors xii

Programme details xiii

Floor plan xxv

Exhibitions xxvi

Cooperating Organisations xxvii

Approved papers 1-1051

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iv

Table of approved papers

Paper

No. Title Topic Page

No.

0 Welcome speech 1

1 The Immersed Bridge Tunnel Tunnels 6

2 On the applicability of tunnel boring machines for the excavation of long strait crossing tunnels

Tunnels

15 3 Base tunnels in the Alps – Helpful experiences for straight crossings

from the Gottthard base tunnel

Tunnels

25

4 Procurement of Major Crossings Regional

Development 36 5 Development of Anticorrosion System for Underwater Steel Structures

of Long-Span Bridges

Bridges

44 6 Pushing the Limits of Cable Stayed Bridges – the Partially Earth Anchored

Solution

Bridges

54 7 Geotechnical design evaluations for the aeroelastic stability of cable

stayed bridges

Bridges

63 9 Submerged floating tunnel in steel for Sognefjorden Tunnels 71

10 Chained floating bridge Bridges 81

11 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Project Bridges 90

12 Sustainability through innovation in design and construction: Second Penang Bridge, Malaysia

Bridges

100 13 Planning of Modern Road Tunnels for the future Tunnels 107 14 Development of sheathed strands for bridges and permanent mooring

applications

Bridges

121 15 The Tverlandet Bridge. A four lane Free Cantilever Bridge in northern

Norway

Bridges

130 16 Concept development of a Sognefjord floating bridge crossing Bridges 136

17 Inner lining in traffic tunnels Tunnels 142

18 Europe’s northern dimension from a transportation perspective Tunnels 153 19 Prediction of wind-induced dynamic response and flutter stability limit of

long-span bridges using the finite element method

Bridges

164 20 Prediction of wave induced dynamic response in time domain using the

finite element method

Bridges

175

21 Ultra-Long Undersea Tunnels Tunnels 186

22 The Fehmarnbelt tunnel crossing: The world longest IMT Tunnels 197 24 Can we estimate the impacts of fixed links using current transport

models?

Regional

Development 206

26 A 3700 m single span suspension bridge Bridges 224

27 How to cross the 7500 m wide Boknafjord? A concept study of a five- span suspension bridge, supported on TLP-Moored floaters

Bridges

231 28 The non-linear dynamic response of Submerged Floating Tunnels to

earthquake and seaquake excitation.

Tunnels

243 29 Wind-induced vibrations of dry inclined stay cables in the critical Reynolds

number range

Bridges

253 30 The Bjørvika Immersed Tunnel - assessments of calculated and

measured settlements over 3 year period

Tunnels

264

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v Paper

No.

31 Rv. 13 Ryfast – world longest subsea tunnel combined with E39 Eiganestunnelen

Tunnels

279 32 Methodology for predicting and handling challenging rock mass conditions

in hard rock subsea tunnels

Tunnels

288 34 Impact Analysis of Submerged Floating Tunnel for Conceptual Design Tunnels 299

35 The Rogfast project Tunnels 309

36 Crossing the Oslofjord - an early strategic analysis Tunnels/

Bridges 318

37 The Nordhordland bridge – twenty years in service Bridges 330 38 Thirty years of experience with subsea road tunnels in Norway Tunnels 340

39 Design basis for Strait Crossings Tunnels/

Bridges 356

40 Factors affecting operation, maintenance and costs in Subsea tunnels Tunnels 364

41 Long Span Cable Stayed Bridges for Railway Bridges 377

42 Floating concrete structures Ferries 390

43 Monitoring of Effective Stresses in Prestressing Steel Strand for PC Bridges

Bridges

399

44 Mooring concept for deep water crossings Tunnels/

Bridges 409

47 Ship impacts on the floating pontoons supporting a multiple span suspension bridge

Bridges

418 48 Various SFT concepts for crossing wide and deep fjords Tunnels 430 49 Subsea tunnels to oil field developments in northern Norway. TBM-

tunnelling at 300 m water depth in sedimentary rock

Tunnels

441 50 Tunneling Rogfast with TBM at 390 m below sea level? Tunnels 453 52 Effects of topography on gusty wind action for long-span suspension

bridges

Bridges

467

54 Izmit Bay Bridge - seismic design Bridges 478

55 Modern geodynamic activity diagnostics of the territories crossed by straits with the traffic constructions.

Tunnels/

Bridges 490

56 Crossing of Wide Fjords by Double Walled Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT)

Tunnels

498 57 Integrating renewable energy into bridge construction Bridges 508 58 Floating bridge with high bridge – a conceptual presentation Bridges 519 61 Life Cycle Assessment of bridges; Accomplishment and implementation Bridges 528 62 Design and construction of Xiamen Xiang′an subsea tunnel Tunnels 538 63 Environmental footprint in early planning of coastal road sections Tunnels/

Bridges 555

67 Planning and construction of complex immersed tunnels in waves and current

Tunnels

564 69 Deep Sea Floating Foundations for Strait Crossings Bridges 575

70 Deep Sea Foundations for Strait Crossings Bridges 584

71 Development of a submerged floating tunnel concept for crossing of the Sognefjord

Tunnels

592 73 State Route 520 Floating Bridge and Landings Project, Seattle,

Washington USA

Bridges

602

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vi Paper

No.

74 Seepage Water Control Standard and Method of Drilling and Blasting Subsea Tunnel

Tunnels

613 75 The Academy of Tunnelling - an expert program for improving future

tunnelling

Tunnels

628 76 Modern road tunnels - the future of long and deep tunnelling - is there

any limit?

Tunnels

632 77 Innovative Design for Saivan Double-deck Bridge with Twin PC Girder

in Macau

Bridges

645

78 World’s first battery-driven car ferry Ferries 652

79 Automatic mooring - a step toward automated terminals Ferries 661

80 Tunnel Lighting Tunnels 668

81 Experience from use of Competitive Dialogue in complex projects Tunnels/

Bridges 676

82 Crossing the deep and wide fjords on the western coast of Norway with fixed connections

Tunnels/

Bridges 686

84 Bridge crossings at Sognefjorden - Ensuring technical feasible and safe solutions

Bridges

696 86 Sub-bottom investigations for a floating structure across Bjørnafjorden -

anchoring conditions

Tunnels/

Bridges 708

87 Re-furbishment of The Bergsøysund Floating Bridge (2011-2013) Bridges 719

88 The key to efficient ferry operations Ferries 729

89 How can ferries be a good and lasting alternative in crossing fjords? Ferries 741 90 Structural health monitoring of the Wusu cable-stayed bridge Bridges 751 91 Preliminary Design and Comparison of SFT tube with different high

performance fiber concrete materials

Tunnels

760 92 The integrated design of structural health monitoring system with

inspection and maintenance management system for Qingdao bay bridge

Bridges

768 93 New types of concrete boxed cofferdam for the construction of offshore

pile caps

Bridges

776 95 The Key Technologies for Desig and Construction of a Single Column

Pylon on the Sea ----a self-anchored suspension bridge

Bridges

783 96 Soil and bedrock conditions to be expected in Tallinn - Helsinki _‐tunnel

construction

Tunnels

790

97 Bridge crossing the Trondheimsfjord Bridges 800

98 Combined floating bridges and submerged floating tunnel Tunnels/

Bridges 813

99 Global response of submerged floating tunnel against underwater explosion

Tunnels

825 100 The past, present and the future of the Seikan Tunnel Tunnels 836 101 Simplified collision analyses for floating tunnel using the theory of beam

with elastic foundation

Tunnels

842 102 New challenges for the fire safety in submerged floating tunnels Tunnels 850

103 What is the real cost of a rescue tunnel Tunnels 862

104 The Bjorøy tunnel – blasting on the seabed above the tunnel running through the “Bjorøyzone”

Tunnels

871

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vii Paper

No.

105 Bridge creates new opportunities for Fosen and Trondheim Regional

Development 882 106 Review of recent long span cable supported bridges across estuaries and

straits and proposals for application to future crossings

Bridges

891 107 Access solutions for suspension bridge cable maintenance Bridges 904 108 TLP technology experiences in the North Sea used as foundations for a

bridge tower.

Bridges

918

110 TLP technology: The tether system. Bridges 930

111 Challenges and solutions of future channels construction over straits or bays in China coastal area.

Tunnels

Bridges 942

113 Feasible control strategies in the protection of long span bridges against external dynamic loads

Bridges

955

115 Delivering the Forever Open Road programme Plenary 967

116 Battery powered ships - economic and greener Ferries 979

117 Crossing the strait of Gibraltar Tunnels 984

118 New test methods for cable systems Bridges 995

119 Consistent structural analysis and design of long-span bridges

Bridges

1004 120 More efficient transport across the Oslofjord - a feasibility study at an

early stage

Regional

development 1016 121 Norwegian Coastal Highway Route E39 Project

Project content and overview

Tunnels

Bridges 1023

122 Regional impacts of transport investments Regional

development 1032

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viii

Preface

Symposiums on Strait Crossings have been arranged on five previous occasions, all of them in Norway. The first took place in Stavanger in 1986, the second in Trondheim in 1990, the third in Ålesund in 1994, the fourth in Bergen in 2001 and the fifth in Trondheim in 2009.

Strait Crossings will remain an important subject as long as straits, fjords and sounds represent restrictions to road and rail transport. There is a continuous demand for more time efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly solutions for strait crossings.

Improved connections can be obtained through advanced design of bridges and tunnels as well as by new ferry technology. In addition studies of socio economic effects, environmental conditions and traffic safety are required.

We are pleased to present the proceedings for the Sixth Symposium on Strait Crossings held in Bergen, Norway, June 19 - 19, 2013. The main themes of the symposium are Bridges, Tunnels, Ferries and Regional development with focus on Extreme Crossings and New Technologies.

The proceedings include approved 101 papers, with 9 papers presented in plenary sessions, 82 in parallel sessions (3 not presented) and 9 Poster presentations. The opening address was given by the Director General of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Mr. Terje Moe Gustavesen (PowerPoint presentation). For the first plenary lecture given by Professor Victor Norman at the Norwegian School of Economics there is no written record. Authors from 21 different countries have contributed with a distribution as shown below.

We convey our great appreciation and thanks to the authors for their contributions and for efforts made to share their knowledge and experience with us. We are confident that these proceedings represent a valuable source of information for owners, contractors, engineers and planners of strait crossings.

A total of 246 participants from 26 countries registered for the symposium and 241 participants attended. Copies of the symposium papers were presented to participants on

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Norway Other Europe Asia America

Contributions from Countries/Continents

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ix

memory sticks in pdf-fomat. The present version of the Symposium Proceedings has been prepared after the symposium

Tor Erik Frydenlund Kaare Flaate

Håvard Østlid Editors

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x

Organisation

The Sixth Symposium on Strait Crossings, held on June 16^th – 19^th 2013, at Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, Bryggen, Bergen was organised by The Norwegian Public Roads Administration in cooperation with Tekna - The Norwegian Society of Graduated Technical and Scientific Professionals.

Organising Committee

Olav Egil Ellevset (Chair) Jan Eirik Henning Jan Olav Skogland

Kjell Inge Davik Bernt Jakobsen Lidvard Skorpa

Kjersti Kvalheim Dunham Bjørn Nilsen Børre Stensvold

Maorun Feng, China Tor Ole Olsen Lars Toverud

Kaare Flaate Birgitte Rodum Jinquan Zhang, China

Anker Grøvdal Svein Røed Håvard Østlid

Arne Gussiås Thor Skjeggedal Tor Erik Frydenlund (S)

Programme Committee

Olav Egil Ellevset (Chair) Jan Eirik Henning Jan K.G. Rohde Kristian Berntsen Bernt Jakobsen Edvard Sandvik

Harald Buvik Sidsel Kålås Jorunn Hillestad Sekse

Kjell Inge Davik Ian Markey Lidvard Skorpa

Gunnar Djuve Arild Neby Lars Chr. Stendal

Signe Eikenes James Odeck Johannes Veie

Kaare Flaate Frode Oset Håvard Østlid

Eivind Grøv Ingvill Osland

Arnulf Martin Hansen Ragnhild Holen Relling Tor Erik Frydenlund (S) International Advisory Committee

Håvard Østlid, Norway, (Chair) Youshi Hong, China Risto Kiviluoma, Finland Leigh Appleyard, Austrailia Naeem Hussain, Hong Kong Martin C. Knights, UK Jonathan Baber, UK Christian Ingerslev, USA In-Mo Lee, South Korea Heinz Erbahr, Switzerland Svein Erik Jakobsen, Norway Peter O’Neill, USA Yufang Fu, China Shunji Kanie, Japan Yoshikazu Ota, Japan Walter Grantz, USA Satoshi Kashima, Japan Frederico Perotti, Italy Lok Home, USA Casper Paludan-Müller, Denmark Ilkka Vähäaho, Finland

Yingxin Zhou, Singapore

Symposium Secretariat Tekna: Siri Ebro Engen

Organising and Programme Committees: Tor Erik Frydenlund – Secretary (S) Acknowledgements

Our thanks and appreciation goes to the symposium sponsors and cooperating organisations listed in the symposium programme for supporting the event.

Olav Egil Ellevset

Chairman of the Organizing and Programme Committees

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xi

Programme

for the

6 ^th Symposium

on

Strait Crossings

Extreme Crossings

and

New Technologies

Norwegian Public Roads Administration

Secretariat: Tekna – The Norwegian Society of Graduate Technical and Scientific Professionals

16 – 19 June 2013 Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, Bryggen, Bergen, Norway

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xii

Gold

Phone: +47 21 58 50 00 E-mail: oslo@multiconsult.no

Nedre Skøyen vei 2 PO Box 265 Skøyen N-0213 Oslo, Norway

Silver

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Phone: +47 22 02 30 00

E-mail: ngi@ngi.no, Sognsvn. 72, 0855 Oslo

PO Box. 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway

Bronze

Phone: +47 22 51 30 00 E-mail: aaj@aas-jakobsen.no

Lilleakerveien 4, N-0283 Oslo, Norway Phone: +47 67 82 80 00

E-Mail: firmapost@olavolsen.no

Vollsveien 17 A, N-1366 Lysaker, Norway Phone: +47 02694

E-mail: firmapost@cowi.no Grenseveien 88

PO Box 6412 Etterstad, N-0605 Oslo, Norway Bilfinger Construction GmbH, Norwegian Branch Phone +47 97 55 40 77

E-mail: erika.fritsch@bilfinger.com Østensjøveien 36, N-0667 Oslo, Norway

Bentley Systems Austria Phone: +43 31682153161

E-mail : Vanja.Samec@bentley.com Am Eisernen Tor 1

8010, Graz, Austria

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Sunday 16 June

Time Topic Activity

18:00 - Registration

19:00 - Reception Dinner a la carte available * Monday 17 June

08:00 - Registration cont. Session chair: Christian Ingerslev Cochair: Ian Markey

08:30 - Plenary session Welcome speech: Director General Terje Moe Gustavsen, Norwegian Public Roads Administration 08:45 - Impact of fixed links on regional development, Professor Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics 09:30 - 121 Coastal Highway Route E 39, Project Manager Olav Ellevset, Norwegian Public Roads Administration 10:10 22 The Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link, Director Steen Lykke, Fehmarnbelt, Denmark

10:45 Coffee break

11:10 - Plenary session 11 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Project, Shatoshi Kashima, Japan Bridge Engineering Center, Japan

11:40 - 73 SR 520 Floating Bridge and Landings Project, Lake Washington, Seattle, Arnfinn Rusten, Berger ABAM Inc.

12:05 - 88 The key to efficient ferry operations, Anker Grøvdal, Fjord 1, Norway 12:30 Lunch

Location Room 2 Room 3 Room 4 Room 1

Bridges A Session chair:

Yufang Fu

Tunnels Session chair:

Steen Lykke

Ferries Session chair:

Anker Grøvdal

Regional development Session chair:

Olav Ellevset

13:30 - Paper presentations 37 Floating bridge 22 Immersed 116 Battery operated 122 Impact of fixed links

87 Floating bridge 67 Immersed 89 Efficiency 24 Impact of fixed links

10 Floating bridge 30 Immersed 79 Terminals 105 Regional development

16 Floating bridge 71 SFT 42 Terminals 120 Regional development

15:10 Coffee break Tommy Olsen

15:35 - Paper presentations 84 Floating bridge 1 SFT 4 Procurement

47 Floating bridge 9 SFT

17:15 End of presentations

18:00 - Social event: Venue in front of the hotel entrance **

* Not included in symposium fee. ** Guided walking tour of Bergen including the Hanseatic Wharf, Ride with the Fenicular to Fløien and dinner at Fløien.

For details regarding parallel sessions see pages xvi-xiii for Bridges, xix-xxi for Tunnels, xxii for Tunnels/Bridges, xxiii for Ferries and xxiv for Regional development. For Room plan see page xxv.

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Tuesday 18 June

Location Room 1 and 2 Room 3 Room 4

Bridges A Session chair:

Naeem Hussain

Marco Ramoni

Tunnels/bridges Session chair:

Ismail bin Mohamed Taib

08:30 Paper presentations 108 Floating bridge 102 SFT Fire 36 Feasibility study

110 Floating bridge 28 SFT 39 Design conditions

6 Cable stayed 101 SFT 44 Moorings

41 Cable stayed 38 Subsea - experience 86 Site investigations 10:10 Coffee break

10:30 Paper presentations 26 Suspension Bridge 49 Subsea – oil fields 81 Competitive dialogue 27 Suspension Bridge 117 Subsea - Gibraltar 98 Combined solution

54 Dynamics 21 Subsea – ultra long 82 Feasibility study

20 Dynamics 32 Subsea - feasibility 111 Feasibility study

113 Dynamics 62 Subsea - Xiamen Xiang 57 Energy

12:35 - Lunch

Bridges Session chair:

Arnfinn Rusten

Martin Knights

Tunnels/Bridges Session chair:

Jonathan Baber 13:30 Paper presentations 119 Design analysis 96 Subsea – Tallin Helsinki 80 Lighting

19 Wind 35 Subsea 91 Material properties

29 Wind 18 Subsea 5 Corrosion

52 Wind 31 Subsea 58 Floating bridge

15:10 Coffee break

15:35 Paper presentations 118 Cables 40 Subsea - maintenance 70 Deep sea foundations

14 Cables 17 Lining 106 Construction

107 Cables 2 TBM 90 Monitoring

12 Concrete 50 TBM

17:15 End of presentations

19:00 - Banquet: Venue in front of the hotel entrance for a 5 min. walk to the Håkonshallen banquet hall.

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Wednesday 19 June

Location Room 1 and 2 Room 3 and 4

Bridges Session chair: Vanja Samec

Tunnels Session chair: Bjørn Nilsen 08:30 – Paper presentations 43 Concrete 75 Knowledge transfer

77 Concrete 76 Requirements

15 Concrete 103 Rescue tunnels

61 Life cycle 104 Subsea – Bjorøy

10:10 Coffee break Session chair: Walter Grantz Cochair: Håvard Østlid

10:35 Plenary session 100 The past, present and future of the Seikan Tunnel, Motohiro Sato, Japan

11:10 63 Environmental footprint in early planning of coastal road sections, Johan Berg Pettersen,, MiSA, Norway 11:45 115 FOR - Forever open roads, Steve Phillips, Secretary General FEHRL

12:20 Symposium closure Project Manager Olav Ellevset, Norwegian Public Roads Administration 12:35 Lunch

14:00 – Departure for technical visits

Poster presentations: The following papers have been approved for poster presentations: 3, 7, 34, 55, 74, 92, 93, 95 and 99.

Technical visits: A) Bergen – Vallavik – Hardanger bridge – Fykse/Steinstø – Steindalsfossen - Return to Bergen at 22:00 hours

Short technical tours: B) Bergen - Nordhordland bridge - Return to Bergen at 17:00 hours C) Bergen – Bjorøy-tunnel - Return to Bergen at 17:00 hours Sightseeing in Bergen: Social event Monday night.

Touristic tours: Sognefjord in a nutshell http://www.norwaynutshell.com/

Norway in a nutshell http://www.norwaynutshell.com/

Island hopping on the west coast of Norway http://www.fjordkysten.no/en/WHAT-TO-DO/Island-Hopping/

Touristic tours must me booked separately through tour operators.

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xvi

Sessions on Bridges – Room 2

Sunday 16^th of June

19:00 - Reception Dinner a la carte available * Monday 17^th of June

Time Topic (paper no.) Presenter ^Paper

08:00 - Registration continued Session chair: Christian Ingerslev Cochair: Ian Markey

08:30 - Plenary session Welcome speech: Director General Terje Moe Gustavsen, Norwegian Public Roads Administration 08:45 - Impact of fixed links on regional development, Professor Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics 09:30 - 121 Coastal Highway Route E 39, Project Manager Olav Ellevset, Norwegian Public Roads Administration 10:10 - 22 The Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link, Director Steen Lykke, Fehmarnbelt, Denmark

10:45 – Coffee break

12:05 - 88 The key to efficient ferry operations, Anker Grøvdal, Fjord 1, Norway

12:30 – Lunch Session chair: Yufang Fu Cochair: Børre Stanesvold

13:30 - Floating bridge 37 Jan Olav Skogland The Nordhordland bridge – twenty years in service

87 Jan Scheie Re-furbishment of The Bergsøysund Floating Bridge (2011-2013) 10 Birger Opgård Chained floating bridge

16 Svein Erik Jakobsen Concept development of a Sognefjord floating bridge crossing 15:10 – Coffee break

15:35 – Floating bridge 84 S. Randrup-Thomsen Bridge crossings at Sognefjorden - Ensuring technical feasible and safe solutions 47 Bernt Jakobsen Ship impacts on the floating pontoons supporting a multiple span suspension bridge 69 Rolf Magne Larsen Deep Sea Floating Foundations for Strait Crossings

97 Terje Norddal Bridge across the Trondheimsfjord 17:15 - End of presentations

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xvii

Sessions on Bridges – Room 1 and 2

Tuesday 18^th of June

Time Topic (paper no.) Presenter Paper

Session chair: Naeem Hussain Cochair: Svein Erik Jakobsen

08:30 - Floating bridge 108 Inge-Bertin Almeland TLP technology experiences in the North Sea used as foundations for a bridge tower.

110 Richard Monster TLP technology: The tether system.

Cable stayed bridge 6 Steve Kite Pushing the Limits of Cable Stayed Bridges – the Partially Earth Anchored Solution 41 Tina Vejrum Long Span Cable Stayed Bridges for Railway

10:30 – Suspension bridge 26 Kristian Berntsen A 3700 m single span suspension bridge 27 Volkert Oosterlaak How to cross the 7500 m wide Boknafjord?

Dynamics 54 Lars Jensen Izmit Bay Bridge - seismic design

20 Ole Øiseth Prediction of wave induced dynamic response in time domain using the finite element method 113 Federico Perotti Feasible control strategies in the protection of long span bridges against external dynamic loads 12:35 – Lunch Session chair: Arnfinn Rusten Cochair: Tor Ole Olsen

13:30 – Design analysis 119 Vanja Samec Consistent structural analysis and design of long-span bridges

Wind 19 Ole Øiseth Prediction of wind-induced dynamic response and flutter stability limit of long-span bridges using the finite element method

29 Jesna B. Jakobsen Wind-induced vibrations of dry inclined stay cables in the critical Reynolds number range 52 Bjørn Isaksen Effects of topography on gusty wind action for long-span suspension bridges

15:35 – Cables 118 Martin Laube New test methods for cable systems

14 Jagan Mohanraj Development of sheathed strands for bridges and permanent mooring applications 107 Howard Wilkinson Access solutions for suspension bridge cable maintenance

Concrete 12 Ismail bin Mohamed Taib Sustainability through innovation in design and construction: Second Penang Bridge, Malaysia 17:15 End of presentation

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xviii

Sessions on Bridges – Room 1 and 2

Wednesday 19^th of June

Time Topic Presenter (paper no.)/Activity Paper

Session chair: Vanja Samec Cochair: Johannes Veie

08:30 – Concrete 43 Yu-Fang Fu Monitoring of Effective Stresses in Prestressing Steel Strand for PC Bridges 77 Gongyi Xu Innovative Design for Saivan Double-deck Bridge with Twin PC Girder in Macau 15 Sturla Rambjør The Tverland Bridge. A four lane Free Cantilever Bridge in northern Norway Life cycle 61 Johanne Hammervold Life Cycle Assessment of bridges; Accomplishment and implementation 10:10 Coffee break Session chair: Walter Grantz Cochair: Håvard Østlid

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xix

Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3

08:00 - Registration continued Session chair: Christian Ingerslev Cochair: Ian Markey

12:05 - 88 The key to efficient ferry operations, Anker Grøvdal, Fjord 1, Norway

12:30 – Lunch Session chair: Steen Lykke Cochair: Kjersti Kvalheim Dunham

13:30 - Immersed tunnel 22 Antonius Hemel The Fehmarnbelt tunnel crossing: The world longest IMT 67 Tommy Olsen Planning and construction of complex immersed tunnels

30 Ian Markey The Bjørvika Immersed Tunnel - assessments of calculated and measured settlements over 3 year period

SFT 71 Andreas Saur Brandtsegg Development of a submerged floating tunnel concept for crossing of the Sognefjord 15:10 – Coffee break Session chair: Tommy Olsen Cochair: Kjersti Kvalheim Dunham

15:35 – SFT 1 Walter Grantz The Immersed Bridge Tunnel

9 Birger Opgård Submerged floating tunnel in steel for Sognefjorden

56 Arne Instanes Crossing of Wide Fjords by Double Walled Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) 48 Bernt Jakobsen Various SFT concepts for crossing wide and deep fjords

17:15 - End of presentations

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Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3

Session chair: Marco Ramoni Cochair: Bernt Jakobsen

08:30 - SFT Fire 102 Haukur Ingason New challenges for the fire safety in submerged floating tunnels

SFT 28 Federico Perotti The non-linear dynamic response of Submerged Floating Tunnels to earthquake and seaquake excitation.

101 Myung Sagong Simplified collision analyses for floating tunnel using the theory of beam with elastic foundation Subsea 38 Jan Eirik Henning Thirty years of experience with subsea road tunnels in Norway

10:30 – Subsea 49 Eivind Grøv Subsea tunnels to oil field developments in northern Norway. TBM-tunnelling at 300 m water depth in sedimentary rock

117 Yves Boissonnas The Gibraltar Crossing 21 Gareth Mainwaring Ultra-Long Undersea Tunnels

32 Bjørn Nilsen Methodology for predicting and handling challenging rock mass conditions in hard rock subsea tunnels 62 Ziping Huang Design and construction of Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel

12:35 – Lunch Session chair: Martin Knights Cochair: Eivind Grøv

13:30 – Subsea 96 Ossi Ikävalko Soil and bedrock conditions to be expected in Tallinn - Helsinki ‐tunnel construction 35 Tor Geir Espedal The Rogfast project

18 Usko Anttikoski Europe’s northern dimension from a transportation perspective

31 Gunnar Eiterjord Rv. 13 Ryfast – world longest subsea tunnel combined with E39 Eiganestunnelen 15:10 – Coffee break

15:35 – Subsea 40 Gunnar Gjæringen Factors affecting operation, maintenance and costs in Subsea tunnels

Lining 17 Marco Ramoni Inner lining in traffic tunnels

TBM 2 Marco Ramoni On the applicability of tunnel boring machines for the excavation of long strait crossing tunnels 50 Eivind Grøv Tunneling Rogfast with TBM at 390 m below sea level?

17:15 End of presentation

.

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xxi

Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3 and 4

Wednesday 19^th of June

Time Topic Presenter (paper no.)/Activity Paper

Session chair: Bjørn Nilsen Cochair: Gunnar Eiterjord

08:30 – Knowledge transfer 75 Ruth Gunlaug Haug The Academy of Tunnelling - an expert program for improving future tunnelling Requirements 76 Kjersti Kvalheim Dunham Modern road tunnels - the future of long and deep tunnelling - is there any limit?

Rescue tunnels 103 Jan K.G. Rohde What is the real cost of a rescue tunnel

Subsea 104 Gunnar Gjæringen The Bjorøy tunnel – blasting on the seabed above the tunnel running through the “Bjorøyzone”

10:10 Coffee break Session chair: Walter Grantz Cochair: Håvard Østlid

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xxii

Combined Tunnel/Bridge sessions – Room 4

Session chair: Ismail bin Mohamed Taib Cochair: Ruth Gunlaug Haug

08:30 - Feasibility 36 Ove Solheim Crossing the Oslofjord - an early strategic analysis Design conditions 39 Ove T Gudmestad Design basis for Strait Crossings

Moorings 44 Morten Bjerkås Mooring concept for deep water crossings

Site investigations 86 Harald Sysytad Sub-bottom investigations for a floating structure across Bjørnafjorden - anchoring conditions 10:10 – Coffee break

10:30 – Competitive dialogue 81 Kasper Nordmelan Experience from use of Competitive Dialogue in complex projects Combined solution 98 Kristen Olav Dahl Combined floating bridges and submerged floating tunnel

Feasibility study 82 Lidvard Skorpa Crossing the deep and wide fjords on the western coast of Norway with fixed connections

111 Yiqiang Xiang Challenges and solutions of future channels construction over straits or bays in China coastal area.

Energy 57 Mohammed Hoseini Integrating renewable energy into bridge construction 12:35 – Lunch Session chair: Jonathan Baber Cochair: Lidvard Skorpa

13:30 – Lighting 80 Per Ole Wanvik Tunnel Lighting

Material properties 91 Yiqiang Xiang Preliminary Design and Comparison of SFT tube with different high performance fiber concrete materials

Corrosion 5 Shigeki Kushuhara Development of Anticorrosion System for Underwater Steel Structures of Long-Span Bridges Floating bridge 58 Geir L. Kjersem Floating bridge with high bridge – a conceptual presentation

15:35 – Deep sea foundations 70 Ketil Aas-Jakobsen Deep Sea Foundations for Strait Crossings

Construction 106 Naeem Hussain Review of recent long span cable supported bridges across estuaries and straits and proposals for application to future crossings

Monitoring 90 Yuan Zhong Structural health monitoring of the Wusu cable-stayed bridge

17:15 End of presentation

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Session on Ferries - 4

08:00 - Registration continued Session chair: Christian Ingerslev Cochair: Ian Markey

12:05 - 88 The key to efficient ferry operations, Anker Grøvdal, Fjord 1, Norway 12:30 – Lunch Session chair: Anker Grøvdal Cochair: Edvard Sandvik

13:30 - Battery operated 116 Narve Mjøs Battery powered ships - economic and greener

89 Hallgeir Kleppe How can ferries be a good and lasting alternative in crossing fjords?

Efficiency 79 Mike Howie Automatic mooring - a step toward automated terminals

Terminals 42 Tor Ole Olsen Floating concrete structures

15:10 – Coffee break 15:35 – Terminals

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xxiv

Session on Regional development - Room 1

08:00 - Registration continued Session chair: Christian Ingerslev Cochair: Ian Markey

12:05 - 88 The key to efficient ferry operations, Anker Grøvdal, Fjord 1, Norway 12:30 – Lunch Session chair: Olav Ellevset Cochair: Signe Eikenes

13:30 - Impact 122 Peter O’Neill Regional impacts of transport investments

24 Trude Tørset Can we estimate the impacts of fixed links using current transport models?

Regional development 105 Olbert Aasan Bridge creates new opportunities for Fosen and Trondheim

120 Anders Jordbakke More efficient transport across the Oslofjord - a feasibility study at an early stage 15:10 – Coffee break

15:35 – Procurement 4 Andrew J. Yeoward Procurement of Major Crossings

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xxvi

Exhibitions

Stand

No. Firm Contact E-mail

1 Multiconsult AS Birger Opgård birger.opgaard@multiconsult.no 2 WSP Genivar (Multiconsult AS) Birger Opgård birger.opgaard@multiconsult.no 3 Bentley Systems Austria Myriam Derry Myriam.Derry@bentley.com

4 TDA Myriam Derry Myriam.Derry@bentley.com

5 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Roger Olsson roger.olsson@ngi.no

6 COWI AS Per Arnesen par@cowi.no

7 Norconsult AS Alexander Kyte alexander.kyte@norconsult.com 8 The Spencer Group Jim Mawson jim.mawson@cspencerltd.co.uk 9 Alpin Technik und Ingenieurserv. Monika Hermann hermann@alpintechnik.de 10 Alpin Technik und Ingenieurserv. Monika Hermann hermann@alpintechnik.de 11 Giertsen Tunnel AS Jørn Reite jorn.reite@giertsen.no

12 Cavotec Norge AS Sofus Gedde-Dahl sofus.gedde-dahl@cavotec.com 13 Goodwin Steel Castings Ltd Peter Stokoe pstokoe@goodwingroup.com 14 Jernbaneverket Ingvild Eikeland ingvild.eikeland@jbv.no 15 Bridon International Jennie Ferguson fergusonj@bridon.com 16 fib Intern. federation for structural

concrete Petra Schumacher petra.schumacher@epfl.ch

17 Bridge design&engineering Helena Russel H.Russell@hgluk.com

18 FEHRL Steve Phillips Steve.Phillips@fehrl.org

19 NFF/ITA Thor Skjeggedal thor@skjeggedal.com

20 Statens vegvesen Liv Bulling liv.bulling@vegvesen.no

21 HRC Europe Thomas Kaiser thomas.kaiser@hrc-europe.com 22 Materialprüfanstalt für das Bauwesen Daniela Klar D.Klar@ibmb.tu-bs.de

For location of exhibition stands please see floor plan on page xxvi.

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Cooperating Organisations

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1

WELCOME SPEECH by Director General Mr. Terje Moe Gustavsen

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2

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3

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4

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5

Thank You for Listening !

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6

THE IMMERSED BRIDGE TUNNEL (IBT)

Walter C. Grantz, P.E.

Immersed Tunnel Consultant, USA grantzbw@cox.net

ABSTRACT

For years the writer has argued that the major drawback of the conventional submerged floating tunnel concept has been that if it were to be flooded accidently or through sabotage, the costly facility would be completely and catastrophically destroyed. This possibility might be mitigated for minor flooding by moving the drainage low point to the shore beyond the floating tunnel portion, but a major flood that would cause the tethers to go slack (or sink the pontoons) would cause a complete collapse of the entire structure.

With a tethered SFT it would be possible to design the tunnel with enough compartmented flotation (that could not be flooded) to make it float stably even if the roadway/rail ducts were completely filled with water. The same could be done with an SFT supported from pontoons. In both cases however, the amount of tethers and anchorages (or hangars and pontoon size) would be almost doubled. The larger and more complex tunnel cross section would also increase the costs.

It occurred to the writer that perhaps he had been thinking in error in proposing drastically increasing the flotation of the tunnel. Instead, the way to provide stability for a flooded tunnel might be to build an immersed tunnel supported on piers instead of the tethered floating concept.

Thus, if the piers and footings were designed to take the load and the flooded tunnel was designed to span between the piers, the result would be a stable structure. Depending on local environmental conditions, this could be a feasible alternative for the unsinkable SFT for water depths of up to say 300m.

This paper puts forth some rough ideas how this might be done.

INTRODUCTION

The main goal of this paper is to show how a tunnel might be built across a watercourse with a depth several times that of a normal, practical immersed tunnel. The deepest immersed tunnel in the world, the Bosphorus Rail Tunnel reaches a maximum depth of almost 60 m. It required concrete reinforcing steel close to practical limits of size and spacing. Modern shipping rarely drafts more than 15m fully loaded. So, setting a navigation clearance depth of 20-50m would provide ample safety from collision while limiting the depth and required structure and keeping the total length of tunnel as short as possible.

Basing this hypothetical design on very conservative assumptions, and the proposed construction methods on years of experience in the field of major immersed tunnel construction, the writer has attempted to work through all the steps needed to build a tunnel across a waterway about 300m. deep. The design is in no way refined, or even aesthetically pleasing perhaps, but it is felt that it ‘does the job’ and illustrates the key features that might be used to build it successfully.

No effort has been made to optimize costs or compare them to an equivalent unsinkable SFT.

The intent here is to propose an alternative design along with practical construction methods whereby a very deep waterway can be crossed with a tunnel that is stable even if a portion were breached – say due to a structural failure resulting from a vehicle fire for example – and flooded completely.

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7 HYPOTHETICAL TUNNEL

In this hypothetical tunnel study a basic four-lane rectangular concrete box section has been chosen with the exterior dimensions of 25m. width, 10 m. height and a modular length of 100m.

Water is assumed to be one metric ton per cubic meter (fresh) so a 10m.x25m. cross section is assumed to displace 250 tons/m. For simplicity sake we ignore the effects of a reinforced area at the immersion joints and at the piers. For submerged stability a negative buoyancy of ten percent or 25 t/m. of tunnel has been assumed. Taking the unit weight of reinforced concrete as 2.4 metric tons per m3, we can calculate that the total volume of concrete including ballast will be 115 m3. Subtracting this from 250 m2/m we arrive at 135m2/m, the volume of airspace in the empty tunnel. If we flood the tunnel and fill the airspace with water, the tunnel’s weight

increases by135 t/m. So now the total negative buoyancy of the flooded tunnel is (25+135) = 160 t/m. or 16,000 tons per modular element 100m. long. The normal tunnel weight will be only 25x100 or 2,500 t/m. Initially ignoring the weight of the piers, if we prepare our foundation to take 15 t/m2, its area will only need to be 1,067 m2 to carry the flooded weight of the tunnel. Let us assume a footing area range of 30m.x40 to 30x60m. depending on water depth. The long dimension of the footing would be transverse to the tunnel centerline to provide the best stability in that direction during and after construction.

Roughing out a pier unit buoyant weight of 40t/m., for a 7 m. diameter 250m. tall pier would add 10,000 tons. So if we assume a 30x60m. footing (for the deepest footing) its range of loading would be (2,500+10,000)/1,800 = 6.9 t/m2 (Normal operating condition) and

(16,000+10,000)/1,800 = 14.4 t/m2 (Flooded condition).

PIER CONSTRUCTION

The most difficult aspect of an SFT, or in this case, a IBT, is extreme water depth. The writer is fully aware that what he is proposing is a method that is limited by depth. At some point depth make piers impractical because of column length and stability during and after construction. It is felt however that this method being proposed can satisfy a range of depths of a water crossing that would be too deep for a conventional immersed tunnel but fine for a tunnel where its profile need only provide adequate navigational clearance. Pier heights in the order of 250-300m should be feasible using this method.

Working at depths of more than 50m. with divers becomes very inefficient and difficult. The writer proposes that most of the work can be done remotely from the surface. In preparing the ground to receive each pier footing, first unsuitable soil must be dredged and removed using a clamshell excavator and barges. Such a process would be very slow because of the time it would taken for each bucket load to go down 300 meters, dig, and return to dump into the barge. If environmental regulations would allow, it would be more efficient to simply move the spoil to piles outside of the excavation. This could be done with a regular bucket dredge or it could be done with a special catamaran barge equipped with a 100m. long rail and traveler system controlled from a bridge. The bucket could be equipped with digital sonar so that its precise location and elevation could be monitored as the excavation proceeded. The great depth of excavation would likely cause lateral drift of the barge, cables, or bucket but if the catamaran were equipped with steerable thrusters on each corner, it could automatically station-keep based on the desired 100m track of the bucket. (Figure 1.)

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8

Figure 1. Possible method for efficient excavation for gravel foundation pads. Clamshell bucket excavates, then moves laterally and deposits material in spoil pile. Bucket never needs to come to the surface during excavation work. Exact location is measured in real time using sonar and programmed to excavate required rectangle in uniform pattern. Barge location is adjusted by station keeping thrusters to best location and orientation taking into account any drift of the bucket due to currents in the waterway.

Then a base for the pier footings can be installed, perhaps using the same catamaran with

telescopic pipes to deposit measured quantities of the gravel foundation course. The surface may then be graded using something similar to what was used during the Bosphorus Rail Tunnel Project. It was a remotely controlled underwater grader. The latter provided a smoothly graded surface. Its operation was monitored with video cameras and grader blade position in three axes was transmitted in real time to the surface using acoustical measurement. (Figure 2.)

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Figure 2. Foundation material placed by telescopic pipe and graded with remote underwater grader

The Plan and elevation in Figure 3 show a possible equipment setup for progressively

constructing the piers in place. The arrangement is designed for the progressive assembly and lowering of the footing and pier assemblies onto the prepared gravel foundation. Once this was done and the positioning of each pier was verified, they could be backfilled and protected with stone riprap (Figure 6).

The pier construction would first involve a barge carrying the concrete footing (previously cast- in-place on the barge) into position where it can be connected to the four lowering pulley blocks (or “falls”) and lifted off the barge with the falls. The barge is then towed away. A match-cast modular section of the pier shaft can then be added and post-tensioned to the footing. Following this operation the combined footing and first shaft section is lowered to a working elevation so that a second shaft module can be post-tensioned to the first. This operation is repeated to build the shaft to the desired height. As this is done, the as-built height of the footing and pier shaft will be carefully measured. The weight during construction can be controlled by building the shaft modules with watertight air filled compartments to make them buoyant. This will also aid in the stability of the shaft as it hangs from the falls. Nearing the completion of a pier

shaft/footing it will be lowered onto the gravel foundation for a final elevation check before custom casting and attaching the last shaft section that will support the tunnel. The top elevation and station of each pier will be carefully controlled to a small tolerance in the order of a few centimeters. In this way the tunnel alignment will be maintained accurately. Small variations in tunnel alignment in this order are common in any immersed tunnel.

Strait Crossings 2013 : proceedings NB: 28 MB!

Strait Crossings 2013

Proceedings

Statens vegvesens rapporter

Strait Crossings 2013

Bergen, Norway

Table of content

Table of approved papers

Preface

Contributions from Countries/Continents

Organisation

Programme

for the

6 th Symposium

on

Strait Crossings

Extreme Crossings

and

New Technologies

Sponsors

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Sessions on Bridges – Room 2

Sessions on Bridges – Room 1 and 2

Sessions on Bridges – Room 1 and 2

Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3

Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3

Sessions on Tunnels – Room 3 and 4

Combined Tunnel/Bridge sessions – Room 4

Session on Ferries - 4

Session on Regional development - Room 1

Exhibitions

Cooperating Organisations

Thank You for Listening !

THE IMMERSED BRIDGE TUNNEL (IBT)

6 ^th Symposium