Facultat de Turisme Memòria del Treball de Fi de Grau
Tourist scenes in Mallorca of German cinema and literature
Enrique Rodríguez Romera Grau de Turisme
Any academic 2019-20
DNI de l’alumne: 41516648S
Treball tutelat per Francisca Roca Arañó
Departament de Filologia Espanyola, Moderna i Clàssica
S'autoritza la Universitat a incloure aquest treball en el Repositori Institucional per a la seva consulta en accés obert i difusió en línia, amb finalitats exclusivament acadèmiques i d'investigació
Autor Tutor Sí No Sí No
Paraules clau del treball:
Mallorca, tourism, cinematography, literature, Germany, image of Mallorca
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the German perception of the island of Mallorca through German film and literature based on different locations in Mallorca. This work is carried out based on a bibliographic search on German cinema and literature based on Mallorca. A conceptual framework was adapted in order to study and understand the perception of Mallorca regarding aspects such as tourism and cinema and their relationship also as tourism and literature.
KEYWORDS
Mallorca, tourism, cinematography, literature, Germany, image of Mallorca
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ... 4
2. AIM ... 5
3. OBJECTIVES ... 5
4. METHODOLOGY ... 6
5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK... 7
5.1 TOURISM INDUSTRY ... 7
5.1.1 TOURISM IN MALLORCA ... 7
5.1.2 GERMAN TOURISM IN MALLORCA ... 9
5.2 TOURISM & CINEMA ... 10
5.2.1 TOURIST DESTINATIONS THROUGH THE CINEMA ... 10
5.2.2 MALLORCA AND CINEMA ... 11
5.2.3 PERCEPTION OF SPAIN BY GERMAN TOURISTS ... 13
5.2.4 GERMAN FILMS RECORDED IN MALLORCA ... 15
5.3. LITERATURE AND TOURISM ... 18
5.3.1 THE IMPACT OF LITERATURE IN MALLORCA ... 18
5.3.2 GERMAN LITERATURE SET IN MALLORCA ... 19
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDATIONS ... 24
6.1 CONCLUSIONS ... 24
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ... 25
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 26
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1. INTRODUCTION
The interest in the perception of the Germans about the island of Mallorca arises from the fact that tourism in the Balearic Islands has always been closely linked to the German country. Majorca is one of the islands that form the Balearic archipelago, together with Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, being the largest;
which is located in the Mediterranean Sea, to the east of the Iberian mainland, south of France and north of Algeria. Mallorca has an area of 3640.11 square kilometres with about 410,000 habitants. Its capital is Palma. It is considered one of the largest tourist places in the Mediterranean with inflow of tourists from the north of Europe and especially of Germany.
This work analyses the perspective, perception and vision of the Germans about Mallorca through German films and series that have been shot in Mallorca and on the other hand, through German literature, especially the crime and romance novel based on the island. In order to better understand the relationship between all this, the development of tourism in Mallorca has been introduced in broad terms. Subsequently, the relationship between tourism and cinema is analysed and a list of German films and series shot on Mallorca since the 1990s has been drawn up. The films with the greatest impact and how they influenced German tourists will be described. In the section of literature, it has been proceeded exactly the same way as with the films. Besides, the relation of literature with tourism and finally it has been examined the most relevant books from the 80's until today.
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2. AIM
The main aim of this research is to investigate the different German films or series shot in Mallorca, as well as German literature set in Mallorca.
3. OBJECTIVES
To critically review the literature to develop a conceptual framework on how the Germans see Mallorca through films shot on the island and literature with scenarios in different locations on Mallorca.
To investigate and analyse the different films and books background and evaluate how they influenced the German tourist's perspective on Mallorca.
To present conclusions and recommendations for academics, specialists, professionals within the tourism industry and those interested in the subject.
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4. METHODOLOGY
The methodology followed for the development of this project is the compilation of information and the bibliographic search.
In order to carry out this bibliographic research, first has been searched all the necessary information on German tourism in Mallorca and films and literature in tourist destinations as general concepts and subsequently has been selected specific films and literature, as well as other concepts that have appeared related to the subject.
Once the relevant information had been chosen, the material that seemed most suitable and interesting was selected for the project.
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5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
5.1 TOURISM INDUSTRY
5.1.1 TOURISM IN MALLORCA
To begin the following study, tourism in Mallorca in general features will be introduced. Below, you are going to find different characteristics and different perspectives in order to understand the importance of tourism in Mallorca.
The geographical location of the Balearic Islands is very essential to their progress as a tourist destination. The movement of tourists were, and are, from north Europe to south in particular, the Balearic Islands.
Arriving in Mallorca by different means of transport is a different experience. One reason is to travel to the island by sea, which means an important component in the tourist experience. Since taking the boat from Spain at sunset and arriving in Mallorca in the morning and seeing the cathedral, it is a wonderful and surprising cultural experience. Although today it is less frequent.
Another reason is to travel to the island by plane which has no emotional experience. However, this allows tourists arriving on the island to find the experiences they are looking for and try to discover new places that give the tourist experiences (Buswell, 2011: 7).
Therefore, at the beginning when the first tourists arrived on the island, the image of Mallorca would be defined as: “Around 1840 the image of Mallorca was shaped, the romantic formulation of its tourist attractions and its heritage: calm, picturesque, Gothic ruins and nature” (Ruiz, 2006: 30).
8 Since the 18th century, tourists began to arrive in the Mediterranean as part of the Grand Tour of the upper classes. Already in the 19th century travel was boosted by improvements in transport, medicine and international agreements, even it was still very selective tourism for upper class people.
In the Balearic Islands, several promoters of tourism were the composer Chopin, who went to Mallorca to cure tuberculosis, and the Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria who bought several estates. From that moment on, Mallorca gained influence and renown(García, 2008: 8-9).
Another important milestone for the tourist progress of the island was the inauguration of the pioneer hotel in the tourism industry called “Gran Hotel” in 1903 and the creation in 1905 of the Sociedad de Fomento del Turismo de Mallorca, which were two key events in the development of Mallorca's tourism (Forteza Oliver, 2015: 602).
Mallorca was known as the island of calm, both for Mallorcans and foreigners, due to the writer Santiago Rusiñol (1913), who wrote the book La isla de la calma, in which he describes the island from a utopian and ironic point of view as a type of arcadia, in a utopian and idyllic place or environment, a refuge from modernity that is based on Mallorca (Pinya, 2010: 62-63).
After the Second World War, mass tourism began to stand out notably in Europe (Royle, 2009: 230). Sun and beach tourism is the nascent form of international mass tourism. North Europeans looking for sun and beach find in Mallorca the right climate and coastal conditions. An important factor is the proximity of European cities to the island. The concentration of tourists in Mallorca goes from May to September and especially the months of July and August when there is
9 better weather. Regarding the socioeconomic origin of this type of tourist, they are working and middle-low class (Amer, 2005: 11-12).
5.1.2 GERMAN TOURISM IN MALLORCA
For Germans, Spain is of enormous importance as a tourist destination, as it is the first foreign destination by a long way from other countries. “Mallorca has undoubtedly become the favourite island of the Germans, die Lieblingsinsel der Deutschen literally means the above and with this metonymy the German media usually refer to Mallorca” (Bosch, 2018: 843).
Germans visiting Spain come preferably from four states: North Rhine- Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony and Bavaria. These four states, located in the former West Germany, are characterised by their high level of economic and social development (Marín & Pérez, 1998: 45).
Tourists from Germany are considered to be the guide for the Mallorcan economy (Amer, 2005: 13).
Mallorca was known for many years in Germany as Putzfraueninsel which means the island of the cleaning women, this was because during the '60s and '70s it was said that the trips were so cheap and of low quality that even the poorly paid cleaning women could afford it (Binimelis Egger, 2019: 37).
A large number of Germans who come every year to the island of Mallorca are classified as loyal tourists, as buyers or tenants of second homes, as retired people who come to live on the island and as labour migrants who come not only for economic reasons but also because of the attractiveness of the place (Bosch, 2019: 52).
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5.2.1 TOURIST DESTINATIONS THROUGH THE CINEMA
In the report of Alvarez (2006a), Tras las huellas del celuloide, there is a close relationship between tourism and cinema. Generally, film tourism is included as active or cultural tourism. However, it is not necessary to stick to the categories mentioned above and it is necessary to extend other alternatives in order to consider all the possibilities offered by the cinema for tourism.
There are people who travel to a destination motivated by the setting of the films and not by the characters. It is more and more usual to discover landscapes, cities or monuments through the screen. Therefore, a destination can be promoted through the cinematographic tourism.
According to Riley & Van Doren (1992), cited in Brotons Capó et al., (2016: 206):
The study of cinema in relation to the promotion of tourism has become a subject of interest since the last decades of the 20th century, as shown by the article entitled "Movie induced tourism", one of the first works to analyse the powerful influence of cinema on the choice and promotion of tourist destinations
Since the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, a key element in the social, cultural and economic development of societies has been the audio-visual world and images.
The provocation of stimulus reactions to condition behaviour, create habits and channel consumption is due to the number of feature films, television series, films, commercials, video clips and even video games, as they generate a multitude of
11 images. The real places transformed into audio-visual locations generate in the spectators a conscious or unconscious influence that induces them to incorporate into their personal imaginary places where their favourite productions take place (Osácar, 2009: 18).
According to Bosch (2018: 844), the commercial success of a film can lead to film tourism as a new tourist product and is considered popular cultural tourism.
5.2.2 MALLORCA AND CINEMA
Since 1915, the Balearic Islands have been used as a location for the shooting of numerous films. The Balearic archipelago is consolidated as a tourist scenario due to the fact that it attracts film productions thanks to its multiple locations and its magnificent climate. These productions are an attraction for tourists, directly or indirectly. (Sureda, 2018:16).
The first films recorded in Mallorca featured landscapes, rural and traditional scenes that were well liked by society as they encouraged tourism. (Vives, 2005).
This generated an image of the Balearic Islands as a paradise, close to the European urban-industrial centres (Brotons Capó et al., 2016: 209).
According to Brotons Capó et al.(2016: 213): “The choice of film settings follows the footsteps of painters and photographers who played the role of explorers and early propagandists of what will be the main tourist areas”.
In recent decades Mallorca has served as a film set for a large number of films, according to Bosch (2018: 845): “The possibilities offered by Mallorca to film
12 location seekers are endless, as shown by the large number of national and international productions made on the island since the beginning of the last century”.
The images that were projected from the island changed from the 1950s onwards. The documentaries and films that showed postcards of farmers working, customs and traditions, disappeared giving way to places transformed by tourism, which have a new identity due to new hotels and complementary offer.
However, there are certain tourist attractions, like the Carthusian Monastery of Valldemossa that were visited by the 19th century Romantics that are still advertised (Brotons Capó et al., 2016: 216).
Nowadays, the image of Mallorca through the screens is more similar to the image of the 1920s, where a more idyllic and paradisiacal image was projected, such as the documentaries by Josep Tous (1911) in which natural landscapes and scenes of customs and rural life can be seen. The documentary shows the island as a paradisiacal place and thanks to them several artists and intellectuals began to arrive. Another example, in this case focused on the Serra de Tramuntana, is the documentary El secreto de la pedriza by Francisco Aguiló (1926), where natural landscapes can be appreciated.
On the other hand, it moves away from the image shown in the 1960s, where a standardization of the island was appreciated. The standardisation of the island meant that the tourism that came to Mallorca was mass tourism, sun and beach tourism, and drunkenness. There was no variety of tourism.
13 At this moment, you can appreciate natural landscapes, as it is intended to come a quality tourism and not a mass tourism (Sureda, 2018: 16-17).
5.2.3 PERCEPTION OF SPAIN BY GERMAN TOURISTS
According to Marín & Pérez (1998: 54), the opinion of the Germans who had of Spain can be grouped into three thematic blocks:
a) Environmental conditions. The Germans describe it as: beautiful, sunny, good weather, beautiful landscape, arid & dry, quietness and too many buildings on the coast.
b) Personality of the Spanish. In this point they think Spanish are: friendly people, easy-going people, open-minded people, hospitable people, people with temperament, arrogant and proud and very festive.
c) Socio-cultural aspects. The opinion in this block are: they eat well, abundant cultural offerings, many monuments, bulls, tourism, flamenco, little interest in the environment.
According to the questionnaire carried out by Binimelis Egger (2019: 42), a large number of German tourists have a bad image of Mallorca before visiting it, either due to negative news, word of mouth or simply comments from tourists who only focus on sun, beach and drunken tourism. They also claim that they have had a wrong image because they have heard from German tourists (being classified as
14 sun and beach and drunken tourists), seen images or read newspapers that do not fit the reality of the island but only a small part of it. Since they have been able to enjoy the hospitality of the locals, the nature, its mountains and they have not even noticed the massification of Germans.
Later, it is going to be analysed how Mallorca forms part of the collective German memory and the popular cultural imagination, especially at the end of the 90s with films such as Ballermnan 6 and a multitude of films that helped to degrade the image of the island.
However, today the image of Mallorca is different, thanks to German bloggers, media and digital storytellers who have shown another side of Mallorca more diverse to the image of the 90s. Such as travel blogs like 22 places, Travellers Insight and so on, where they comment that the island is no longer Ballermann 6 or mass tourism but an island with picturesque villages and natural landscapes.
Therefore, the image of Mallorca has evolved from "Putzfraueninsel" (Island of the cleaning women), to the current image "Lieblingsinsel der Deutschen" (The favourite island of the Germans) among other adjectives, due to social changes and transformations both in Germany and in Mallorca, such as technological developments, the introduction of the euro in both countries, political changes and many others (Bosch, 2019: 51).
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According to Bosch (2018: 845), so far, approximately forty German films have been shot on Mallorca, without claiming to give an absolute figure. These are works made between 1929 and 2016.
The following table shows German films and TV series recorded in Mallorca since the 1990s:
1990 Hotel Paradies (27 chapters)
1992 Mallorca, Liebe inbegriffen – Wolfgang Luderer
1995 Ein unvergessliches Wochenende ...auf Mallorca – Kai Borsche 1996 Und tschüss, Ballermann olé – Oren Schmuckler
1996 Die Putzfraueninsel – Peter Timm
1997 Ballermann 6 – Gernot Roll und Tom Gerhard 1998 König auf Mallorca – Krystian Martinek
1998 Wiedersehen in Palma – Bettina Woernle 1999 Latin Lover – Oskar Roehler
2000 Zwei Mädels auf Mallorca – Drohr Zahavi 2000 Feindliche Schwestern – Gabriel Barylli 2001 Ein Vater zum Verlieben – Sigi Rothemund
2001 Mein Vater und andere Betrüger – Christian von Castelberg 2002 Tödliches Redenzvous – Wolf Gremm
2002 666 – Trau keinem mit dem du schläfst – Rainer Matsutani
16 2004 Hai‐Alarm auf Mallorca – Jorgo Papavassiliou
2006 Der Traum ihres Lebens – Jonathan Sanger 2006 Meins – Christian Pfleger
2007 Tarragona – Peter Keglevic
2008 Die Bienen – Tödliche Bedrohung – Michael Karen 2009 Geister all inclusive – Axel Sand
2009 Sommerlicht – Wolf Gremm
2009 Zwei Ärzte sind einer zuviel – Karsten Wichniarz 2009 Die Lebenslüge – Peter Sämann
2010 Implosión - Sören Voigt
2011 Lügen haben linke Hände – Thomas Nennstiel 2011 Das Glück ist ein Kaktus – Stephan Meyer 2011 Im Fluss des Lebens – Rolf Gremm
2011 Rubbeldiekatz – Detlev Buch
2011 Cloud Atlas – Tom Tykwer, Andy Lana Wachowski.
2012 Toni Costa‐Komissar auf Ibiza – Peter Sämann 2012 2015 Der Mallorca Detektiv
2014 Da muss Mann durch - Thomas Lee Source: (Bosch, 2018: 846-847)
17 In the following, several films and series will be analysed in more detail in order to understand the German tourist's perception of Mallorca. All the films analysed below have in common that they have been shot in Mallorca, they are comedies and/or romances. Hotel Paradies (series) and Ballermann 6 (film) have been the most successful at the box office.
The most famous series shot entirely in Mallorca in 1990 was Hotel Paradies, which was a huge success on German television. The first chapter provoked many questions from viewers to the German public television channel (ZDF), because people wanted to know where those spectacular landscapes and locations of Mallorca were located, many questions about where the scenes had been shot, which were recorded in Deià, Puerto Portals, Cala Comtessa and Cala Santany among other locations. The Germans saw for the first time that there is another Mallorca that is more autochthonous and natural and not as crowded as the one they know about sun and beach. In the series you can see that everything revolves around happiness and wellbeing, an ideal world without conflict. It was a great marketing campaign that helped to create a new and positive image of Mallorca (ibíd: 846-849).
In 1997 the comedy Ballermann 6 shot in Playa de Palma was screened in cinemas. Two very funny characters who have just been fired from their jobs and take a plane to Mallorca from Düsseldorf, once in El Arenal they have no control, where everything is disorder and fun. It was a resounding success in spite of the criticism from the most intellectual German part that considered it grotesque and
18 in bad taste. In Mallorca its production was banned from the cinemas. The success of the film changed the idyllic image of Mallorca that had been working for years to a Mallorca of drunkenness, sex, sun and beach, returning to the stereotypes of years past. Despite this change of image, Playa de Palma and specifically Balneario 6 received millions of German tourists, being a place of worship for them and for German televisions. In 1998 the government prohibited the sangria cubes, limited the music, demanded permissions to record and removed the poster of Ballermann 6. Because of the film, Balneario 6 remained in the imagination and memory of the vast majority of Germans (ibíd: 849-852).
The romantic comedy Da muss Mann durch was shot entirely in the Pollença area. The critics and the cinema box office were not good because the film offered a sweet tone and on the other hand showed images of natural landscapes of Mallorca that causes saturation in the viewer because in many reproductions shows the same and no longer surprises (ibíd: 845).
5.3 LITERATURE AND TOURISM
5.3.1 THE IMPACT OF LITERATURE IN MALLORCA
“Places reflected in books and books reflected in places, that's what it's all about”
(Alcaraz & Gianni, 2019: 48). Cultural and sustainable tourism is developed thanks to key elements such as literature and tourism. The customs, architectural richness and natural landscapes have been made known to a wider public through literature. A literary work can lead to an increase in tourism in an area.
19 The authors of books offering creative pages by means of descriptions and experiences, transform the physical tourist into a fictitious traveller or a tourist who makes a mental journey imagining what he does not see (ibíd: 40, 42 & 48).
The large number of literary works has led to a new tourist offer in many cities and towns. Cultural tourists seek not only the landscape, architectural or museum experience of a place, but they try to find the places where the events described by the author take place and to enter into the life of the place, this is what fascinates the traveller. It is worth mentioning that Spain has a multitude of cities with literary resources that make thousands of cultural tourists want to visit these cities every year (Sanz Martín, 2014: 5-6).
5.3.2 GERMAN LITERATURE SET IN MALLORCA
The amount of German literature set on the island of Mallorca is immense, so we will focus on the romance novel and crime novel (thriller). On the other hand, there are the holiday novels, crime novels set in Mallorca and tourist novels that help the reader to remember and stimulate the journey to the island. This kind of novel tries to bring the German reader closer to the Mallorcan culture, so it has a more pedagogical and advertising character than a literary one (Bosch, 2019: 55- 56).
20 The following table shows books written in German where the setting is Mallorca in the last forty years:
Beton (1982) Thomas Bernhard
Zu Gast auf Mallorca (1993)
Breloer and Schauhoff with the collaboration of Tonina Oliver
Zu Gast in Spanien: Tapas (1995)
Breloer and Schauhoff with the collaboration of Tonina Oliver Mallorca, ein Jahr (1995) Breloer and Schauhoff
Sturm über Mallorca (1997) Michael Böklet Mallorca: Kultur und Lebensfreude
(1999)
Breloer and Schauhoff with the collaboration of Tonina Oliver Nach dem Tod lebt es sich besser
(2002)
Michael Böklet Mallorca –hin und nicht zurück (2009) Maike Hempel Tod oder Finca (2009) Andreas Schnabel
Tod in Palma (2010) Andreas Schnabel
Tod auf der Insel (2011) Andreas Schnabel Tod auf Cabrera (2012) Andreas Schnabel Tod inclusive (2013) Andreas Schnabel
Poolposition (2014) Andreas Schnabel
Mallorca, wenn die Sehnsucht bleibt (2014a)
Maike Hempel
21 Talayot – die vergessenen Türme
Mallorcas (2014b)
Maike Hempel
Mallorca- Mütter, Männer, Katastrophen (2015)
Maike Hempel
Komplott im Süden (2015) Bea Milana (pseudonym) Tod unter Pinien (2016) Andreas Schnabel
Mallorca mörderisch genießen: “Ein
Geständnis auf Mallorca” (2016) Brigitte Lamberts El Gustario de Mallorca und das
tödliche Elixir (2017)
Brigitte Lamberts
Source: (Bosch, 2019: 56-60).
In the analysis of the literary works, it is necessary to emphasize the one of Thomas Bernhard, since it is not included nor characterized with the rest of the books, because it's aimed at a different kind of reader. The novel has endless monologues and thoughts chained to the absurd, obsessions of a protagonist (Rudolf) that is easy to see as an alter-ego of the author, who takes advantage to attack a whole series of political and social institutions that crush the individual.
He has a remarkable black sense of humour. At the end of the story, the tragic story of a woman bursts forth, where the concrete of the title (the symbolic concrete that seems to imprison the protagonist) acquires a special and desolate meaning. But focusing in Mallorca, in Thomas Bernhard's book, he talks about Palma de Mallorca as the ideal city. On the other hand, about a not so
22 paradisiacal Mallorca, but more mature and depressing, where it is full of buildings such as hotels, apartments and so on. He also comments on the massification of tourism by the Germans and the bad education of the Dutch and the Swedes. But always highlighting the beauty of Mallorca.
To begin with the analysis of the rest of the books, several concepts must be made clear, amenity migration and amenity literature.
Amenity migration has been defined by Moss as: “Migration to places that people perceive as having greater environmental quality and differentiated culture. The weighing of these two attributes will differ with individual migrants“ (Moss, 2006:
13).
According to Bosch (2019: 50), most of the books written in German with Mallorca as scenario since the1990s could be labelled as trivial literature.
She labels them as “literatura de amenidad”:
These are easy-to-read tourist novels that recreate holiday environments, situations and experiences lived or imagined that help to activate memories, a literary sub-genre or trans-genre novel that takes place in Mallorca and in most cases combines the travel guide with romance or crime novels (ibíd).
The novel Mallorca, ein Jahr by Breloer and Schauhoff tries to tell the real Mallorca out of the tourist spotlight, it is evident in the novel the Mallorcan culture, customs and traditions.
23 Michael Bökler's novels combine the travel guide with the crime novel. In the margins of the pages there are recommendations of wines, restaurants... and at the end there is also an appendix with more information about the island.
In Andreas Schnabel's novels, the narrator becomes a pedagogue, educator and mediator of Mallorcan culture. The novels have an intercultural character between the Mallorcan and the German.
Bea Milana adapts the literary work to a real case that had a long and unpleasant judicial process. Besides, there is a negative stereotype about the Mallorcan people.
The author Brigitte Lamberts mixes the crime novel with the gastronomy where you can appreciate a tourist place of Mallorca and a typical recipe of the island.
In her novels you can see between a travel guide, Mallorcan culinary recipes, a cooking guide, a crime novel and in the last novel you can also appreciate critical reflections on the tourist development of Mallorca and elements of the historical novel. ( ibíd: 56-60).
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
With the completion of the final degree work I have been able to carry out a bibliographic search that has allowed me to deepen the relationship between German tourism and Mallorca through film and literature. To do so, a process of selection of information has been carried out that has gone from the most general to the most specific. Firstly, by introducing tourism in Mallorca with the contribution of different bibliographical references and little by little to be able to unravel the work until arriving at the final objective. We can observe that in this search only certain films and/or series have been analysed because there are many of them and therefore the work would have been too extensive, and exactly the same with the literature.
During the elaboration of the work, we have been able to appreciate how tourism is one of the most important sectors for Mallorca and how it has evolved over the years from the island of calm to a mass and standardized tourism to return to the idyllic image of an island paradise.
We have been able to analyse how cinema and movies have influenced different locations, making them a tourist destination, the most outstanding case is Playa de Palma with the movie Ballermann 6 which became a place of worship for the Germans.
25 On the other hand, when analysing German literature, we have seen how there are many German authors who base their novels on the island since it is a good attraction for German readers. The German perception of the island of Mallorca has been changing over the years, due to various factors such as generational changes, social networks among others. Mallorca in the 90s had a bad image, that is, it was associated with sun, beach and drunken tourism. Little by little the image has been changing for the Germans, although there is still an excess of tourism, now the image of Mallorca is considered as a paradisiac island where you can find numerous natural spaces.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
For future analysis, we could investigate how the film Ballermann 6 affected the working class in eastern Germany, and those same people how they see Mallorca today, it could be done through questionnaires and interviews.
On the other hand, we could analyse the German literature of the beginning of the 20th century that was based on Majorca, since when I was examining different documents I have been able to verify and draw conclusions that it was literally richer than the current one. The literature of the 1920s in which its setting and narrative is based on the island of Mallorca has been little studied and analysed.
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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alcaraz, C., & Gianni, S. (2019). "The flow of words literature as a way of
tourism promotion and tourism as a resource to approach the literature". Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 2(1), 40–53. From:
http://www.jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/29/46 (18/03/2020)
Álvarez, C. (2006b). "Tras las huellas del celuloide". Reportaje. HostelTur, p. 6.
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http://www.uhu.es/uhutur/documentos/npturisticos2/Turismo%20cinematografic o pdf. (25/02/2020)
Amer, J. (2005). Turisme i política. L’empresari hoteler de Mallorca (Tesis doctoral, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). From:
https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2005/tdx-0524106-100224/jaf1de1.pdf (03/03/2020)
Bernhard, T. (2012). Beton. Madrid: Santillana Ediciones Generales.
Binimelis Egger, C. (2019). La Imagen de Mallorca para el Turismo Alemán (Treball de fi de grau, Universitat de les Illes Balears). From:
http://hdl.handle.net/11201/149998 (16/03/2020)
Bosch, G. I. (2019). "Mallorca en el imaginario alemán: La literatura de
amenidad. imagonautas". Revista interdisciplinaria sobre imaginarios sociales, 0(14), 50–63. From:
http://imagonautas.webs.uvigo.es/index.php/imagonautas/article/view/187 (27/11/2019)
Bosch, G. I. (2018). "Rutas de cine, el turismo cinematográfico en Mallorca: El caso alemán". PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(3), 843–
854. From: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.059 (08/11/2019)
Böcklet, M. (1997). Sturm über Mallorca. Munich: Droemer-Knaur Verlag.
Böcklet, M. (2002). Nach dem Tod lebt es sich besser, Munich: Droemer-Knaur Verlag.
Böcklet, M. (2010). Nach dem Tod lebt es sich besser. Munich: Knaur.
Breloer, H. y Schauhoff, F. (1995). Mallorca, ein Jahr. Colonia: Kiepenheuer &
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