Dust exposure and respiratory health among Tanzanian coffee factory workers

Dust exposure and respiratory health among Tanzanian coffee

factory workers

Gloria Sakwari

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Acknowledgements

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Abstract

Introduction:([SRVXUHWRRUJDQLFGXVWPD\FDXVHGHWULPHQWDOHIIHFWVWRWKHUHVSLUDWRU\

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Objective:7KHDLPRIWKLVUHVHDUFKZDVWRGHWHUPLQHGXVWH[SRVXUHOHYHOVDQGWRDVVHVV UHVSLUDWRU\KHDOWKRIWKHSURGXFWLRQZRUNHUVLQ5REXVWDDQG$UDELFDSULPDU\FRIIHHIDFWRULHV Materials and Methods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Results:3HUVRQDOWRWDOGXVWOHYHOVUDQJHGIURPWRPJPJHRPHWULFPHDQ*0 PJP6HYHQWHHQSHUFHQWRIWKHVDPSOHVZHUHDERYHWKHRFFXSDWLRQDOH[SRVXUHOLPLW 7KHUHZDVDKLJKFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWRWDOGXVWDQGHQGRWR[LQU (QGRWR[LQOHYHOV ZHUHKLJKHUZKHQSURFHVVLQJGU\SUHSURFHVVHGFRIIHHPDLQO\5REXVWD*0 (8P WKDQZKHQSURFHVVLQJZHWSUHSURFHVVHG$UDELFD*0 (8P$OOHQGRWR[LQVDPSOHV H[FHHGHGWKHKHDOWKEDVHGUHFRPPHQGHGYDOXHRI(8P8VLQJDPL[HGPRGHODQDO\VLV GU\SUHSURFHVVLQJZDVVKRZQWRLQFUHDVHWKHWRWDOGXVWDQGHQGRWR[LQOHYHOVE\DIDFWRURI DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

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Conclusion:7KLVVWXG\UHYHDOHGWKDWZRUNLQFRIIHHIDFWRU\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKGXVWDQG HQGRWR[LQH[SRVXUHZKLFKPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLPSDLUPHQWRIUHVSLUDWRU\KHDOWK

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Abbreviations and Terms

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Contents

SCIENTIFIC ENVIRONMENT... 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 3

ABSTRACT ... 6

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ... 8

ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS ... 9

CONTENTS ... 11

1. INTRODUCTION ... 14

1.1 COFFEE 7\SHVRIFRIIHHDQGJURZLQJDUHDV 1.2 COFFEE HISTORY 1.3 COFFEE PROCESSING 3UHSURFHVVLQJDWIDUPV 3URFHVVLQJLQSULPDU\FRIIHHIDFWRULHV 3URFHVVLQJLQWKHVHFRQGDU\IDFWRULHV 1.4 COFFEE CURING FACTORIES IN TANZANIA 1.5 DUST FRACTION AND HEALTH-RELATED SAMPLING 1.6 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES FOR ORGANIC DUST AND ENDOTOXIN 1.7 EXPOSURE IN COFFEE FACTORIES 'XVWDQGHQGRWR[LQH[SRVXUHOHYHOVLQFRIIHHIDFWRULHVLQSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV 1.8 RESPIRATORY HEALTH AMONG COFFEE WORKERS $FXWHDQGFKURQLFUHVSLUDWRU\V\PSWRPVLQSULPDU\FRIIHHIDFWRULHV $FXWHDQGFKURQLFUHVSLUDWRU\V\PSWRPVLQVHFRQGDU\FRIIHHIDFWRULHV /XQJIXQFWLRQFKDQJHVDQGDLUZD\LQIODPDWLRQDPRQJFRIIHHZRUNHUV 2. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ... 35

2.1 RATIONALE

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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3. METHODS... 37

3.1 STUDY AREA

3.2 STUDY DESIGN

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3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

3.4 SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS

3.5 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND LABORATORY ANALYSES

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3.6 ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH

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3.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

3.8 ETHICAL CLEARENCE

4. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ... 49

4.1 PAPER 1

4.2 PAPER 2

4.3 PAPER 3

4.4 PAPER 4

5. DISCUSSION... 52

5.1 MAIN DISCUSSION

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5.2 METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION

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6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 63 7. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ... 65 REFERENCES ... 66 PAPER I -VI

APPENDICES

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1. Introduction

1.1 Coffee

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1.1.1 Types of coffee and growing areas

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1.2 Coffee history

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1.3 Coffee processing

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1.3.1 Pre-processing at farms

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1.3.2 Processing in primary coffee factories

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Feeding the hopper and hulling

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Bulking of green coffee beans

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Hand picking

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Packing

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Husk handling

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Cleaning coffee grade F and Sweeping

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1.3.3 Processing in the secondary factories

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1.4 Coffee curing factories in Tanzania

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1.5 Dust fraction and health-related sampling

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1.6 Occupational exposure limit values for organic dust and endotoxin

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1.7 Exposure in coffee factories

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1.8 Respiratory health among coffee workers

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1.8.2 Acute and chronic respiratory symptoms in secondary coffee factories

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1.8.3 Lung function changes and airway inflamation among coffee workers

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2. Rationale and objectives of the study 2.1 Rationale

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