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Gas hydrate stability zone of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region

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1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.005

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Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU)

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