Effekt av arbeidsdrift, arbeidstrening og utdanning under soning: Notat 2013 - Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering

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Eff ekt av arbeidsdrift, arbeidstrening og utdanning under soning

Notat fra Kunnskapssenteret Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering

Mars 2013

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Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten Postboks 7004, St. Olavs plass

N-0130 Oslo (+47) 23 25 50 00

www.kunnskapssenteret.no Notat: ISBN 978-82-8121-527-6

mars 2013

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Tittel Effekt av arbeidsdrift, arbeidstrening og utdanning under soning - systematisk litteratursøk med sortert referanseliste

English title Effect of correctional work programmes, work training and education interventions

Institusjon Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten Ansvarlig Magne Nylenna, direktør

Forfattere Hammerstrøm, Karianne Thune, prosjektleder, fagrådgiver Munthe-Kaas, Heather Menzies, forsker

Johansen, Sissel, forsker ISBN 978-82-8121-527-6 Notat Mars – 2013 Prosjektnummer 927

Publikasjonstype Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering Antall sider 28 (33 inklusiv vedlegg)

Oppdragsgiver Justis- og Beredskapsdepartementet, Kriminalomsorgsavdelingen Emneord(MeSH) Correctional Work Programs; Correctional Education

Sitering Hammerstrøm, KT, Munthe-Kaas, HM, Johansen, S. Effekt av arbeidsdrift, arbeidstrening og utdanning under soning - systematisk litteratursøk med sortert referanseliste. Notat 2013. Oslo: Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten, 2013.

Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten fremskaffer og

formidler kunnskap om effekt av metoder, virkemidler og tiltak og om kvalitet innen alle deler av helsetjenesten. Målet er å bidra til gode beslutninger slik at brukerne får best mulig helsetjenester.

Kunnskapsenteret er formelt et forvaltningsorgan under Helse- direktoratet, men har ingen myndighetsfunksjoner og kan ikke instrueres i faglige spørsmål.

Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten Oslo, mars 2013

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2 Hovedfunn

Hovedfunn

Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten fikk i oppdrag av Krimi- nalomsorgen (KSF) å utføre et systematisk litteratursøk med påføl- gende sortering av mulig relevante publikasjoner. Oppdraget var å identifisere primærstudier og systematiske oversikter som undersøkte effekten av utdannings- og arbeidsrelaterte tiltak for straffedømte under soning på deltagelse i arbeidslivet og på tilbakefall til ny kriminalitet etter soning. Referansene skulle være publisert i perioden 1998 til 2013.

Metode

Vi utarbeidet søkestrategi for et systematisk litteratursøk. Det ble søkt i sosialfaglige/medisinske databaser etter systematiske oversikter og primærstudier. Søket ble avsluttet i mars 2013. Parvis gikk forfatterne, uavhengig av hverandre, gjennom identifiserte referanser og vurderte relevans i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene.

Resultater

 Vi identifiserte totalt 4222 referanser. Av disse var 37 mulig relevante i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene.

 De mulig relevante referansene ble sortert etter hvorvidt de var primærstudier eller systematiske oversikter. Det var ikke hensiktsmessig å sortere referansene etter tiltakstype, da de identifiserte studiene undersøkte et bredt omfang av tiltak, mange i overgangen mellom arbeid og utdanning

 Vi identifiserte 8 systematiske oversikter og 29 primærstudier

 Ingen av de identifiserte systematiske oversiktene med samme omfang som vår problemstilling var av nyere dato.

 Det betydelige antallet nye mulig relevante primærstudier vi identifiserte indikerer at en videreføring av prosjektet i form av en ny eller oppdatert systematisk oversikt vil kunne være

hensiktsmessig.

I dette notatet har vi listet opp mulig relevante referanser, men vi har hverken lest dem i fulltekst, vurdert den metodiske kvaliteten eller sammenstilt funn og konklusjoner.

Tittel:

[Skriv tittel]

--- Publikasjonstype:

Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering

Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering er resultatet av å - søke etter relevant litteratur

ifølge en søkestrategi og - eventuelt sortere denne

litteraturen i grupper

presentert med referanser og vanligvis sammendrag ---

Svarer ikke på alt:

- Ingen kritisk vurdering av studienes kvalitet - Ingen analyse eller

sammenfatning av studiene - Ingen anbefalinger

---

Hvem står bak denne publikasjonen?

Kunnskapssenteret har gjennomført oppdraget etter forespørsel fra [XXX]

---

Når ble litteratursøket utført?

Søk etter studier ble avsluttet [måned, år].

Tittel:

Effekt av arbeidsdrift, arbeidstrening og utdanning under soning - systematisk litteratur- søk med sortert referanseliste --- Publikasjonstype:

Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering

Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering er resultatet av å - søke etter relevant litteratur

ifølge en søkestrategi og - eventuelt sortere denne

litteraturen i grupper

presentert med referanser og vanligvis sammendrag ---

Svarer ikke på alt:

- Ingen kritisk vurdering av studienes kvalitet - Ingen analyse eller

sammenfatning av studiene - Ingen anbefalinger

---

Hvem står bak denne publikasjonen?

Kunnskapssenteret har gjennomført oppdraget etter forespørsel fra

Kriminalomsorgen (KSF) ---

Når ble litteratursøket utført?

Søk etter studier ble avsluttet mars, 2013

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3 Key messages

Key messages

The Norwegian Correctional Services commissioned The Social Research Unit at the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services to develop and conduct a systematic search, and sort possibly relevant references. The goal was to identify primary studies and systematic reviews, published between 1998 and 2013, investigating the effect of correctional work, training, and education interventions for convicts on recidivism and employment after imprisonment.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of the literature, including medical and social science databases, for primary studies and systematic reviews. The search was finalized in March 2013. The authors independently assessed the identified references for inclusion/exclusion and discussed their assessments in pairs.

Results

 We identified 4222 references in total. Of these, we found 37 to be possibly relevant according to the inclusion criteria.

 These references were sorted according to publication type, i.e. primary studies or systematic reviews. Sorting the references by intervention type was not considered practical, as the identified studies and reviews investigated a wide array of interventions within our scope, many seemingly a combination of work and education.

 We identified 8 systematic reviews and 29 primary studies.

 None of the identified systematic reviews with a similar scope as our report were published in recent years.

 The considerable number of references to primary studies identified in this report indicates that it would be appropriate and potentially valuable to continue the project as an updated or new systematic review.

We have sorted and listed all possibly relevant references, but we have neither read the papers in fulltext, critically appraised their methodological

quality, nor synthesised their conclusions.

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4 Innhold

Innhold

HOVEDFUNN 2

KEY MESSAGES 3

INNHOLD 4

FORORD 5

INNLEDNING 6

Bakgrunn 6

Styrker og svakheter ved litteratursøk med sortering 6

Problemstilling 7

METODE 8

Litteratursøk 8

Inklusjonskriterier 8

Artikkelutvelging 9

RESULTAT 10

Resultat av søk 10

Resultat av sorteringen 10

REFERANSER 28

VEDLEGG 1 29

Søkestrategier 29

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5 Forord

Forord

Kriminalomsorgen (KSF) har bedt velferdsseksjonen i Kunnskapssenteret om et systematisk litteratursøk med sortering. Målet var å identifisere studier og systematiske oversikter som undersøkte effekten av utdanning og arbeidstrening for straffedømte under soning på deltagelse i arbeidslivet etter soning, og på tilbakefall til ny kriminalitet, publisert fra 1998 til mars 2013.

Kunnskapssenteret har tidligere identifisert flere systematiske oversikter som søkte å besvare spørsmålet om effekt av utdanning, opplæring, arbeidsdrift og –trening under soning. Den mest omfangsrike av disse ble publisert i 2000 (1), med søk utført i 1998. Dette arbeidet kan derfor belyse om det er grunnlag for å oppdatere denne systematiske oversikten, på basis av eventuelle nye mulig relevante primærstudier.

Prosjektgruppen har bestått av:

 Karianne Thune Hammerstrøm, fagrådgiver, Kunnskapssenteret

 Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas, forsker, Kunnskapssenteret

 Sissel Johansen, forsker, Kunnskapssenteret

Gro Jamtvedt Avdelingsdirektør

Eamonn Noonan Seksjonsleder

Karianne Thune Hammerstrøm Prosjektleder

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6 Innledning

Innledning

Bakgrunn

En viktig målsetting for kriminalomsorgen er å gi innsatte mulighet til å styrke sin posisjon i arbeidsmarkedet etter endt soning. Dette forsøkes oppnådd blant annet gjennom arbeid i fengselet (arbeidsdrift) og et samarbeid mellom arbeidsdrift og opplæringsetaten, jmf. Stortingsmelding nr. 37 (2007-2008) Straff som virker.

Øker kompetansebygging gjennom deltakelse i arbeid i fengsel innsattes muligheter i arbeidsmarkedet? Hvilke tiltak har vist seg til å være vellykkede? Finnes det en sammenheng mellom bestemte tiltak rundt arbeidsdriften og tilbakefall til ny kriminalitet?

Kunnskapssenteret identifiserte før igangsetting av dette prosjektet flere systematiske oversikter som søkte å besvare spørsmålet om effekt av utdanning, opplæring, arbeidsdrift og –trening under soning. Ettersom den mest omfangsrike av disse ble publisert i 2000 (1), med søk utført i 1998, er imidlertid sjansen for at nye og relevante studier kan ha blitt publisert i etterkant stor.

Kriminalomsorgen (KSF) har derfor bedt velferdsseksjonen i Kunnskapssenteret om et systematisk litteratursøk med sortering for identifisere studier og systematiske oversikter som undersøker effekten av utdanning og arbeidstrening for straffedømte under soning, publisert fra 1998 til nå.

Styrker og svakheter ved litteratursøk med sortering

Ved litteratursøk gjennomfører vi systematiske litteratursøk for en gitt problemstilling. Resultatene fra søket blir i sin helhet overlevert oppdragsgiver, eller vi kan gjennomgå søkeresultatet før overleveringen og sortere ut ikke-relevante artikler.

Dette gjøres basert på tittel og eventuelt sammendrag. Artiklene innhentes ikke i fulltekst. Det gjør at vi kan ha inkludert titler som ville vist seg ikke å være relevante ved gjennomlesning av fulltekst. Vi benytter kun databaser for identifisering av litteratur og kan derfor ha gått glipp av potensielt relevante studier. Andre måter å identifisere studier på, som søk i referanselister, kontakt med eksperter på fagfeltet og

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7 Innledning

upublisert litteratur, er ikke utført i dette oppdraget. Vi gjennomfører ingen kvali- tetsvurdering av artiklene.

Ved en full forskningsoppsummering ville vi ha innhentet artiklene i fulltekst for endelig vurdering opp mot inklusjonskritene. Inkluderte studier ville så blitt kvali- tetsvurdert i henhold til våre sjekklister og resultater sammenstilt og diskutert.

En styrke ved slike litteratursøk er imidlertid å gi et bilde av forskningslitteraturen, som kan peke på temaområder hvor empirisk forskning mangler (såkalte forsk- ningshull) eller områder hvor tilfanget av forskning er rikelig, og hvor det er behov for en systematisk oversikt.

Problemstilling

Hovedmålet med prosjektet er å gjennomføre et systematisk litteratursøk med sortering for identifisere studier og systematiske oversikter som undersøker effekten av arbeidsrettede tiltak og utdanning under soning på deltagelse i arbeidslivet etter soning, og på tilbakefall til ny kriminalitet. Dette søket kan ligge til grunn for en mulig oppdatert systematisk oversikt på temaet

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8 Metode

Metode

Litteratursøk

Vi søkte systematisk etter primærstudier og systematiske oversikter i følgende databaser:

ISI Web of Knowledge Ovid Medline

Ovid PsycINFO ERIC

Sociological Abstracts Social Care Online Social Services Abstracts CRD

Cochrane Library Campbell Library

National Criminal Justice Reference Center

Prosjektleder planla og utførte samtlige søk. Den fullstendige søkestrategien finnes i vedlegg til denne rapporten. Søk etter litteratur ble avsluttet i mars 2013.

Vi la bestillingen til grunn ved utarbeiding av litteratursøket, og søkte etter primær- studier med kontrollgruppe eller systematiske oversikter som oppfylte våre inklusjonskriterier for populasjon og intervensjon, begrenset bakover i tid til 1998.

Inklusjonskriterier

Populasjon: Personer som er under straffegjennomføring, enten i fengsel eller gjennom andre straffegjennomføringsformer.

Tiltak: Arbeid, arbeidstrening eller utdanning under straffegjennom- føring.

Sammenlikning: Andre aktive tiltak, ingen tiltak.

Utfall: Deltagelse i arbeidslivet eller utdanning etter endt soning, målt eksempelvis ved ansettelser, arbeidsdager/-timer, mottak av

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9 Metode

sosialstønad eller arbeidsledighetstrygd. Tilbakefall til ny kriminalitet etter endt soning, målt ved eksempelvis domsavsigel- ser, arrestasjoner, pågripelser eller lignende.

Studiedesign Studier med kontrollbetingelser; det vil si randomiserte kontrollerte forsøk, ikke-randomiserte kontrollerte forsøk, kohort- studier, kontrollerte før- og etterstudier, i tillegg til systematiske oversikter og meta-analyser

Språk: Ikke presisert

Artikkelutvelging

Forskerne gikk parvis gjennom alle titler og sammendrag for å vurdere relevans i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene. Vurderingene gjorde de uavhengig av hverandre og sammenlignet seg i mellom i etterkant. Der det var uenighet om vurderingene, ble inklusjon eller eksklusjon avgjort ved konsensus.

Utvelging av litteratur var kun basert på tittel og sammendrag. Vi bestilte ikke fulltekst av artiklene.

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10 Resultat

Resultat

Resultat av søk

Søket resulterte i 4222 referanser. Etter dublettkontroll satt vi igjen med 3303 referanser. Vi vurderte 37 av de identifiserte referansene til å være mulig relevante i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene.

Figur 1. Flytskjema over identifisert litteratur

Resultat av sorteringen

De mulig relevante referansene ble sortert etter hvorvidt de var primærstudier eller systematiske oversikter. Det var ikke hensiktsmessig å sortere referansene etter tiltakstype, da de identifiserte studiene undersøkte et bredt omfang av tiltak, mange i overgangen mellom arbeid og utdanning, for eksempel lærlingordninger, mer eller mindre formell yrkesmessig/teknisk utdanning eller opplæring, eller en kombina- sjon av tiltak.

Systematiske oversikter

1. Bouffard JA, MacKenzie DL, Hickman LJ. Effectiveness of vocational education and employment programs for adult offenders: A methodology- based analysis of the literature. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation

2000;31(1-2):1-41.

4222 identifiserte referanser fra søket

37 referanser vurdert som mulig relevante

4185 referanser ekskludert på bakgrunn av tittel og/eller abstrakt

8 systematiske

oversikter 29

primærstudier

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11 Resultat

Abstract: A number of jurisdictions have adopted vocational education and employment programs intended, among other aims, to reduce recidivism among adult correctional populations. Because of the well-established links between low educational attainment, unemployment, and crime, these programs do seem to target a risk factor for recidivism. Whether, in fact, they are effective in reducing future offending behavior is still open to question.

This review assesses the empirical status of the effectiveness of vocational education and employment programs by drawing conclusions based upon systematic rankings of methodological rigor of individual program

evaluations. Evaluation research in vocational education/job training, community employment, and correctional industries program areas was assessed. Based upon rankings of methodological rigor and specific decision criteria for assessing overall empirical support for program effectiveness, several types were identified as generally successful at reducing offender recidivism, including vocational education, multi-component correctional industry, and community employment programs. It is concluded that the pervasive lack of rigorous program evaluation in this area limits the kinds of conclusions that can be drawn.

2. Chappell CA. Post-Secondary Correctional Education and Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted 1990-1999. Journal of Correctional Education 2004 Jun;55(2):148-69.

Abstract: The relationship of post-secondary correctional education (PSCE) and recidivism has been widely studied with various, idiosyncratic results. A meta-analysis of ten years of existing studies was conducted to synthesize a portion of the past research. This study demonstrates, using relevant studies reported from 1990 - 1999, that there is a positive correlation (+0.31)

between PSCE and recidivism reduction. These results are statistically significant. Four subsets, or moderator analyses, were also positively related to recidivism reduction and statistically significant. These included (1) PSCE program completers versus completers and participants; (2) re-incarceration only as the recidivism construct; (3) length of recidivism measure; and (4) studies using control groups to negate possible selection bias. It is hoped that this information will increase interest, justification, and funding of future PSCE programs.

3. Cheliotis LK. Reconsidering the effectiveness of temporary release: A

systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2008 Jun;13(3):153-68.

Abstract: This article offers a systematic review of the 'what works' literature on temporary release, particularly as concerns home leave and work release programs. Against the 'nothing works' proposition, the findings suggest that both home leave and work release schemes can be effective in reducing recidivism rates, while work release may also enhance post-release employment prospects. The final section discusses the directions future

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12 Resultat

evaluative research should take, with special reference to the need for drawing the link between the procedural and outcome dimensions of temporary release.

4. Egg R, Pearson FS, Cleland CM, Lipton DS. Evaluations of correctional treatment programs in Germany: A review and meta-analysis. Substance Use

& Misuse 2000 Oct;35(12-14):1967-2009.

Abstract: Examined the recidivism-reducing effect of treatment programs in Germany. In the meta-analysis, 25 studies published during the period 1968- 1996 were coded concerning criminal recidivism and treatment consisting primarily of social therapy and educational-training programs. Results show that the 5 studies of educational programs found no practical effects in reducing recidivism. The 4 studies of programs to counsel driving-under-the- influence offenders found positive but not significant results. The studies of social therapy found statistically significant and practical results in reducing recidivism.

5. Jancic M. Does Correctional Education Have an Effect on Recidivism?

Journal of Correctional Education 49[4], 152-161. 1998.

Abstract: A meta-analysis of studies from correctional departments in New York, Texas, Maryland, Ohio, and North Carolina as well as Bureau of Justice Statistics data showed lower recidivism rates for participants in the

following: General Educational Development preparation, high school completion programs, academic and vocational education, and

postsecondary education.

6. Jensen EL, Reed GE. Adult correctional education programs: An update on current status based on recent studies. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2006;44(1):81-98.

Abstract: In an effort to contribute to our knowledge of "what works" in correctional practices, this project evaluates the empirical research on adult educational programs and recidivism from the mid-1990s to the present. The studies are summarized, integrated, and rated according to the University of Maryland Scale for Scientific Rigor. We conclude that the participants in education programs such as Adult Basic Education, General Equivalency Degrees, and secondary education are less likely to recidivate, and, therefore, these programs meet the standards of what works. Similarly, recent studies of vocational education and postsecondary demonstrate sufficient decreases in recidivism to declare they are what works programming. However, there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of life skills programs. Thus, the ability of these programs to decrease recidivism remains in the category of

"what is unknown."

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13 Resultat

7. Marsh K, Fox C, Sarmah R. Is custody an effective sentencing option for the UK? Evidence from a meta-analysis of existing studies. Probation Journal 2009 Jun;56(2):129-51.

Abstract: Prison numbers in the UK are at record levels and continue to rise.

The rise in prison numbers has led to a renewed focus on the relative effectiveness of different sentences and in particular the effectiveness of prison when compared to alternative, community-based, sentences. The aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that prisons are an effective means of reducing re-offending in the UK. A review of existing studies identified 91 estimates of the effect on re-offending of prison for adults when compared against alternative sentences and 15 estimates of the effect on re-offending of prisons for juveniles when compared against alternative sentences. A meta- analysis was conducted on the different combinations of intervention and counterfactual information identified in the literature. The analysis suggests that the following alternative sentences for adult offenders reduce re-

offending when compared to prison: residential drug treatment, surveillance, surveillance with drug treatment, prison in combination with

educational/vocational interventions, prison in combination with behavioural interventions, prison in combination with sex offender

treatment, and prison in combination with drug treatment. The analysis also identified the following alternative sentences for juvenile offenders which reduced re-offending when compared with prison: community supervision with victim reparation, and a community programme with aftercare and surveillance. The hypothesis that prisons are an effective means of reducing re-offending in the UK is generally rejected

8. Wilson DB, Gallagher CA, MacKenzie DL. A meta-analysis of corrections- based education, vocation, and work programs for adult offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2000;37(4):347-68.

Abstract: Corrections-based education, vocation, and work programs are a major rehabilitative component of our correctional system. Recent reviews of the research literature raise doubt about the effectiveness of these programs in reducing recidivism. This study meta-analyzed the recidivism outcomes of 33 independent experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of

education, vocation, and work programs and found that program

participants recidivate at a lower rate than nonparticipants. The generally weak methodological character of these studies, however prevents attributing this observed effect on criminal behavior to the activities of the programs.

Future evaluative research in this area could be strengthened through the incorporation of theoretical links between the program activities and future criminal involvement and through designs that control for self-selection bias beyond basic demographic differences

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14 Resultat

Primærstudier

1. Archwamety T, Katsiyannis A. Academic Remediation, Parole Violations, and Recidivism Rates among Delinquent Youths. Remedial and Special

Education 2000;21(3):161-70.

Abstract: Comparison of the records of incarcerated juvenile males (N=505) receiving remediation in either reading or mathematics with those receiving no remediation found members of the remedial groups were twice as likely to be recidivists or parole violators as members of the nonremedial group.

Predictors of remedial group membership included verbal IQ, race, and age of first commitment.

2. Batchelder JS, Rachal JR. Efficacy of a computer-assisted instruction program in a prison setting: An experimental study. Adult Education Quarterly 2000 Feb;50(2):120-33.

Abstract: Studied the efficacy of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) with inmates participating in a prison education program. The researchers sought to address and correct many of the methodological flaws commonly present among studies that compare a CAI-plus-traditional-instruction combination to traditional-instruction alone. 71 male inmates ranging in age from 19-53 yrs were randomly assigned to either an experimental group that received a CAI-plus-traditional-instruction combination, or a control group that received traditional-instruction only. Upon entering the program, each inmate received the Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment System (CASAS) math and reading pretests, and after receiving the 4-wk treatment, each inmate was retested with CASAS posttests. Achievement scores of inmates in the experimental group were not significantly higher than those in the control group.

3. Batiuk ME, Lahm KF, McKeever M, Wilcox N, Wilcox P. Disentangling the Effects of Correctional Education: Are Current Policies Misguided? An Event History Analysis. Criminal Justice 2005 Feb;5(1):55-74.

Abstract: Correctional policies, such as the elimination of Pell Grants to prisoners, often limit inmate educational opportunities. Thus, examination of the possible negative consequences of such actions seems important.

Though characterized by some inconsistency, previous research has suggested that post-secondary education within prison has the beneficial effect of reducing recidivism. What is missing is an explicit comparison of the effects of different types of correctional education programs, with a specific focus on discerning the relative effects of college versus non-college

education. The present study addresses this issue through analysis of 972 Ohio inmates paroled or released from prison between 1989 & 1992. Our results suggest that college has a substantially stronger negative impact upon recidivism hazard rates than do other forms of correctional education (e.g.

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15 Resultat

high school, GED, vocational education) & imply that, perhaps, the current policy regarding post-secondary correctional education programs is

misguided.

4. Brewster DR, Sharp SF. Educational programs and recidivism in Oklahoma:

Another look. The Prison Journal 2002 Sep;82(3):314-34.

Abstract: Examined the relationship between education and recidivism in Oklahoma. It is hypothesized that completion of general equivalency degree (GED) programs and vocational-technical programs will be linked to longer postrelease time without reincarceration; and that vocational-technical programs will have different effects for male and female offenders. Data were gathered from Oklahoma Department of Corrections on 11,813 offenders released from prison between 1991-94. Results show that completion of a GED program was strongly associated with longer survival times outside of prison, particularly for women. However, for both men and women,

completion of vocational-technical training while incarcerated was linked to shorter survival times. It is concluded that these results indicate the need to evaluate the types of training offered in prisons.

5. Burke LO, Vivian JE. The Effect of College Programming on Recidivism Rates at the Hampden County House of Correction: A 5-Year Study. Journal of Correctional Education 2001;52(4):160-2.

Abstract: Former inmates who took college courses in a Massachusetts prison (n=32) were compared with 32 similar former inmates with no college. Results show inmates who completed at least one college course while incarcerated were 21.9% less likely to recidivate 5 years after release.

6. Butzin CA, Martin SS, Inciardi JA. Evaluating component effects of a prison- based treatment continuum. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2002 Mar;22(2):63-9.

Abstract: Examined the effects of within-prison, transitional, and aftercare drug treatment on criminal recidivism and drug use relapse in Delaware. 895 former prisoners (mean age 30.45 yrs) with drug histories and completing various combinations of prison, work release, and aftercare treatment programs completed interviews upon leaving prison and follow-ups at 1-1.5 and 3-3.5 yrs. Ss were analyzed concerning drug use and arrests. Results show that each component showed benefits, even after controlling for demographic characteristics and criminal and illicit substance use history.

Residential transitional programs generally exerted larger and more long- lasting effects.

7. Callan V, Gardner J. Vocational Education and Training Provision and Recidivism in Queensland Correctional Institutions. National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd. P.O. Box 8288, Stational Arcade,

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16 Resultat

Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Tel: +61-8-230-8400; Fax: +61-8-212-3436; e- mail: [email protected]; Web site:

http://www.ncver.edu.au/publications/index.html; 2005.

Abstract: This report examines links between prisoners' participation in the vocational education and training (VET) programs available within the Queensland prison system and their chances of returning to prison. The findings reveal that being involved in VET before initial release decreases the chances of returning to prison from 32% to 23%. Nevertheless, particular attention needs to be given to designing a comprehensive range of programs targeted at meeting the needs of individual prisoner groups, particularly for Indigenous prisoners. The research supports efforts to promote the value of VET and its role in prisoner rehabilitation, and to reduce barriers to

accessing VET in correctional centres. [This report was produced with funding provided through the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training.]

8. Cox RJA. An economic analysis of prison labor. Robynn Joyce Afi: Georgia State U., US: Cox; 2010.

Abstract: This dissertation will focus on prison work programs and prisoner rehabilitation. In particular, a program evaluation of the federal inmate labor program, the Prison Industry Enhancement Certificate Program (PIE), will be conducted in order to investigate how this program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes of offenders. This dissertation will contribute to the literature in two ways. First, it develops a simple theoretical model that incorporates prison labor into its framework in order to analyze how prison labor affects crime participation. The model suggests that the criminal's problem is recursive. Therefore, the criminal will first decide how much time to allocate to legal activities, and then choose the optimal time allotment to illegal endeavors. The model shows that it is theoretically possible that participation in PIE could increase recidivism through wages if an increase in the wage rate causes the consumption of illegal activity to increase by more than the consumption of legal endeavors. The decision to commit a crime will be a function of the expected unemployment rate, the subjective probability of detection and conviction, legal labor market activity, the penalty for illegal activity, gains from illegal activity, nonwage income or wealth, the subjective probability of legal work while in prison, severity of punishment, and tastes. Second, it will empirically investigate how prison labor programs that approximate real world employment opportunities affect the decision to commit a crime upon release from prison, as well as post-release employment outcomes of the offender. In particular, using a unique dataset collected on participants in the PIE program across various states, this dissertation investigates how the PIE program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes compared to those who do not participate in the program. While, Smith, Bechtel, Patrick, Smith, and Wilson-Gentry (2006) is

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the only other research to use these data to analyze the effects of this program on recidivism and labor market outcomes, their analysis does not fully utilize control variables. The results of this study indicate that the PIE program significantly increases the time from release to arrest, significantly increases employment duration, and significantly increases earnings of the ex-offender.

9. Gordon HR, Weldon B. The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning behind Bars. Journal of Correctional Education 2003 Dec;54(4):200-9.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine recidivism rates of inmates who participated in educational programs during the time they were incarcerated at Huttonsville Correctional Center in West Virginia. The Education Department at Huttonsville Correctional Center provided files pertaining to inmates who were enrolled in educational programs during 1999-2000. Vocational completers had a recidivism rate of 8.75%, inmates who participated in both GED and vocational training reported a recidivism of 6.71%, and non-educational participants had a recidivism rate of 26%.

GED and vocational training programs had a positive effect on reducing recidivism. Overall, participation of the incarcerated in correctional education programs appears to reduce recidivism. Education is a change agent. Incarceration is meant to change attitudes. The combination of career and technical education along with incarceration for the qualified inmate may help to increase the safety of society when the offender is released. West Virginia Department of Corrections should provide adequate funding and ensure the quality of education throughout both the prison system and the community correction system to further develop social, cultural, academic and vocational learning. (Contains 3 tables.)

10. Haynes TC. Does prison reentry program participation reduce ex-offender recidivism.

Abstract: This thesis examines the effect of participation in a re-entry program called the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program compared to traditional industries and other than work activities. Using Robert Merton's Strain Theory to guide the study, I examine a data set from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Variables such as gender, race, crime type and number of disciplinary reports were examined as well. Overall the findings suggested that while PIECP participants

exhibited less time from release to reincarceration, this group did experience higher wages upon release and a higher percentage of individuals employed after release. Results show positive outcome for PIECP participation when compared to TI and OTW activities. Key Words: Recidivism, Reentry Programs, Race, Employment, and Strain Theory. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by addressing your request to ProQuest, 789 E. Eisenhower

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Parkway, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Telephone 1-800-521- 3042; e-mail: [email protected]

11. Hopper JD. The effects of private prison labor program participation on inmate recidivism. Jeffrey D.: Middle Tennessee State U., US: Hopper; 2009.

Abstract: The United States is experiencing a persistent increase in its prison population and, consequently, a steady increase in public spending on incarceration. One possible change to mitigate these trends is a return to historically cost effective inmate labor programs. Thus, the primary focus of this dissertation is on potential cost savings and inmate recidivism reduction from the Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program (PIE), a program that allows private companies to employ inmates while incarcerated. Existing economics of crime models and human capital theories form the foundation for the hypothesis that training and education efforts result in a reduction of inmate recidivism. The theories suggest that increasing the returns to legal activities should raise the opportunity costs of illegal activities and thus the agent will far legitimate, rather than criminal, activities. There is, however, the theoretical possibility that a prison training program may lower the cost of crime and therefore increase first offense rates. The historical basis for the use of inmate labor in the United States is explored as is the body of literature tied to inmate rehabilitation efforts and recidivism. The conclusion is that more thorough and effective analytical techniques would improve these assessments. The PIE program's

effectiveness in reducing recidivism is explored using prisoner data from the Tennessee and Indiana Departments of Corrections. Contingency tables examine inmate characteristics and identify PIE participation as a potential explanitor of recidivism. Logit regression procedures, including an

instrumental variable procedure to address endogeneity, are used to analyze the predictive value of the dependent variables and quantify the reduction in the odds of inmate recidivism attributable to PIE program participation. The results indicate that PIE participation contributes to a statistically significant reduction in the odds of inmate recidivism. Given the conclusion of PIE effectiveness, a potential framework for policy analysis is presented. A net return to participation model highlights the private benefits (including increased savings, future wages, education levels and employment

probability) and social benefits (including increased tax revenues, victims' restitution, family support, and decreased incarceration costs) of the program. The monetary benefits are approximated to illustrate potential differences between participants and non-participants.

12. Hull KA, Forrester S, Brown J, Jobe D, McCullen C. Analysis of Recidivism Rates for Participants of the Academic/Vocational/Transition Education Programs Offered by the Virginia Department of Correctional Education.

Journal of Correctional Education 2000;51(2):256-61.

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Abstract: A study designed to assess the impact of correctional education programs in Virginia on recidivism examined records of 3,000 inmates released 1979-1994. Findings suggest that completion of an educational program while incarcerated may be positively and directly related to postrelease community adjustment.

13. Kamalludeen RM. Career and Technical Education Program's Influences on Post-Release Outcomes for Offenders in Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States; 2012.

Abstract: Correctional education's effectiveness in improving the lives of ex- offenders has been constantly debated. Human capital theory suggests that a person's income is greatly increased by investments in education and

training. Correctional education aims to improve an ex-offender's life postrelease through investment in education. This paper describes post-release employment outcomes and recidivism rates among ex-offenders in Virginia based on their participation in career and technical education (CTE)

programs. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of CTE on time to gain employment post-release, length of employment, and average

quarterly earnings among ex-offenders, as well as recidivism. Results revealed better employment outcomes and lower recidivism rates among program participants, suggesting positive influences of correctional education on post-release outcomes among ex-offenders. Further

investigation is suggested to include demographics and other variables as they might have direct or indirect effects on ex-offenders' employment outcomes and recidivism likelihood.

14. Kelso CE. Recidivism Rates for Two Education Programs' Graduates Compared to Overall Washington State Rates. Journal of Correctional Education 2000;51(2):233-6.

Abstract: Recidivism rates for graduates of two correctional education programs in Washington were compared with statewide rates for all inmates released 1985-1987. Recidivism rates showed significant improvement when exposure to educational programs was extensive enough for individuals to receive diplomas and certificates.

15. Lanaghan P. The Impact of Receiving a General Equivalency Diploma while Incarcerated on the Rate of Recidivism.

Abstract: The effect of receipt of a General Educational Development (GED) certificate during incarceration on former inmates' rates of recidivism was examined by studying a group of 110 individuals who had been incarcerated in the Eastern Ohio Correction Center (EOCC) and were released during fiscal year 1995. Of the 110 individuals, 21 had obtained a GED while at EOCC, 30 participated in GED training but did not complete the program, and 59 did not participate in GED training. Of the 110, the following were

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classified as maximum risk: 15 of the GED recipients, 17 of the

noncompleters, and 34 of the nonparticipants. Rates of recidivism among the three subgroups were determined by monitoring all 110 individuals' files for up to 24 months after their release from EOCC. Of the 21 residents who earned a GED, 6 have been incarcerated for technical violations of probation (a 29% recidivism rate). Only 5 of the maximum risk GED recipients were reincarcerated. No GED completer has committed a new felony offense. Of the 30 GED noncompleters, 9 were incarcerated for technical violations of probation and 2 were incarcerated for new felony offenses--including 8 of the maximum risk group (a 37% recidivism rate). Of the 59 GED

nonparticipants, 10 were incarcerated for technical violations of probation and 6 were incarcerated for new felony offenses--15 of whom were maximum risk (a 28% recidivism rate).

16. Major AK, Chester DR, McEntire R, Waldo GP, Blomberg TG. Pre-, post-, and longitudinal evaluation of juvenile justice education. Evaluation Review 2002;26(3):301-21.

Abstract: This article describes two stages of the Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program's pre-, post-, and longitudinal evaluation research.

Pilot studies were used to explore how to design statewide research of pre- and postassessment scores and community reintegration outcomes.

Preliminary findings suggest that higher performing educational programs produce greater educational gains as measured by academic achievement tests, credits earned, and pupil progression rates. The findings also indicate that these programs have more students returning to school and lower recidivism rates. Building on the pilot studies, refinements were made to the research designs to enable more comprehensive statewide evaluation.

Current research includes collection of pre- and postassessment scores from official sources on approximately 16,000 juvenile justice youths. In addition, a research design has been developed to examine program effectiveness by measuring community reintegration variables. Multiple data sources, including official and self-reported data on family, school, employment, and subsequent crime involvement, will be used in the longitudinal study

17. Markley H, Flynn K, Bercawdooen S. Offender Skills Training and

Employment Success - An Evaluation of Outcomes. Corrective and Social Psychiatry and Journal of Behavior Technology Methods and Therapy 1983;29(1):1-11.

Abstract: Job placement for inmates appears to affect their employment success only if it is related to vocational training previously received. Thus, correctional programs should place greater emphasis on job development and placement of trainees in jobs for which they were trained. In addition, psychometric tests should be used more extensively in the selection of trainees. Inmates should receive individual programs consisting of one or

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more of the following: training, counseling, basic education, group work, and family assistance. The prison must address the full spectrum of individual problems if the inmate is to receive maximum benefit from training. Data from 101 pairs of inmates from an Arizona correctional facility showed that those inmates who had received skill training did not differ significantly from those who had not received training when compared on employment success and recidivism. Only 40 percent of the trainees found jobs related to their area of training. Whites averaged the most months worked in the year following release, followed by Native Americans, Mexican-Americans, and blacks, in that order. The employees whose jobs were related to their training had moderately higher success scores than the others. Recidivism was lower for males, married persons, whites, and older inmates. Those with lower IQ's and more emotional disturbances were more likely to recidivate and less likely to succeed at employment. Further research is recommended. Eighteen references are listed.

18. Nally J, Lockwood S, Knutson K, Ho T. An Evaluation of the Effect of Correctional Education Programs on Post-Release Recidivism and Employment: An Empirical Study in Indiana. Journal of Correctional Education 2012 Apr;63(1):69-89.

Abstract: In order to examine the effect of correctional education on postrelease employment and recidivism, the Education Division of the Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) has established a study group of 1,077 offenders and a comparison group of 1,078 offenders to evaluate the outcome measures (e.g, post-release recidivism). All offenders in the study group attended a variety of correctional education programs while incarcerated in IDOC facilities, while all offenders in the comparison group did not

participate in correctional education programs. The results of this study demonstrate that an offender who has not attended correctional education programs during incarceration is approximately 3.7 times more likely to become a recidivist offender after release from IDOC custody when

compared with an offender who has participated in a variety of correctional education programs during incarceration. The recidivism rate is 29.7 percent among offenders in the group who attended a variety of correctional

education programs. On the contrary, the recidivism rate reached 67.8 percent among offenders in the comparison group who did not attend correctional education programs during incarceration. This study's results imply that correctional education programs may serve as an important mechanism in reducing the recidivism among released offenders, which, in turn, will significantly reduce the incarceration expenses that are associated with recidivist offenders. (Contains 4 tables and 3 footnotes.)

19. Northcutt Bohmert M, Duwe G. Minnesota's Affordable Homes Program:

Evaluating the Effects of a Prison Work Program on Recidivism,

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Employment and Cost Avoidance. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2012 Sep;23(3):327-51.

Abstract: The Affordable Homes Program (AHP) is a prison work crew program managed by the Minnesota Department of Corrections (MNDOC).

To examine whether AHP has increased postrelease employment, lowered recidivism, and reduced costs to the State of Minnesota, this study uses a retrospective, quasi-experimental design in which propensity score matching was used to control for observable selection bias. The results show that during the 1998-2008 period, AHP (a) built 285 affordable homes, (b) significantly increased offenders' odds of obtaining postrelease employment in the construction field, and (c) produced US$13.1 million in costs avoided.

It did not, however, significantly reduce recidivism

20. Nuttall J, Hollmen L, Staley ME. The Effect of Earning a GED on Recidivism Rates. Journal of Correctional Education 2003;54(3):90-4.

Abstract: Compared recidivism rates of inmates who earned their General Educational Development (GED) certificate while incarcerated (n=2,330) with those who were released with no degree (n=9,419) and those who already had a high school diploma (n=4,868). Findings indicate that those who earned a GED had a significantly lower recidivism rate. (Contains 13 references.) (JOW)

21. Place DJ, McCluskey ALA, McCluskey KW, Treffinger DJ. The second chance project: Creative approaches to developing the talents of at-risk native inmates. The Journal of Creative Behavior 2000;34(3):165-74.

Abstract: Compared the recidivism rate of 2 groups of Native Canadian inmates (aged 19-46 yrs). The experimental group of offenders received intensive pre-release support, including counseling, training in Creative Problem Solving, career awareness sessions (including resume writing, interviewing, and impression management), and on-the-job experience.

Inmates in the control group received no such support; at sentences' end, they were simply released into society to fend for themselves. Results indicate that recidivism can be reduced by a meaningful support program.

Individuals in the experimental group were much less likely to re-offend than those in the untreated control group.

22. Quantick R. Outcome effects of education for federally incarcerated males in Canada's prairie region.

Abstract: This study examined a sample of 417 federally incarcerated male inmates in Canada. It assessed the outcome effects of participation in

Education and the Offender Substance Abuse Pre-Release Program (OSAPP) with respect to sanctioned offences committed at Saskatchewan Penitentiary and Edmonton Institution between 2000 and 2003. The study used data from the Correctional Service of Canada's Offender Management System.

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One-Way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and dependent sample t-tests were used to examine the differences between program participation and recidivism. The study examined the differences among Non-Participants, Education only, OSAPP only, Education then OSAPP, and OSAPP then Education inmates during three time periods, pre-program, during-program, and post-program. Statistically significant differences were found between the Education program group and the Non-Participant group. There were no statistically significant differences among the program groups. Education was effective in reducing the rate of sanctioned offences during the program.

OSAPP was effective in reducing the rate of sanctioned offences during the program. The study also assessed differences for Aboriginal and Non- Aboriginal inmates. During the program, Aboriginals in Education committed fewer sanctioned offences before than after the program.

Aboriginals in the other program groups were no more or less likely to re- offend than Non-Aboriginals. This study establishes Education then OSAPP as successful dynamic security programs. That is, while inmates are assigned to these programs the rate of sanctioned offences diminishes, which, in turn contributes to a safer institutional setting.

23. Rhodes RL. The effects of post-secondary education on recidivism of inmates at a correctional facility. Robert Lee: New Mexico State U., US: Rhodes;

2009.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of inmate participation in a post-secondary prison program on recidivism after release from prison. This was accomplished by determining if there was a difference in the rate of recidivism between inmates who participated in the post- secondary programs and those who did not participate in the post-secondary education programs at the New Mexico Department of Corrections

(NMDOC). This study included 522 inmates who were eligible for

participation in the post secondary program that had been released prior to the beginning of the study in November of 2005. Of these, 211 of the inmates had participated and 311 had not participated in the post-secondary

program. The research resulting from the study showed an inverse relationship to participation in post-secondary education and the rate of recidivism. Further analysis of the data indicated that post-secondary education was the only studied factor that significantly reduced recidivism.

24. Ryan TP, Desuta JF. A Comparison of Recidivism Rates for Operation Outward Reach (OOR) Participants and Control Groups of Non-Participants for the Years 1990 through 1994. Journal of Correctional Education

2000;51(4):316-9.

Abstract: A 5-year study of Operation Outward Reach, a nonprofit program providing community-based vocational training in carpentry and masonry

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for Pennsylvania inmates, compared completers and control groups. Results showed average differences in recidivism between the groups of 16% per year. Fiscal and social cost savings were also identified.

25. Steurer SJ, Smith L, Tracy A. OCE/CEA Three State Recidivism Study. 2001 Sep 30.

Abstract: The impact of correctional education (CE) on inmates' postrelease behavior was examined in a longitudinal study of recidivism in Maryland (which has a medium-sized prison population), Minnesota (which has a small prison population), and Ohio (which has a large prison population).

The study sample consisted of 3,170 individuals in the release cohorts from the three states during 1997 and 1998. Of those individuals, 1,373 (43.3%) had participated in CE and 1,797 (56.7%) had not. Data were collected through an inmate prerelease survey, and educational/institutional data collection form, and a parole/release officer survey. Together, the surveys provided information about the release cohort members' socioeconomic characteristics, criminal behavior, family life, educational experiences, work history, postrelease employment and wage patterns, and postrelease

behavior (recidivism). Inmates who participated in CE while incarcerated showed lower rates of recidivism after 3 years. In each state, the three measures of recidivism (rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration) were significantly lower among those who had participated in correctional education. The aggregate recidivism data for all CE participants versus nonparticipants in all three states were as follows: rearrest, 48% versus 57%;

reconviction, 27% versus 35%; and reincarceration, 21% versus 31%. In all 3 years of the study, CE participants earned higher wages than did

nonparticipants. Background information on correctional services and CE programs in Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio is appended.

26. Steurer SJ, Smith LG. Education Reduces Crime: Three-State Recidivism Study. Executive Summary. 25. 2003.

Abstract: This study compared correctional education participants and nonparticipants in Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio to assess the impact of correctional education on recidivism and post-release employment of inmates. The study attempted to address criticism of previous studies by using a treatment and comparison group, using statistical controls, addressing possible self-selection bias, using more than one measure of recidivism, and using a longer time period. These two study groups were chosen: offenders who had participated in correctional education, and those who had not. Sociodemographic characteristics of the groups were examined, including age, marital status, education level, and literacy competency. Data was collected from inmate self-report pre-release surveys,

institutional/educational records, parole officer surveys, criminal history data, and employment and wage data. Hypotheses were developed that

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education will result in the following: reduced re-arrest, re-conviction, and re-incarceration, in recidivists committing less serious offences, in greater post-release compliance with parole conditions and pro-social activities, and in higher employment and wages. Correctional education participants in Minnesota and Ohio had statistically significant lower rates of re-arrest, reconviction, and re-incarceration than non-participants. (Rates were also lower, but not statistically significant, in Maryland.) Overall, participants and non-participants were in compliance with parole. Participants and nonparticipants were generally employed, at rates that were not statistically different. Participants earned statistically higher wages than nonparticipants. Several recommendations were made, including increased funding for education and research and improved data collection measures and management.

27. Swimpson A. The impact of postsecondary education on recidivism of female prisoners. Alayne: Regent U., US: Swimpson; 2008.

Abstract: There is evidence to suggest that female inmates released from the United States penal system lack the necessary skills and training needed to become successfully acclimated back into society (Davis, 2002). Training incarcerated women to adapt to the changing needs of society will impact their lives tremendously by enabling them to gain employment, receive promotions, and compete with their counterparts for jobs. Legislators and higher education administrators need to rethink the development of higher educational training in the United States penal system and find ways to help women inmates come out of prison and become productive citizens in

society. Additionally, realizing that higher education can considerably reduce the number of female inmates reentering the penal system, correctional planners should make higher education more available to this segment of society (Taylor, 1992). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of or the opportunities for higher education in women's prisons and how crime and the return rate to prison can be reduced as a result of this form of rehabilitation. This study investigated the academic support given to female inmates and the impact of these efforts for successful reentry into society.

This study found that only 25.3% of the individuals who received education while incarcerated returned to prison. Conversely, 72.6% of the individuals who did not receive education returned to prison. This suggests that education had a positive effect on these participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

28. Winterfield L, Coggeshall M, Burke-Storer M, Correa V, Tidd S. The Effects of Postsecondary Correctional Education: "Final Report". Urban Institute.

2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037.; 2009 May.

Abstract: The research presented in this report examines the effect of prison- based postsecondary education (PSE) on offenders both while incarcerated

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and after release. Urban Institute researchers worked with the staff of four institutions in three states to conduct inmate focus groups and stakeholder interviews to explore the motivations for enrolling in PSE, the impact of PSE on offenders while incarcerated, and the expected benefits after release.

Inmates and other stakeholders were enthusiastic about PSE programs offered at each of the four facilitates visited by the researchers. A consistent theme across respondents and locations was that PSE has a positive impact on inmate behavior and that participating in PSE increases feelings of self- esteem. Inmates typically believed that participation in PSE would increase their employment prospects after release; however, many saw further education beyond that received in prison as necessary to reach their

employment goals. Inmates reported a number of challenges to engaging in prison-based PSE; among them, the availability of quiet space to study, access to electronic resources, and lack of cooperation by correctional staff.

The analysis of postrelease recidivism yielded evidence of a consistently negative association between PSE participation and recidivism. In each of the three states, prisoners who participated in PSE were less likely to

recidivate during the first year after release. The magnitude of the effect size estimates reached both substantive and statistical significance. While these findings are encouraging, they should be viewed as promising, but not conclusive, evidence of the potential of correctional PSE to improve

postrelease outcomes for prisoners. Appendices include: (1) Flow Chart for Selection of Candidate Study Sites; (2) Detailed PSE Information by State System; (3) Focus Group and Stakeholder Interview Sites; (4) Focus Group and Stakeholder Interview Questions; (5) Preparation of Administrative Data for Analysis; and (6) Detailed Outcome Analysis by State.

29. Zhu J, Loadman WE, Lomax RG, Moore R. Evaluating Intervention Effects of Scholastic READ 180 on Low-Achieving Incarcerated Youth. 14. 2010.

Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness. 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208.

Abstract: Among various interventions targeting adolescent students who read significantly below grade level, the Scholastic READ 180 is an intensive daily program that makes use of technology and combines research-based reading practices. Since the launch of READ 180, Scholastic Inc. and many schools that have deployed the program have been jointly conducting impact analyses. Although many studies maintain that students receiving READ 180 display remarkable growth on reading achievement, the majority of these studies are inadequate to provide strong evidence for causal conclusions of the intervention effectiveness of READ 180 according to the WWC (What Works Clearinghouse) Evidence Standards (2006). In addition, there is no literature found regarding the impact of READ 180 on the population of incarcerated youth. As a result, based on a randomized clinical field trial, the major purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate if READ 180 had

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a meaningful impact on the reading proficiency of low-achieving

incarcerated youth over time, when comparing the experimental group with a comparison group being instructed with a traditional educational reading program on reading achievement and growth.

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Referanser

1. Wilson DB, Gallagher CA, MacKenzie DL. 2000. A meta-analysis of corrections-based education, vocation, and work programs for adult offenders. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 37 (4) 347-368

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32

OR correctional* OR imprison* OR incarcerat* OR detention OR criminals OR convict* OR offend* OR inmate*))))))) AND (ab(((education* OR (academic NEAR/1 achieve*) OR rehabili* OR recidiv* OR employ* OR unemploy*or un-employ* OR recurr* OR crime* OR offence* OR offending* OR offended* OR arrest*))) OR ti(((education* OR (academic NEAR/1 achieve*) OR rehabili* OR recidiv* OR employ* OR unemploy*or un-employ* OR recurr* OR crime* OR offence* OR offending* OR offended* OR arrest*))))) AND (ab(((study OR studies OR trial* OR impact* OR evaluat* OR assessment* OR group* OR research* OR outcome* OR effect* OR efficacy OR compar* OR experiment* OR control* OR random* OR result*

OR (repeated NEAR/1 measur*) OR (time NEAR/1 series)))) OR ti(((study OR studies OR trial* OR impact* OR evaluat* OR assessment* OR group* OR research* OR outcome* OR effect* OR efficacy OR compar* OR experiment* OR control* OR random* OR result* OR (repeated NEAR/1 measur*) OR (time NEAR/1 series)))) OR ab((systematic* NEAR/1 review* OR meta NEAR/1 analy*)) OR ti((systematic*

NEAR/1 review* OR meta NEAR/1 analy*))) Limits applied

Database: Cochrane Library (Wiley) Dato: 01.03.2013

Treff: Cochrane reviews: 12 Trials: 62

#1 ((prison* or jail* or gaol* or penitentiar* or correctional* or imprison* or incarcerat* or detention or criminals or convict* or offend* or inmate*) near/2 (work or employ* or educat* or vocation* or job or jobs)):ti,ab

#2 MeSH descriptor: [Criminals] explode all trees

#3 MeSH descriptor: [Prisoners] explode all trees

#4 (prison* or jail* or gaol* or penitentiar* or correctional* or imprison* or incarcerat* or detention or criminals or convict* or offend* or inmate*):ti,ab

#5 #2 or #3 or #4

#6 ((work or employ* or educat* or vocation* or job) near/2 (training or program*

or interven* or placement*)):ti,ab

#7 MeSH descriptor: [Rehabilitation, Vocational] explode all trees

#8 #6 or #7

#9 #5 and #8

#10 #1 or #9

Database: CRD Dato: 01.03.2013 Treff: 15