Årsaksfaktorer

,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ ! J 31 0'1+* $1 +%*:3,-* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* $ 23$ 5',=' 0'-' /$? 1'"# #$,&"-* ,' #*0"$-'-$ '0&3'6

1 *%&35'6 ,31 +$%<*-* %$0$,&$ &$1D#$ '##"#&"-* ' 31 0%$#0"1$,&* #"5,":"0'&"/* -' '&$,()* -'-' '* '&$,-"1$,&* . 0%"',(' 0*1 -$:"0"E,0"' *3 $1 %"#0* 4$1 /"#</$6 ,'

'+%*/'()* -*# -*031$,&*# 23$ %$536'1$,&'1 ' ' ,</$6 ,'0"*,'6 %3? *,&$# W

'%/'6=* P!

+346"0'()* -* $#+'0=*D0*,83,&* MQ _QQ /$"* -'% E,:'#$ ' 31' +%$*03+'()* 87

$9"#&$,&$ %$6'&"/' . ,$0$##"-'-$ -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* $ "1+6$1$,&'()* -$ #$%/"(*# -$ 23$ %$:6"0&'1 +%7&"0'# -$ 23'6"-'-$ ,* ,*##* +'<# +$#'% -$ 0*,&",3'%$1 ' 0*$9"#&"%

#$%/"(*# -$ ,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ 23$ /'%"'1 ,' :*%1' -$ '0&3'()* -$ '0*%-* 0*1 '

:"6*#*:"' -$ 4'#$ 23$ -$:$,-$1 * %$:$%"-* $#+'0=*D0*,83,&* +%*03%' +%*1*/$% '#

+%7&"0'# -$ $1 0*,#*,N,0"' 0*1 '# %$0$,&$# ",/$#&"5'(>$# $ &$*%"'# -$ ' ,</$6

13,-"'6 O%',-)* R! $0$,&$1$,&$ 0*1 ' +346"0'()* -* $0%$&* -$ 6$" ,\ M _ Q

/ED#$ %$:*%('-' 0*1 ' 0%"'()* -$ 31 "#&$1' '0"*,'6 -$ ,&$%/$,()* ,' ,:N,0"' ! "7%"* -' $+L46"0' Q!

$1 -L/"-' 23$ * 0*1+%*1$&"1$,&* #*0"'6 $ +*6<&"0* 0*,#31'-* ,31' 6$5"#6'()* $14*%' 0*1 0'%70&$% +%*/"#;%"*! +*-$%7 '##31"% 31' "1+*%&N,0"' -$&$%1",',&$ ,* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -' $1 *%&35'6 %$&$,-$D#$ '##"1 '60',('% 31' 1'"*% 3,":*%1"-'-$ -*# #$%/"(*# -$ '&$,-"1$,&* .# 0%"',('# 0*1 ,$0$##"-'-$# $#+$0"'"# $ #3'# :'1<6"'# :'?$,-* %$0'"% ' %$#+*,#'4"6"-'-$ -' ,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ -$ :*%1' +'%&"6='-' #*4%$ *# -"/$%#*# #$%/"(*# -' 0*13,"-'-$ +L46"0*# $ +%"/'-*# O%',-)* R!

,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ -$#&",'D#$ ' 0%"',('# '&J . "-'-$ $#0*6'% 23$ $#&$8'1 $1 %"#0* -$ '&%'#* -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* 23$ 1',":$#&$1 -$:"0"E,0"' *3 ,$0$##"-'-$# $-30'&"/'# $#+$0"'"# '14J1 0*,#"#&$ ,' +%$#&'()* -$ #$%/"(*# $-30'&"/*# &$%'+E3&"0*# $ #*0"'"# ' $#&'# 0%"',('# $ .# #3'# :'1<6"'# 0*1 * *48$0&"/* -$ 1","1"?'% $:$"&*# ,$:'#&*# '*

PU

,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ +*-$ &$% 31' ,'&3%$?' +%$/$,&"/' #$03,-7%"' *3 +%"17%"' +%*03%',-* 0*,&%'%"'% ' 1',":$#&'()* -$ +%*46$1'# -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* *3

+%$/$,",-* ' #3' *0*%%E,0"' # +%*5%'1'# -$ ,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ -$/$1 #$1+%$ 23$

+*##</$6 -$0*%%$% ,* 1$"* '14"$,&$ *,-$ /"/$ ' 0%"',(' %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

'4"&3'61$,&$ ' ",&$%/$,()* ","0"'D#$ 0*1 ' #",'6"?'()* 5$%'61$,&$ :$"&' +$6* =*#+"&'6 0%$0=$ 8'%-"1 ",:',&"6 *3 +$6' +%;+%"' :'1<6"' $53"-'1$,&$ J %$'6"?'-' ' '/'6"'()*_-"'5,;#&"0* $ "1+6$1$,&'-* 31 +%*5%'1' -$ ",&$%/$,()* ",&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ +*-$ ","0"'%D#$ $,&%$ * ,'#0"1$,&* $ ' "-'-$ $#0*6'% ,* $,&',&* =7 13"&'# /',&'5$,# $1

0*1$('% * 1'"# 0$-* +*##</$6 %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

9"#&$1 &%E# %'?>$# :3,-'1$,&'"# +'%' ' ",&$%/$,()* +%$0*0$ 23',&* 1'"# 0$-* #$ ","0"'% ' ",&$%/$,()* 1'"*% J +*&$,0"'6 -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -$ 0'-' 0%"',('X +'%' +%*+*%0"*,'% '+*"* $ '##"#&E,0"' . :'1<6"' ,*# 1*1$,&*# 1'"# 0%<&"0*#X +'%' 1'9"1"?'% *# 4$,$:<0"*# #*0"'"# -' 0%"',(' $ :'1<6"' $#+'0=*D0*,83,&* O%',-)* R!

",/$#&"5'()* ,$#&' 7%$' 87 -$1*,#&%*3 23$ 5%',-$ +'%&$ -'# '+%$,-"?'5$,# $ -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* *0*%%$ 1'"# %'+"-'1$,&$ ,' "-'-$ +%JD$#0*6'% 1*1$,&* $1 23$ J +%*+*%0"*,'-' ' ",&$%/$,()* J +*% "##* +'%&"036'%1$,&$ "1+*%&',&$ 87 23$ ' 0%"',(' 0*%%$ * %"#0* -$ +$%-$% *+*%&3,"-'-$# -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -3%',&$ *# $#&7-"*# 1'"# +%*+<0"*# $ $##$# 1*1$,&*# ,)* :*%$1 '+%*/$"&'-*# 1'"# &'%-$ ' 0%"',(' +*-$ /"% ' 1',":$#&'% 1'"*%$# -":"036-'-$# -$ '+%$,-"?'5$1 %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

#&3-*# %$0$,&$# '0$,&3'1 * :'0&* -$ 23$ * +*&$,0"'6 -$ 0'-' 0%"',(' #; J 0*1+6$&'1$,&$ 1',":$#&* #$ =*3/$% ' "-$,&":"0'()* +%$0*0$ $ 31' ",&$%/$,()* +%*5%'1'-' $ ",-"/"-3'6"?'-' %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

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

PR

0*1 -$:"0"E,0"' #)* 1'"# #3#0$+&</$"# '* '43#* $ ,$56"5E,0"' -* 23$ '# 0%"',('# #$1 -$:"0"E,0"' %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ -$/$ %$#36&'% ,* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -$ 1$6=*%$# '&"&3-$# $ 0*1+$&E,0"'# +'%$,&'"# %$6'&"/'1$,&$ ' $6$# 1$#1*# $ '* #$3 :"6=* 0*1 -$:"0"E,0"' $/$ +%*+*%0"*,'% 1'"# ",:*%1'()* $ 1$6=*%$# 0*1+$&E,0"'# +'%' 6"-'% 0*1 ' #3' 0%"',(' $ ",0$,&"/'% ' 6"4$%&'()* -$ '6531 &$1+* +'%' * -$#0',#* $ 6'?$% O%',-)* R!

1 *3&%* 1*&"/* 23$ 83#&":"0' ' "1+*%&N,0"' -' ,&$%/$,()* %$0*0$ -"? %$#+$"&* '*# 5',=*# #*0"'"# '60',('-*# ",0%$1$,&* -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -' 0%"',(' $,/*6/$ ' -"1",3"()* -'# #"&3'(>$# -$+$,-$,&$# -$ ",#&"&3"(>$# #*0"'"# * '31$,&* -' 0'+'0"-'-$ -' :'1<6"' +'%' 6"-'% 0*1 ' +%$#$,(' -$ 31 :"6=* 0*1 -$:"0"E,0"' $ * +*##</$6 '31$,&* -'#

#3'# 0'+'0"-'-$# +'%' /"% ' &$% 31 $1+%$5* %3? *,&$# W '%/'6=* P!

2 1. Teorias de Intervenção Precoce

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

$9$%0$ 31' #*4%$ ' *3&%' *3&",=* T %3? P!

"1+*%&N,0"' -* $,/*6/"1$,&* -*# +'"# *3 *3&%*# +%",0"+'"# +%$#&'-*%$# -$ 03"-'-*#! ,' ",&$%/$,()* 0*1* ' 0%"',(' &$1 #"-* -$:$,-"-' ,*# L6&"1*# &$1+*# 0'1",=* +$%0*%%"-* '&J '*# '0&3'"# 1*-$6*# -' :*" 6*,5* $ &$/$ 0*,&%"43&*# +%7&"0*# $ &$;%"0*# ,</$6 +%7&"0* +*-$1*# %$:$%"% * +'+$6 -*# +'"# 0*1* 0*D&$%'+$3&'# ' +'%&"0"+'()* -' :'1<6"' *# 1*/"1$,&*# -$ $-30'()* 0*1+$,#'&;%"' $ * $,/*6/"1$,&* -$ :'1<6"'# 0*1 0%"',('# $1 %"#0* '14"$,&'6 $ * -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -$ +%*5%'1'# 0*1+$,#'&;%"*# *4"#*,

PM

,</$6 &$;%"0* /'%"'# &$*%"'# ,* N14"&* -' +#"0*6*5"' -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* $ -' +#"0*6*5"' -' $-30'()* &"/$%'1 5%',-$ ",:63E,0"' ,* 0'1+* -' '0&3'6 ,&%$ $6'# -$#&'0'1D#$ * 1*-$6* #"#&J1"0* -' :'1<6"' -$ *, O$%&'6',::F -$ QUM * 1*-$6* $0*6;5"0* -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* =31',* -$ O%*,:%$,4%$,,$% QRQ! * 1*-$6* &%',#'00"*,'6

-$ '1$%*:: $ =',-6$% -$ QRS $ * 1*-$6* -$ '+*"* $ %$:*%(* -'# +*&$,0"'6"-'-$# -'

:'1<6"' -$ 3,#& $ 0*6'4*%'-*%$# $1 QMM!

:'1<6"' 0*1$(' ' #$% $,0'%'-' 0*1* %$0$+&*%' $ '5$,&$ '0&"/* ,* +%*5%'1' -$ ",&$%/$,()* 61$"-' T! '/'6"'()* $ ",&$%/$,()* 0$,&%'-'# ,' :'1<6"' *4%"5'%'1 ' %$+$,#'% 1*-$6*# &%'-"0"*,'"# -$ :*%1' ' ",063"% 31' +$%#+$0&"/' $0*6;5"0' $ #"#&J1"0' 0*1 +%7&"0'# 4'#$'-'# ,31 1*-$6* -$ :*%&'6$0"1$,&* -'# 0*1+$&E,0"'# -' :'1<6"' *%%$"'

W $%%',* X "1$,&$6 T'!

#&' '4*%-'5$1 J 4'#$'-' ,' &$*%"' 5$%'6 -*# #"#&$1'# -$ *, O$%&'6',::F -$ QUM '+*"'-* ,' ':"%1'()* $%%',* W *%%$"' QQU! *-*# *# #"#&$1'# /"/*# #)* 0*,#&"&3<-*# +*% 31 '5%$5'-* -$ $6$1$,&*# 23$ #)* ",&$%-$+$,-$,&$# *3 #$8' '# 1*-":"0'(>$# ,31 -*# $6$1$,&*# +*-$1 ':$0&'% *# *3&%*# $6$1$,&*# ",&$%'0()* $,&%$ *# $6$1$,&*# 0%"' 0*,-"(>$# L,"0'# 23$ #)* ",$9"#&$,&$# '* 0*,#"-$%'%1*# 0'-' 31 -*# $6$1$,&*# $1 +'%&"036'%

$53,-* 3%,4366 311$%# O%*&=$%#*, QMU! +%*+>$1 31 $,23'-%'1$,&* -'

'4*%-'5$1 #"#&J1"0' :'1<6"'# 23$ $#&'4$6$0$ 23'&%* 0*1+*,$,&$# $##$,0"'"# %$03%#*#_$#&%3&3%' :'1"6"'%$# * &"+* $ 5%'3 -$ -$:"0"E,0"' 0'%'0&$%<#&"0'# -' :'1<6"' ,$0$##"-'-$# $ %$#+*,#'4"6"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' V $0*,;1"0'# #'L-$ #*0"'6"?'()* $-30'()* 03"-'-*# -$ #'L-$ * 0"06* -$ /"-' -' :'1<6"' 13-',('# -$#$,/*6/"1$,&'"# $ ,)* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&'"# 23$ *0*%%$1 '* 6*,5* -* &$1+* ,' :'1<6"' $ ,*# #$3# 1$14%*#

$53,-* $#&$# '3&*%$# *# +%*:"##"*,'"# -$/$1 &$% $1 0*,&' $#&$# 23'&%* +'%N1$&%*# '* +6',":"0'% 31' ",&$%/$,()* -$ :*%1' ' :*%&'6$0$% $ '83-'% ' :'1<6"' $ $,:%$,&'% $ %$#*6/$% '# -":"036-'-$# ",$%$,&$# '*# 03"-'-*# -$ 31' 0%"',(' 0*1 ,$0$##"-'-$# $#+$0"'"# *%%$"' W

$%%',* !

*%J1 ' :'1<6"' $#&7 $6' +%;+%"' ",#$%"-' ,31 1$"* #*0"'6 6$/',-* *# &J0,"0*# ' 0*,#"-$%'% 31' +$%#+$0&"/' #"#&J1"0' #*0"'6 #&' +$%#+$0&"/' /E ' :'1<6"' 0*1 * 31

PQ

@&*-*C 0*1 ,$0$##"-'-$# $ 0'%'0&$%<#&"0'# $#+$0<:"0'# ",#$%"-' ,31 0*,83,&* -$ %$-$# #*0"'"# :*%1'"# $ ",:*%1'"# 1' /$? 23$ *# $6$1$,&*# #)* ",&$%-$+$,-$,&$# +'%' 31' ",&$%/$,()* $:"0'? J ,$0$##7%"* &$% $1 0*,&' ' :'1<6"' 0'+'0"&7D6' $ '+*"'D6' -$ :*%1' ' ",:63$,0"'% -$ :*%1' +*#"&"/' &*-*# *# 1$14%*# -' :'1<6"' 3,#& %"/$&&$ W ^$,B",#

QMM!

$53,-* *%%$"' $ $%%',* QQQ! '+*"'% 0'+'0"&'% $ %$#+*,-$% .# ,$0$##"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' +$%1"&$ 31' 1'"*% '83-' 1'"*% -"#+*,"4"6"-'-$ -$ &$1+* $,$%5"' $ %$03%#*# -*# +'"# -$ :*%1' ' +*-$%$1 +%*+*%0"*,'% * 4$1D$#&'% '*# *3&%*# 1$14%*# -' :'1<6"'

$ '0*%-* 0*1 * $,23'-%'1$,&* 0*,0$+&3'6 -$:$,-"-* +*% O%*,:$,4%$,,$% ",&$5%'-* ,'# &$*%"'# #"#&J1"0'# '# $9+$%"$,0"'# -* ",-"/<-3* #)* $,0'%'-'# 0*1* #34#"#&$1'# -$,&%* -$ *3&%*# #"#&$1'# '##"1 0*1* 31 0*,83,&* -$ $#&%3&3%'# -$ $,0'"9$ 0'-' 31' *3&%' -$,&%* -' #$53",&$ 0*1* 31 0*,83,&* -$ 4*,$0'# %3##'# O%*,:$,4%$,,$%

QMU!

#&' '4*%-'5$1 0*,#"-$%' 23$ * -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* =31',* -"%$0&' *3 ",-"%$0&'1$,&$ $#&7 %$6'0"*,'-* 0*1 * 0*,&$9&* *,-$ $#&$ *0*%%$ ,)* :*0',-* '+$,'# * ",-"/<-3* 1'# &'14J1 #"#&$1'# 0*,&$9&3'"# -",N1"0*# $ 1*-":"07/$"# $ $1 0*,#&',&$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&*

$%$"%' X *%&35'6 QQ !

#&$ 1*-$6* :*%,$0$D,*# 31 23'-%* &$;%"0* -$ $9+6"0'()* -' ",&$%'0()* -* #38$"&* 0*1 * 13,-* $ 0*,#$23$,&$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -$#&$ ",-"/<-3* *%&35'6 QQ ! $ '0*%-* 0*1 %3? P! $#&$ 1*-$6* $#&$,-$D#$ '",-' . &$*%"' -*# #"#&$1'# +'%' 31' /"#)* -' :'1<6"' 0*1* 31 #"#&$1' -$,&%* -' *%5',"?'()* $0*6;5"0' -$ *3&%*# #"#&$1'#

O%*,:$,4%$,,$% QRQX "1$,&$6 T4X $%$"%' X *%&35'6 QQ X $%%',* W

*%%$"' ! 0*,#"-$%*3 * #$3 1*-$6* 31' ="$%'%23"' -$ 23'&%* #"#&$1'#

+%*5%$##"/'1$,&$ 1'"# '4%',5$,&$#

MicrossistemaD ",063" '# '0&"/"-'-$# +'+$"# $ %$6'(>$# ",&$%+$##*'"# $ $9+$%"$,0"'# /"/"-'# +$6' 0%"',(' $1 -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* ,*# 0*,&$9&*# 23$ 6=$ $#&)* -"%$0&' $ '0&"/'1$,&$ %$6'0"*,'-*# &'"# 0*1* ' :'1<6"' 0%$0=$_$#0*6' $ #&$# #)* $9$1+6*# -$

T

0*,&$9&*# *,-$ ' 0%"',(' 5'#&' ' 1'"*% +'%&$ -* #$3 &$1+* $ *,-$ $#&'4$6$0$ -$&$%1",'-'# %$6'(>$# ",&$%+$##*'"# $ -$#$1+$,=' '0&"/"-'-$# $ +'+J"#

Mesossistema V ",&$%D%$6'('* $,&%$ 31 *3 1'"# 0*,&$9&*# -* 1"0%*##"#&$1' 0*1* +*% $9$1+6* ' %$6'()* $,&%$ ' :'1<6"' $ *# +%*:"##"*,'"# -* 0*,&$9&* $-30'&"/* #&'# %$6'(>$# :*%1'1 $6'# +%;+%"'# 31 #"#&$1'

Exossistema V 0*,#&"&3<-* +*% 0*,&$9&*# 1'"# /'#&*# -*# 23'"# ' 0%"',(' ,)* &$1 %$6'()* -"%$0&' 1'# 23$ ' ",:63$,0"'1 0*1* +*% $9$1+6* * 6*0'6 -$ &%'4'6=* -*# +'"# * 0*,#$6=* -"%$0&"/* -' #3' $#0*6' *3 ' 0*13,"-'-$ #*0"'6 -' :'1<6"' $#&$# #"#&$1'# *0*%%$1 #"&3'(>$# 23$ ':$0&'1 *3 #)* ':$0&'-'# +$6* 23$ *0*%%$ ,*# 0*,&$9&*# "1$-"'&*# -' 0%"',('

Macrossistema V ",&$5%' *# &%E# #"#&$1'# ',&$%"*%$# $ J 0*,#&"&3<-* +*% 0*,&$9&*# 036&3%'"# 6$5"#6'&"/*# $ 83%<-"0*# -$ 31' #*0"$-'-$ ,31' -$&$%1",'-' J+*0' ,063" ,)* #; *# '#+$0&*# +*6<&"0*# $ 6$5"#6'&"/*# 1'# &'14J1 *# /'6*%$# '# 0%$,('# *# $#&"6*# -$ /"-' $ '# %$+%$#$,&'(>$# 23$ ' #*0"$-'-$ &$1 #*4%$ ' 0%"',(' $ * #$3 +$%03%#* $-30'&"/* "4"-$1!

*,063",-* * 1*-$6* -' $0*6*5"' -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* =31',* '4%',5$ *# 0*,&$9&*# -* ",-"/<-3* '# %$#+$0&"/'# 1*-":"0'(>$# -* ",-"/<-3* $ -* #$3 0*,&$9&* '* 6*,5* -' #3' /"-' :'1<6"' J 0*,#"-$%'-' 31 1$"* 0%30"'6 -$ -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -* ",-"/<-3* -$/$,-* *# +%*:"##"*,'"# &$% $1 '&$,()* '# ",&$%'0(>$# $#&'4$6$0"-'# 0*1 *# -":$%$,&$# 0*,&$9&*# 31' /$? 23$ J ,$#&'# %$6'(>$# 23$ #$ -$/$ $ +*-$ +$%#+$0&"/'% * #30$##* -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -' 0%"',(' $%$"%' !

1*-$6* &%',#'00"*,'6 -$ '1$%*:: $ =',-6$% QRS! $#&%3&3%' $ :3,-'1$,&' * 1*-$6* &$;%"0* -$ %$:$%E,0"' +'%' ' ,' "-$,&":"0'()* -$ *48$0&"/*# $ $#&%'&J5"'# -$ ",&$%/$,()* 31' /$? 23$ $#&$ 1*-$6* $,:'&"?' * :'0&* -$ 23$ '# 0%"',('# $ *# +%$#&'-*%$# -$ 03"-'-*# #$ ",:63$,0"'1 13&3'1$,&$ '* 6*,5* -* &$1+* %3? PX "1$,&$6 T4!

$ '0*%-* 0*1 %3? P! * 1*-$6* &%',#'00"*,'6 +%$/E 23$ ' ",&$%/$,()* -$/$ &$% $1 0*,&' ' %$0"+%*0"-'-$ $ 0*,&",3"-'-$ -'# %$6'(>$# 23$ $#&$ 1*-$6* ,*# 0*,0$-$ -$ ,*/* $1 %$6'()* ' *3&%*# 1*-$6*# J ' "53'6 E,:'#$ 0*6*0'-' ,' "1+*%&N,0"' -' 0%"',(' $ -* '14"$,&$ *3 #$8' #$53,-* 31' $9+6"0'()* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&'6 *# %$#36&'-*# ,)* %$#36&'1

T

#; -'# 0'%'0&$%<#&"0'# -' 0%"',(' ,$1 '+$,'# -* 1$"* 1'# #"1 -' ",&$%'0()* -$ '14*# '*

6*,5* -* &$1+* $%$"%' !

$#&' '4*%-'5$1 * -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* J /"#&* 0*1* %$#36&',&$ -'# ",&$%'0(>$# -",N1"0'# 0*,&<,3'# $,&%$ '# 0%"',('# $ '# $9+$%"$,0"'# +*##"4"6"&'-'# +$6' :'1<6"' $ *# #$3# 0*,&$9&*# -$ /"-' #$,-* 23$ $#&'# $9+$%"E,0"'# ,)* #)* $,0'%'-'# 0*1* ",&$%-$+$,-$,&$#

-' 0%"',(' %3? PX "1$,&$6 T4X $%$"%' !

",&$%/$,()* &$,-* +*% 4'#$ $#&$ 1*-$6* ,)* +*-$ :*0'% '+$,'# ' 0%"',(' *3 '+$,'# * '14"$,&$ 1'# #"1 '14*# +*%23$ * 0*,&$9&* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -' 0%"',(' J &)* "1+*%&',&$ 23',&* '# #3'# 0'%'0&$%<#&"0'# ,' -$&$%1",'()* -$ 31 -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -$

#30$##* '1$%*:: W "$#$ !

'1$%*:: $ "$#$ ! #35$%$1 23$ ' '-*+()* -$#&$ 1*-$6* +%$##3+>$ 23$ *

+%*:"##"*,'6 /$8' *# +%*46$1'# 0*1* %$#36&'-* -$ $9+$%"$,0"'# $ +$%0$+(>$# -*# +'%&"0"+',&$# -$##'# 1$#1'# $9+$%"E,0"'#

'6 0*1* * 1*-$6* $0*6;5"0* -$ O%*,:%$,4%$,,$% QMU! $#&$ 1*-$6* "1+6"0*3 13-',('# ,' '0()* -' ,*3&%*# 0*,&$9&*# 23$ ,)* $9063#"/'1$,&$ ' 0%"',(' 6$/',-* ' 31' $/*63()* ,'# $#&%'&J5"'# -$ '/'6"'()* $ ,*# +%;+%"*# #$%/"(*# -$ +'##',-* ' %$:*%('% 1'"# '# %$6'(>$# $ ' 13-',(' -*# 0*1+*%&'1$,&*# ",&$%'0&"/*# $,&%$ ' 0%"',(' $ * +%",0"+'6 +%$#&'-*% -$ 03"-'-*# %3? P!

2.2. Modelos centrados na Família e nos contextos naturais

# &%'4'6=*# -$ 3,#& $$& $ %"/$&&$ QMM! 0*,&%"43<%'1 +'%' ' %$:*%136'()* -*# #$%/"(*# -$ #&$ 1*-$6* #3%5$ ,' #$23E,0"' -* 1*-$6* -$ 0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'()* $ +%*1*()* -'# 0'+'0"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' &*%,',-*D#$ %$:$%E,0"' 4'#$ ,' $6'4*%'()* -* 6',* -$ ,-"/"-3'6"#1* -$ +*"* . '1<6"' ! $'6 3,#& W %"/$&& QMQX 3,#& W

$'6 QQT!

# &%'4'6=*# -$#$,/*6/"-*# +*% 3,#& $$& $ %"/$&&$ QMM! ,' -J0'-' -$ M 0*,&%"43<%'1 +'%' 31' $/*63()* $ %$:*%136'()* -* '&$,-"1$,&* -'# 0%"',('# $ #3'# :'1<6"'# ,*# #$%/"(*# -$ '* ",&%*-3?"%$1 *# 0*,0$"&*# -$ @0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'%C $

T

@0'+'0"&'%C emporwerment $ enabling! #&' 0*,0$+()* /$"* $,:'&"?'% ' "1+*%&N,0"' -* $,/*6/"1$,&* -' :'1<6"' $ -* &%'4'6=* 0*,83,&* 0*1* ' 1$#1' -$ :*%1' ' 0'+'0"&'% 0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'% $ :*%&'6$0$% '# :'1<6"'# %3? P!

$53,-* 0G"66"'1 G",&*, $ %'"# QQU! %$0*,=$0$% *# +*,&*# :*%&$# -'# :'1<6"'# 0*1 /'6*%$# $ 0%$,('# -":$%$,&$# -'# -* +%*:"##"*,'6 -'# :'1<6"'# 1$,*# ",:*%1'-'# *3 -'23$6'# 0*1 0*1+$&E,0"'# $ %$03%#*# 6"1"&'-*# J 31' &'%$:' -":<0"6 *,&3-* $#&'# :'1<6"'# &'14J1 +*##3$1 0*1+$&E,0"'# *3 ' 0'+'0"-'-$ -$ '# '-23"%"%

# :'1<6"'# $#0*6=$1 0*1* 23$%$1 ",063"% ' ,' #3' /"-' =7 :'1<6"'# 23$ +%$&$,-$1 23$ ' ",&$%/$,()* #$ :*23$ ,' 0%"',(' *3&%'# +%$&$,-$1 23$ ' ",&$%/$,()* #$ :*23$ ,'

:'1<6"' 1 23'623$% 31 -*# 0'#*# +*-$1*# $#&'% :'0$ ' 31' '4*%-'5$1 0$,&%'-' ,'

:'1<6"' -$#-$ 23$ $6' $#&$8' 0*,#0"$,&$ 23$ * :*0* ,' :'1<6"' J &'14J1 31' *+()*

0G"66"'1 ',5 ',-"/"$%$ ,5$66 *66",# W ,-$%-*A, QQS!

* $,&',&* 31' '4*%-'5$1 0$,&%'-' ,' :'1<6"' %$#+$"&' $ '83#&'D#$ .# %*&",'# :'1"6"'%$# '%' "##* * ",&$%/$,0"*,"#&' +%$0*0$ +*##"4"6"&' 23$ *# +'"# :3,0"*,$1 0*1* +'"# $ ,)* 0*1* &$%'+$3&'# '/'6"' '# ,$0$##"-'-$# -' 0%"',(' . 63? -* 0*,&$9&* -' /"-' :'1"6"'% -$#$,/*6/$ ",&$%/$,(>$# $,23'-%'-'# ,'# %*&",'# :'1"6"'%$# $ 0*,#&%;" $ :*%&'6$0$ * #"#&$1' -$ '+*"* ,'&3%'6 -' :'1<6"' #$1 * #34#&"&3"% +*% #$%/"(*# 0G"66"'1 G",&*, W

%'"# QQU!

-$&$%1",'()* -'# +%"*%"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' '&%'/J# -' '/'6"'()* -$ %*&",'# -"7%"'# &$1D #$ &*%,'-* 0'-' /$? 1'"# +*+36'% $ =7 '0&3'61$,&$ 31 5%3+* %'?*7/$6 -$ $#&%'&J5"'# $ 1$"*# ",063<-*# 0G"66"'1 QQ ! #&'# $#&%'&J5"'# ",063$1 5$%'61$,&$ ' 6"#&' -$ %*&",'# -' :'1<6"' ' '/'6"'()* 23$ *# +'"# :'?$1 -* 1*-* 0*1* *# #$3# :"6=*# 6"-'1 0*1 $##'# 1$#1'# %*&",'# $ '&J 23$ +*,&* *# 1$14%*# -' :'1<6"' $#&)* #'&"#:$"&*# 0*1 * 23$ #$ +'##' ,$##'# %*&",'# 0G"66"'1 QQ !

31' '/'6"'()* $:"0'? -'# ,$0$##"-'-$# -'# :'1<6"'# * +%*:"##"*,'6 -$/$ &$% $1 0*,#"-$%'()* '# #3'# +%"*%"-'-$# +'%' '60',('% 1$&'# $ #$%/"(*# '83-'% ,' 0*,#$03()* -$##'# +%"*%"-'-$# "-$,&":"0',-* *# %$03%#*# :'1"6"'%$# 23$ 1$6=*% #$ %$6'0"*,$1 0*1 &'"# +%"*%"-'-$# -$,&":"0'% '# +%"*%"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' J #"136&',$'1$,&$ '##$53%'% 23$ '# ",&$%/$,(>$# #)* +6',$'-'# $ "1+6$1$,&'-'# -$ :*%1' ' %$#+$"&'% $##'# +%"*%"-'-$# $ ,)* '#

TP

-*# +%*:"##"*,'"# 0G"66"'1 $& '6 QQU! $/$ #$% 31 +%*0$##* 0*,&<,3* +*%23$ '# +%"*%"-'-$# &'14J1 +*-$1 13-'% -$/"-* ' -":$%$,&$# :'0&*%$# &$1+*%7%"*# *3 +$%1',$,&$# =*#+"&'6"?'()* 13-',(' -$ $1+%$5* *3 '+$,'# 13-',(' -$ *+",")*! #&'# 13-',('# ,'# +%"*%"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' -$/$1 #$% '0*1+',='-'# +*% 13-',('# ,*# #$%/"(*# $ ,* +6',* -$ ",&$%/$,()* +'%' -'% %$#+*#&' . 13-',(' -'# +%"*%"-'-$# ; -$#&' :*%1' J 23$ ' ",&$%/$,()* $#&'%7 ' %$#+*,-$% .# 13-',('# ,'# +%"*%"-'-$# -' :'1<6"'

31 $#&3-* %$'6"?'-* +*% *3&",=* QQU! 0*1 * *48$0&"/* -$ 0*,=$0$% 23'"# '# -"/$%5E,0"'# $,&%$ *# +'"# $ *# &J0,"0*# %$6'&"/'1$,&$ .# +%",0"+'"# -":"036-'-$# #$,&"-'# +$6'# :'1<6"'# -'# 0%"',('# 0*1 '# #3'# ,$0$##"-'-$# +%"*%"&7%"'# $ '# #3'# $9+$0&'&"/'# *# %$#36&'-*# -$1*,#&%'1 06'%'# -"#0%$+N,0"'# -$ *+",">$# ,* 23$ -"? %$#+$"&* '*# &J0,"0*# ,23',&* +'%' *# +'"# '# #3'# -":"036-'-$# $#&'/'1 %$6'0"*,'-'# 0*1 *# #$%/"(*# P Mb! +'%' *# &J0,"0*# '# 1'"*%$# -":"036-'-$# -*# +'"# $#&'/'1 %$6'0"*,'-'# 0*1 ' +%;+%"' :'1<6"' PM Rb! # ,$0$##"-'-$# +%"*%"&7%"'# +'%' *# +'"# 0$,&%'/'1D#$ ,* '+*"* . 0%"',(' SP Ub! +'%' *# &J0,"0*# '# 1'"*%$# ,$0$##"-'-$# -$ '+*"* #"&3'/'1D#$ ' ,</$6 -' :'1<6"' US b! I3',&* .# $9+$0&'&"/'# -'# :'1<6"'# $1 %$6'()* '*# &J0,"0*# $ -$#&$# $1 %$6'()* .# :'1<6"'# &'14J1 #$ /$%":"0*3 ' 1$#1' &$,-E,0"' -$ -":$%$,(' -$ *+",">$# ,23',&* 23$ *# +'"# $#+$%'1 -*# +%*:"##"*,'"# '#+$0&*# -$ *%-$1 +%*:"##"*,'6 &'6 0*1* ' 0*1+$&E,0"' SQ b! *# +%*:"##"*,'"# 0*,#"-$%'1 23$ '# :'1<6"'# $#+$%'1 -$6$# * 23$ ' '3&*%' -$,*1",' -$ @$9+$0&'&"/'# "-$'6"?'-'#C *,-$ ",063" @1"6'5%$#C C03%'#C $ ' %$#*63()* "1$-"'&' -*# +%*46$1'# PQ Mb!

I3',&* 1'"# *# +%*:"##"*,'"# #$ $#:*%0$1 +*% '&$,-$% .# +%"*%"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' 1'"# 0'+'?$# #)* -$ -$#$,/*6/$% %$6'(>$# +%;9"1'# 0*1 $6' 6*5* ' :'1<6"' #$%7 1'"# 0'+'? -$ /$% * ",&$%/$,0"*,"#&' +%$0*0$ 0*1* 31 +*&$,0"'6 %$03%#* +'%' '&$,-$% '# #3'# ,$0$##"-'-$# 0G"66"'1 $& '6 QQS!

# %*&",'# :'1"6"'%$# #)* -$ $9&%$1' "1+*%&N,0"' +'%' * :*%&'6$0"1$,&* -'# :'1<6"'# +$%1"&",-* 31 %$#&'4$6$0"1$,&* -'# 6"5'(>$# ",&$%+$##*'"# 31' $6'4*%'()* -$ 31 #"5,":"0'-* -$ /"-' $ 31' #$53%',(' ,* 0*,&$9&* :'1"6"'% $ 0*13,"&7%"* '< ' ",-"#+$,#'4"6"-'-$ -$ 0'-' :'1<6"' -$#0*4%"% *# c#$3# %"&3'"#d *3 #$8' *# %"&3'"# 23$ 6=$ :'?$1 1'"# #$,&"-* ",- T!

TT

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

0*14",'1 * :'?$% 0*1 * +$,#'% 6$# :*%,$0$1 ' +*,&$ $,&%$ +*% 31 6'-* * +$,#'1$,&*

036&3%'6 $ #"5,":"0'(>$# 036&3%'"# 0*1+6$9'# $ +*% *3&%* ' '0()* #*0"'6 $ *# :$,;1$,*# "1$-"'&*# ",- T!

# %*&",'# :*%'1 +$%$1+&*%"'1$,&$ ",#$%"-*# ,*# 1*-$6*# #"#&J1"0*# -' &$%'+"' :'1"6"'% +*% $6/","D '6'??*6" QRT! -$:",",-* *# 0*1* 31' '0()* *3 31' #J%"$ -$ '0(>$# '39"6"'-'# +*% $9+%$##>$# /$%4'"# 23$ $,/*6/$1 ' :'1<6"' ",&$"%' 34#"#&$1 0*1* 23'623$% %*&",' ,31' #$23E,0"' %$536'% -$ +'##*# %$'6"?'-*# ,31 &$1+* $ $#+'(* 0*%%$0&*#

'"# &'%-$ $6/","D '6'??*6" O*#0*6* $0=", $ %'&' QRR! ':"%1'1 23$ '# %*&",'# $,0*,&%'1 #$ 1'"# +%;9"1*# -* 0;-"5* ','6;5"0* ,)* /$%4'6 -* 23$ -* 0;-"5* -"5"&'6

*-$1*# 0$%&":"0'% 23$ '# %*&",'# +*##3$1 ' 0'+'0"-'-$ -$ ",&$%6"5'% *# '#+$0&*# ','6;5"0*# $ -"5"&'"# -' 0*13,"0'()* $ *:$%$0$1 ' *+*%&3,"-'-$ -$ $9+%"1"% $ /"/$,0"'%

'65* 23$ ,)* #$ +*-$ $9+%"1"% 1$%'1$,&$ +*% +'6'/%'# $#&' :*%1' +*-$1 0'+&'%

#"5,":"0'-*# 23$ #$ $,0*,&%'1 +'%' '6J1 -'# +'6'/%'# $6/","D '6'??*6" O*#0*6* $0=",

W %'&' QRR!

$ '0*%-* 0*1 3,#& 4! 0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'% '#+"%' 5$%'% %$#36&'-*# 23$

+*&$,0"$1 '# 0*1+$&E,0"'# '* ",/J# -$ 0%"'% -$+$,-E,0"'# *3 #$8' 31 &%'4'6=* -$ +*&$,0"'6"?'% '# 0*1+$&E,0"'# 87 +*##3<-'# $ '-23"%"% *3&%'# ",$9"#&$,&$#

1*-$6* -$ '+*"* $ %$:*%(* -'# +*&$,0"'6"-'-$# -' :'1<6"' $,56*4' $6$1$,&*# 0*,0$+&3'"# $ -$ +%*0$-"1$,&* 23$ $1 0*,83,&* +$%1"&$1 "1+6$1$,&'% 31 +6',* -$ "-$,&":"0'()* $ -"#+*,"4"6"?'()* -*# '+*"*# $ #$%/"(*# ' #$%$1 +%$#&'-*# . :'1<6"' # ,$0$##"-'-$# $ *48$0&"/*# -'# :'1<6"'# *# #$3# +*,&*# :*%&$# $ 0'+'0"-'-$# 4$1 0*1* *#

TS

%$03%#*# -$ '+*"*# 0*,#&"&3$1 :'0&*%$# "1+*%&',&$# ,' '/'6"'()* $ +6',$'1$,&* -' ",&$%/$,()* 0$,&%'-' ,' :'1<6"' 3,#& '!

'+6"0'()* -$#&$ 1*-$6* "1+6"0' 3,#& '! ' "-$,&":"0'()* -'# +%"*%"-'-$# -'# :'1<6"'# -$#$8*# ,$0$##"-'-$# +%$*03+'(>$# '#+"%'(>$#!X ' "-$,&":"0'()* -$ :*,&$# :*%1'"# $ ",:*%1'"# $ ' "-$,&":"0'()* -$ %$03%#*# +'%' -'% %$#+*#&' ' ",&$,(>$# $ *48$0&"/*# $9+*#&*#X 1*4"6"?'()* -*# %$03%#*# -$ :*%1' ' $9+*% '# 0'+'0"-'-$# $9"#&$,&$# *3 +%*1*/$% ' '23"#"()* -$ ,*/'# 0*1+$&E,0"'#

#&$ 1*-$6* '4*%-' *# #$53",&$# +'%N1$&%*# -$ +%*0$-"1$,&*# 23$ $1 0*,83,&* +$%1"&$1 0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'% 3,#& '!

ecessidades da família V $#&'# #)* '6/* -$ +%7&"0'# -$ #*63(>$# -*# +%*46$1'# $ +%$*03+'(>$# $9+%$##'# +$6' :'1<6"' 0*1* %$#*63(>$# "1+*%&',&$# +'%' 0*,#$53"%$1 31'

/"-' ,*%1' 3,#& '!

Categorias de necessidades V #)* 3&"6"?'-'# 31' /$? 23$ '# ,$0$##"-'-$# -'# :'1<6"'# &%'-3?$1D#$ $1 0'&$5*%"'# -$ %$03%#*# # 0'&$5*%"'# $#&)* -"/"-"-'# ,* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* $ -' $-30'()* -' 0%"',(' $-30'()*_$,%"23$0"1$,&* -* '-36&*X 03"-'-*# ' +%$#&'% . 0%"',('X 03"-'-*# -$ #'L-$_$-30'()*X '0&"/"-'-$# $ ,$0$##"-'-$# /"/$,0"'"# $ %$0%$'&"/'#X $0*,*1"'X &%',#+*%&$ 3,#& '!

Práticas a nível de programa V '# +%7&"0'# -$#&$ 1*-$6* 4'#$"'1D#$ ,'# ,$0$##"-'-$# -'# :'1<6"'# ,*# +*,&*# :*%&$# $ ,*# %$03%#*# -'# 1$#1'# 87 -"#+*,</$"# #&'# +%7&"0'# &E1 0*1* *48$0&"/* '31$,&'% * :639* -$ %$03%#*# -"%"5"-*# . :'1<6"' -$ :*%1' ' &*%,'%D#$ '+*"',&$ +*&$,0"'% ' 0*1+$&E,0"' 3,#& '!

Fontes de apoio V $#&$ 1*-$6* %$0*,=$0$ 0*1* :*,&$# -$ '+*"* +'%' ' :'1<6"' 31 6$23$ -$ +$##*'# -$ 31' -'-' 0*13,"-'-$ -$ 5%3+*# -$ *%5',"?'(>$# -$ +%*5%'1'# $ '5$,0"'# $ &$,&'1 &*%,'% $##$# %$03%#*# /"7/$"# 0*1* *+(>$# -$ %$03%#*# 3,#& '!

Resultados V $#&$# -$/$1 #$% 0*,#$53"-*# '+;# ' *+$%'0"*,'6"?'()* -*# +'%N1$&%*# $9+*#&*# ',&$%"*%1$,&$ &',&* +'%' ' 0%"',(' 0*1* +'%' ' :'1<6"' #&$# %$#36&'-*# ",063$1 ' +*&$,0"'6"?'()* -'# 0*1+$&E,0"'# 0*1+*%&'1$,&'"# ' +%*1*()* -* -$#$,/*6/"1$,&* -'

TU

0%"',(' -*# +'"# $ -' :'1<6"' $ ' '&%"43"()* -$ 0*1+$&E,0"'# -$ 0*%%$#+*,#'4"6"?'()* $ $:"070"' +$##*'6 ,'# 0'+'0"-'-$# $#+$0<:"0'# $ ",-"/"-3'"# -$ 0'-' 31 3&%*# %$#36&'-*# &E1 ' /$% 0*1 ",-"0'-*%$# -$ 23'6"-'-$ -$ /"-' 0*1* +*% $9$1+6* 4$1D$#&'% $ #'&"#:'()*

3,#& '!

##"1 '31$,&'% '# 0*1+$&E,0"'# -' :'1<6"' #"5,":"0' +'%' 3,#& %"/$&&$ QQ ! -"#+*,"4"6"?'% .# :'1<6"'# '# ,$0$##7%"'# ",:*%1'(>$# $ '+&"->$# -$ :*%1' ' 23$ 0'-' :'1<6"' #$ &*%,$ '3&* #3:"0"$,&$ $ 0*,#$23$,&$1$,&$ 1'"# 0'+'? -$ +%*1*/$% * 4$1D$#&'% 4$1 0*1* 0'+'? -$ 0*,&'5"'% -$ :*%1' +*#"&"/' *3&%'# 7%$'# -$ :3,0"*,'1$,&* -* #$3 #"#&$1' :'1"6"'%

'# +%7&"0'# '0&3'"# -$ ",&$%/$,()* +%$0*0$ ' :'1<6"' J * $6$1$,&* :3,-'1$,&'6 +'%' $#&' ",&$%/$,()* *# #&'-*# ,"-*# ,*# L6&"1*# 0",0* ' -$? ',*# &$1D#$ /",-* ' %$'6"?'% 31 -*# 1*/"1$,&*# 1'"# %$/*630"*,7%"*# ,' 7%$' -$ ",&$%/$,()* +%$0*0$ ,' 13-',(' ,' +$%#+$0&"/' -$ &%'4'6=* 0*1 '# :'1<6"'# O$0B1', QQU!

# #$%/"(*# -$ '&$,-"1$,&* ' 0%"',('# 0*1 ,$0$##"-'-$# $-30'&"/'# $#+$0"'"# 0*1$('%'1 +*% #$ 0$,&%'% $9063#"/'1$,&$ ,' 0%"',(' $#23$0$,-*D#$ -' "1+*%&N,0"' -$ :'?$% 31' /"#)* 5$%'6 -' 0%"',(' $ 23$ $#&' :'? +'%&$ -$ 31' :'1<6"' -' 23'6 ,)* ' +*-$1*# -$#6"5'% #$ 23$%$1*# :'?$% 31' '/'6"'()* $ ",&$%/$,()* 23$ 0*%%$#+*,-' $:"0'?1$,&$ '*# +%*46$1'# -'# 0%"',('# $ -' :'1<6"' *%%$"' W $%%',* !

# +%7&"0'# 0$,&%'-'# ,' 0%"',(' &",='1 +*% 4'#$ * 1*-$6* 1J-"0* ' #3' :"6*#*:"' -$ ",&$%/$,()* ,)* /'6*%"?'/' * $,/*6/"1$,&* +'%$,&'6 #$,-* *# +%*:"##"*,'"# 0*,#"-$%'-*# '+&*# +'%' ",&$%/"% $ %$#*6/$% *# +%*46$1'# 23$ ' 0%"',(' '+%$#$,&'/' *%%$"' W $%%',*

! 9"#&"'1 0%<&"0'# ' $#&$ 1*-$6* &'"# 0*1* * 1*-$6* 1J-"0* %$:$%"'D#$ . E,:'#$ 23'#$ $9063#"/' 23$ $#&$ '&%"43<' '*# '#+$0&*# +'&*6;5"0*# $ -$:"0"&7%"*# :'1<6"' ,$#&$ 23'-%* ,)* $%' 0*,#"-$%'-' $ 23',-* * $%' $6' 0*,#&"&3<' 31' :*,&$ -$ +%*46$1'# *3 31' 4'%%$"%' #$,-* /"#&' ,31' +$%#+$0&"/' -$ +'&*6*5"' 3%,4366 W 3%,4366 QQ !

* $,&',&* * 0'1",=* +$%0*%%"-* '&J .# 0*,0$+(>$# '0&3'"# -' +%7&"0' -' ",&$%/$,()* +%$0*0$ 0$,&%'-' ,' :'1<6"' -$+$,-$3 -$ 31' #J%"$ -$ 0*,&%"43&*# 23$% ' ,</$6 +%7&"0* &$;%"0* ,</$6 +%7&"0* =7 31 %$'60$ -*# +'+J"# -*# +'"# 0*1* 0*D&$%'+$3&'# +%*03%'D#$

TR

0*,#"-$%'% +%$03%#*%$# -$ 31' ",&$%/$,()* $0*6;5"0' #3%5$ ,*# #&'-*# ,"-*# #*4%$ ' %$#+*,#'4"6"-'-$ -* Office of Economic Opportunity -3%',&$ 31 +$%<*-* -$,*1",'-* -$

53$%%' . +*4%$?' :*" * +%*5%'1' Head Start #&$ +%*5%'1' -$#$,/*6/$3 31 #"#&$1'

136&"-"1$,#"*,'6 23$ '4%',5$ ' $-30'()* 0*1+$,#'&;%"' #$%/"(*# -$ #'L-$ ,3&%"()* #$%/"(*# #*0"'"# $ $,/*6/"1$,&* :'1"6"'% 23$ /"#' 1",*%'% *# %"#0*# -$#$,/*6/"1$,&'"# -$ 0%"',('# +*4%$# $1 "-'-$ +%JD$#0*6'% "56$% W '6$,&",$ QRQ!

+%*5%$##"/' 13-',(' ,' ",&$%/$,()* +%$0*0$ ,* #$3 '6/* -$ ",&$%/$,()* 0*1$(*3 +$6' 0%"',(' -$+*"# *# +'"# ' :'1<6"' $ ' 0*13,"-'-$ $,-* '6'%5'-* * #$3 0'1+* ",&$%/$,&"/* ' 31' +$%#+$0&"/' #"#&J1"0' $ $0*6;5"0' 0G"66"'1 G",&*, W %'"# QQU!

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

TM

In document HMS-utfordringer i anleggsbransjen (sider 46-0)