8 Utvidet sammendrag med kommentarer
8.7 Vibrasjon
8.7.2 Hånd-arm-vibrasjon
Os objectivos propostos para esta investigação foram alcançados. Foi estudada a actividade angiogénica na nurse cell de T. spiralis utilizando uma combinação de abordagens histológicas, caracterizou-se a expressão do Factor de Crescimento Vascular Endotelial (VEGF) na nurse cell de
T. spiralis, quantificaram-se os novos vasos formados pelo processo de angiogénese e as células
responsáveis pela sua maturação, e correlacionaram-se todos os dados com o tempo de infecção. Tendo em conta as condições de realização do estudo, o modelo animal estudado, a estirpe de T. spiralis e os dias de infecção definidos para o abate, foi possível concluir que:
a) A expressão de VEGF ocorre em todo o período de infecção estudado (45 a 120 dias); b) Os locais morfológicos onde é expresso o VEGF são o citoplasma da nurse cell, o
infiltrado inflamatório adjacente e a larva;
c) Existe uma relação entre a expressão de VEGF e o número de dias pós-infecção: a quantidade de péptido de VEGF no citoplasma das nurse cells tende a diminuir com o tempo, mas mantém-se nas larvas e nas células inflamatórias;
d) Existe uma relação entre a intensidade de VEGF e os locais morfológicos de expressão: a intensidade é geralmente forte na larva e infiltrado inflamatório e moderada no citoplasma das nurse cells, o que em termos semi-quantitativos se traduziu numa expressão fortemente positiva do péptido em todos os parâmetros avaliados;
e) Existe uma relação entre o aumento do número de vasos e os dias pós-infecção: o número de novos vasos aumenta com o tempo, indicando angiogénese em todo o período;
147 f) Existe uma relação entre as células que expressam AML e os dias pós-infecção: o número
de células de músculo liso diminui com o tempo indicando que a maturação dos vasos é mais activa no início do período estudado;
g) Existem relações entre os factores VEGF, número de vasos formados e maturação dos vasos: com o decorrer da infecção mantém-se a expressão de VEGF, aumenta o número de vasos formados e diminuí a maturação dos vasos.
Os resultados do presente estudo são de interesse científico na medida em que contribuem para o aumento do conhecimento da biologia de T. spiralis. Por outro lado, os dados obtidos mostram que a triquinelose é um processo em que a angiogénese não corresponde apenas a um evento. Se complementados com estudos bioquímicos e moleculares, estes resultados poderão elucidar sobre a produção da rede vascular na nurse cell de T. spiralis e sobre as vias utilizadas pelo parasita na indução da angiogénese. O bloqueio dessas vias poderá levar à inibição da angiogénese e à consequente regressão da doença. Desta forma, o conhecimento da actividade angiogénica do parasita poderá levar ao desenvolvimento de biomarcadores do sangue ou urina expressos mesmo antes dos sintomas da doença se manifestarem, bem como a abordagens preventivas e terapêuticas para a triquinelose.
151
6
Referências bibliográficas
ADAMS, R. H. & ALITALO, K., 2007. Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 8(6): 464-478.
AFFOLTER, M. & CAUSSINUS, E., 2008. Tracheal branching morphogenesis in Drosophila: new insights into cell behaviour and organ architecture. Development, 135(12): 2055.
ALBINI, A., TOSETTI, F., BENELLI, R. & NOONAN, D. M., 2005. Tumor inflammatory angiogenesis and its chemoprevention. Cancer Research, 65(23): 10637.
ANDERSON, J. R., 1997. Recommendations for the biopsy procedure and assessment of skeletal muscle biopsies. Virchows Archiv, 431(4): 227-33.
BANCROFT, J. D. & GAMBLE, M.,2002. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. (5th Ed.), Editors Churchill Livingstone, New York (NY) 725 pp.
BAPTISTA, A. & ANDRADE, Z., 2005. Angiogenesis and schistosomal granuloma formation.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 100: 183-185.
BARBARESCHI, M., GASPARINI, G., MORELLI, L., FORTI, S. & DALLA PALMA, P., 1995. Novel methods for the determination of the angiogenic activity of human tumors. Breast
Cancer Research and Treatment, 36(2): 181-192.
BARILLARI, G. & ENSOLI, B., 2002. Angiogenic effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and its role in the pathogenesis of AIDS- associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(2): 310.
BARUCH, A. & DESPOMMIER, D., 1991. Blood vessels in Trichinella spiralis infections: a study using vascular casts. The Journal of Parasitology, 77(1): 99-103.
BELL, R. G., 1998. The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in laboratory rodents. Advances in Parasitology, 41: 149-217.
BENJAMIN, L. E., HEMO, I. & KESHET, E., 1998. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development, 125(9): 1591.
BENJAMIN, L. E., GOLIJANIN, D., ITIN, A., PODE, D. & KESHET, E., 1999. Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103: 159-166.
BERGERS, G. & BENJAMIN, L. E., 2003. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nature
152 BOCZON, K., WANDURSKA-NOWAK, E. & KARCZEWSKA, M., 1993. Benzimidazoles
influence on uncoupling of host muscle mitochondria in Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis infections. Acta Parasitologica, 38(3): 136-141.
BOLAS-FERNANDEZ, F. & WAKELIN, D., 1989. Infectivity of Trichinella isolates in mice is determined by host immune responsiveness. Parasitology, 99(01): 83-88.
BOONMARS, T., WU, Z., NAGANO, I., NAKADA, T. & TAKAHASHI, Y., 2004. Differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis. Journal
of Helminthology, 78(01): 7-16.
BRINDLE, N., 1993. Growth factors in endothelial regeneration. Cardiovascular Research, 27(7): 1162.
BRUSCHI, F. & MURRELL, K., 2002. New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new Trichinella species. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 78(915): 15.
CAO, Y., LINDEN, P., SHIMA, D., BROWNE, F. & FOLKMAN, J., 1996. In vivo angiogenic activity and hypoxia induction of heterodimers of placenta growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98(11): 2507.
CAPÓ, V., DESPOMMIER, D. & POLVERE, R., 1998. Trichinella spiralis: vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation.
The Journal of Parasitology, 84(2): 209-214.
CARMELIET, P., 2003. Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nature Medicine, 9(6): 653-660. CARMELIET, P., 2005. Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature, 438(7070): 932-936. CARMELIET, P. & JAIN, R. K., 2000. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature,
407(6801): 249-257.
CARSON, F.,1997. Histotechnology - A Self-Instructional Text. (Second Ed.), American Society of Clinical Pathologists, Chicago, 303 pp.
CLEAVER, O. & MELTON, D. A., 2003. Endothelial signaling during development. Nature
Medicine, 9(6): 661-668.
CONWAY, E. M., COLLEN, D. & CARMELIET, P., 2001. Molecular mechanisms of blood vessel growth. Cardiovascular Research, 49(3): 507.
COULTAS, L., CHAWENGSAKSOPHAK, K. & ROSSANT, J., 2005. Endothelial cells and VEGF in vascular development. Nature, 438(7070): 937-945.
CUPERLOVIC, K., DJORDJEVIC, M. & PAVLOVIC, S., 2005. Re-emergence of trichinellosis in southeastern Europe due to political and economic changes. Veterinary Parasitology, 132(1- 2): 159-166.
153 DABBS, D.,2002. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry. (2nd Ed.), Churchill Livingstone
Philadelphia, 828 pp.
DAVID, L., FEIGE, J. & BAILLY, S., 2009. Emerging role of bone morphogenetic proteins in angiogenesis. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 20(3): 203-212.
DE FREITAS, G. B. L., HOELZ, L. V. B., DE AGUIAR, D. L. M., DE ALENCASTRO, R. B. & SAN GIL, R. A. S., 2009. Sistema VEGF, um alvo multi-terapêutico. Revista Virtual de
Química, 1(3): 257-269.
DE LA TORRE, J., 2002. Alzheimer’s disease: how does it start. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 4: 497-512.
DE VRIES, C., ESCOBEDO, J. A., UENO, H., HOUCK, K., FERRARA, N. & WILLIAMS, L. T., 1992. The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor.
Science, 255(5047): 989.
DENNIS, R., SCHUBERT, U. & BAUER, C., 2011. Angiogenesis and parasitic helminth- associated neovascularization. Parasitology, 138(04): 14.
DESPOMMIER, D., 1990. Trichinella spiralis: the worm that would be virus. Parasitology Today,
6(6): 193-196.
DESPOMMIER, D., 1993. Trichinella spiralis and the concept of niche. The Journal of
Parasitology, 79(4): 472-482.
DESPOMMIER, D., 1998. How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home? Parasitology Today,
14(8): 318-323.
DESPOMMIER, D., ARON, L. & TURGEON, L., 1975. Trichinella spiralis: growth of the intracellular (muscle) larva. Experimental Parasitology, 37(1): 108-116.
DESPOMMIER, D., SYMMANS, W. F. & DELL, R., 1991. Changes in nurse cell nuclei during synchronous infection with Trichinella spiralis. The Journal of Parasitology, 77(2): 290- 295.
DESPOMMIER, D., GWADZ, R., HOTEZ, P. & KNIRSCH, C.,2005. Parasitic Diseases (5th Ed.), Apple Trees Productions, LLC, New York, 450 pp.
DOR, Y., PORAT, R. & KESHET, E., 2001. Vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular adjustments to perturbations in oxygen homeostasis. American Journal of Physiology-Cell
Physiology, 280(6): C1367.
DUBOWITZ, V. & SEWRY, C.,2007. Muscle biopsy: a practical approach. (3rd Ed), WB Saunders Co, London, 611pp.
154 DUPOUY-CAMET, J., 2000. Trichinellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 93(3-
4): 191-200.
DUPOUY-CAMET, J. & MURRELL, K. D.,2007. FAO/WHO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance,
management, prevention and control of trichinellosis.), Office Intl Des Epizooties, Paris,
France, 105 pp.
DUPOUY-CAMET, J., PAUGAM, A., DE PINIEUX, G., LAVARDE, V. & VIEILLEFOND, A., 2001. Trichinella murrelli: pathological features in human muscles at different delays after infection. Parasite, 8(2): S176-S179.
DUPOUY-CAMET, J., KOCIECKA, W., BRUSCHI, F., BOLAS-FERNANDEZ, F. & POZIO, E., 2002. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opinion on
Pharmacotherapy, 3(8): 1117-30.
EFSA, 2007. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses and Zoonotic Agents in the European Union in 2006. EFSA Journal, 223: 223-226.
EICHMANN, A. Y., L; MOYON, D; LENOBLE, F; PARDANAUD, L; BREANT, C, 2005. Vascular development: from precursor cells to branched arterial and venous networks.
International Journal of Developmental Biology, 49(2): 259-267.
FAGUNDES, D. & TAHA, M., 2004. Modelo animal de doença: critérios de escolha e espécies de animais de uso corrente. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 19(1): 59-65.
FAUPEL, R. & SEITZ, H., 1972. The problem of tissue sampling from experimental animals with respect to freezing technique, anoxia, stress and narcosis:: A new method for sampling rat liver tissue and the physiological values of glycolytic intermediates and related compounds.
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 148(2): 509-522.
FENCHEL, T. & FINLAY, B. J.,1995. Ecology and evolution in anoxic worlds. (1 rst Ed.), Oxford University Press, USA, New York, 276 pp.
FERRARA, N., 2002. VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors. Nature Reviews
Cancer, 2(10): 795-803.
FERRARA, N. & HENZEL, W. J., 1989. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, 161(2): 851-858.
FERRARA, N. & KERBEL, R. S., 2005. Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target. Nature, 438(7070): 967-974.
FERRARA, N., GERBER, H. P. & LECOUTER, J., 2003. The biology of VEGF and its receptors.
155 FERRARA, N., HILLAN, K. J., GERBER, H. P. & NOVOTNY, W., 2004. Discovery and
development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. Nature Reviews
Drug Discovery, 3(5): 391-400.
FERRARA, N., MOORE, C., CHEN, H., DOWD, M., LU, L., O'SHEA, K. S., BRAXTON, P., HILLAN, K. J. & MOORE, M. W., 1996. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature, 4(380 ): 439-42.
FLANAGAN, J. G. & VANDERHAEGHEN, P., 1998. The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 21: 309.
FOLKMAN, J., 1971. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 285(21): 1182.
FOLKMAN, J., 1972. Angiogenesis in psoriasis: therapeutic implications. Journal of Investigative
Dermatology, 59(1): 40-43.
FOLKMAN, J., 1995. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nature
Medicine, 1(1): 27-30.
FOLKMAN, J. & D'AMORE, P. A., 1996. Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis?
Cell, 87(7): 1153-1155.
FOLKMAN, J., MERLER, E., ABERNATHY, C. & WILLIAMS, G., 1971. Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 133(2): 275. FONG, G., 2008. Mechanisms of adaptive angiogenesis to tissue hypoxia. Angiogenesis, 11(2):
121-140.
FONG, G. H., ZHANG, L., BRYCE, D. M. & PENG, J., 1999. Increased hemangioblast commitment, not vascular disorganization, is the primary defect in flt-1 knock-out mice.
Development, 126(13): 3015.
FRÖSCHER, W., GULLOTTA, F., SAATHOFF, M. & TACKMANN, W., 1988. Chronic trichinosis. Clinical, bioptic, serological and electromyographic observations. European
Neurology, 28(4): 221.
GAMBLE, H., POZIO, E., BRUSCHI, F., NÖCKLER, K., KAPEL, C. & GAJADHAR, A., 2004. International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on the use of serological tests for the detection of Trichinella infection in animals and man. Parasite, 11(1): 3-13.
GAMBLE, H., BESSONOV, A., CUPERLOVIC, K., GAJADHAR, A., VAN KNAPEN, F., NOECKLER, K., SCHENONE, H. & ZHU, X., 2000. International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption. Veterinary Parasitology, 93(3-4): 393-408.
156 GERBER, H. P., MCMURTREY, A., KOWALSKI, J., YAN, M., KEYT, B. A., DIXIT, V. &
FERRARA, N., 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 273(46): 30336.
GERBER, H. P., HILLAN, K. J., RYAN, A. M., KOWALSKI, J., KELLER, G. A., RANGELL, L., WRIGHT, B. D., RADTKE, F., AGUET, M. & FERRARA, N., 1999. VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. Development, 126(6): 1149.
GERHARDT, H. & BETSHOLTZ, C., 2003. Endothelial-pericyte interactions in angiogenesis. Cell
and Tissue Research, 314(1): 15-23.
GOTTSTEIN, B., POZIO, E. & NOCKLER, K., 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(1): 127.
GRAÇA, B., LUNET, C., COELHO, A. N. A. S., MONTEIRO, G., FREIRE, P., SPEIDEL, A. & CARVALHO, L., 2004. ANGIOGÉNESE E CANCRO da biopatologia à terapêutica. Acta
Médica Portuguesa, 17: 76-93.
GUSET, G., COSTI, S., LAZ R, E., DEMA, A., CORNIANU, M., VERNIC, C. & P IU AN, L., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and assessment of microvascular density with CD34 as prognostic markers for endometrial carcinoma. Romanian Journal of
Morphology and Embryology, 51(4): 677-682.
HADDAD, G. G. & YU, S. P.,2008. Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia. (1 rst Ed.), Humana Pr Inc, New York, 341pp.
HARADA, K., SUQIAN, L., CHISHOLM, D. M., SYRJÄNEN, S. & SCHOR, A. M., 2000. Angiogenesis and vasodilation in skin warts. Association with HPV infection. Anticancer
Research, 20(6B): 4519-4523.
HARLEY, J., 1972. Size of Trichinella spiralis (nematoda) muscle cysts in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 28(4): 486-487.
HEINL-GREEN, A., RADKE, P. W., MUNKONGE, F. M., FRASS, O., ZHU, J., VINCENT, K., GEDDES, D. M. & ALTON, E. W. F. W., 2005. The efficacy of a ‘master switch gene’HIF- 1 in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischaemia. European Heart Journal, 26(13): 1327.
HELLSTROM, M., 1999. Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta in recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessel formation in the mouse.
157 HLATKY, L., HAHNFELDT, P. & FOLKMAN, J., 2002. Clinical application of antiangiogenic
therapy: microvessel density, what it does and doesn't tell us. Journal of the National
Cancer Institute, 94(12): 883.
HO, Q. T. & KUO, C. J., 2007. Vascular endothelial growth factor: biology and therapeutic applications. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(7-8): 1349- 1357.
HUEGEL, R., VELASCO, P., SIERRA, M. D. L. L., CHRISTOPHERS, E., SCHRÖDER, J. M., SCHWARZ, T., TOSATO, G. & LANGE-ASSCHENFELDT, B., 2006. Novel anti- inflammatory properties of the angiogenesis inhibitor vasostatin. Journal of Investigative
Dermatology, 127(1): 65-74.
HUMES, A. & AKERS, R., 1952. Vascular changes in the cheek pouch of the golden hamster during infection with Trichinella spiralis larvae. The Anatomical Record, 114(1): 103-113. HURWITZ, H., FEHRENBACHER, L., NOVOTNY, W., CARTWRIGHT, T., HAINSWORTH,
J., HEIM, W., BERLIN, J., BARON, A., GRIFFING, S. & HOLMGREN, E., 2004. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer.
New England Journal of Medicine, 350(23): 2335-2342.
IDE, A., BAKER, N. & WARREN, S., 1939. Vascularization of the Brown Pearce rabbit epithelioma transplant as seen in the transparent ear chamber. American journal of
Roentgenology, 42: 891-899.
IMHOF, B. A. & AURRAND-LIONS, M., 2006. Angiogenesis and inflammation face off. Nature
Medicine, 12(2): 171-172.
JAIN, R. K., 2003. Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nature Medicine, 9(6): 685-693. JAIN, R. K. & BOOTH, M. F., 2003. What brings pericytes to tumor vessels? Journal of Clinical
Investigation, 112(8): 1134-1135.
JAKEMAN, L., ARMANINI, M., PHILLIPS, H. S. & FERRARA, N., 1993. Developmental expression of binding sites and messenger ribonucleic acid for vascular endothelial growth factor suggests a role for this protein in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Endocrinology,
133(2): 848.
JONGWUTIWES, S., CHANTACHUM, N., KRAIVICHIAN, P., SIRIYASATIEN, P., PUTAPORNTIP, C., TAMBURRINI, A., LA ROSA, G., SREESUNPASIRIKUL, C., YINGYOURD, P. & POZIO, E., 1998. First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26(1): 111.
158 KANSE, S., LIANG, O., SCHUBERT, U., HAAS, H., PREISSNER, K., DOENHOFF, M. &
DENNIS, R., 2005. Characterisation and partial purification of Schistosoma mansoni egg- derived pro-angiogenic factor. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 144(1): 76-85. KAPEL, C. M., WEBSTER, P., LIND, P., POZIO, E., HENRIKSEN, S. A., MURRELL, K. D. &
NANSEN, P., 1998. Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi, and T. nativa: infectivity, larval distribution in muscle, and antibody response after experimental infection of pigs.
Parasitology Research, 84(4): 264-71.
KAPEL, C. M. O., 2000. Host diversity and biological characteristics of the Trichinella genotypes and their effect on transmission. Veterinary Parasitology, 93(3-4): 263-278.
KARAMYSHEVA, A., 2008. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Biochemistry (Moscow), 73(7): 751- 762.
KENNEDY, M. & HARNETT, W.,2001. Parasitic nematodes: molecular biology, biochemistry,
and immunology.), CABI, London, 486 pp.
KERBEL, R. S., 2008. Tumor angiogenesis. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(19): 2039- 2049.
KLAGSBRUN, M. & EDELMAN, E., 1989. Biological and biochemical properties of fibroblast growth factors. Implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis,
Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 9(3): 269.
KOCICKA, W., 2000. Trichinellosis: human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Veterinary
Parasitology, 93(3-4): 365-383.
KRUPINSKI, J., KALUZA, J., KUMAR, P., KUMAR, S. & WANG, J. M., 1994. Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke, 25(9): 1794.
KUMAR, V., POZIO, E., DE BORCHGRAVE, J., MORTELMANS, J. & DE MEURICHY, W., 1990. Characterization of a Trichinella isolate from polar bear. Annales de la Société Belge
de Médecine Tropicale, 70: 131-135.
KUROI, K. & TOI, M., 2001. Circulating angiogenesis regulators in cancer patients. The
International Journal of Biological Markers, 16(1): 5-26.
KURZ, H., LAUER, D., PAPOUTSI, M., CHRIST, B. & WILTING, J., 2002. Pericytes in experimental MDA-MB231 tumor angiogenesis. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 117(6): 527-534.
LE NOBLE, F., MOYON, D., PARDANAUD, L., YUAN, L., DJONOV, V., MATTHIJSEN, R., BRÉANT, C., FLEURY, V. & EICHMANN, A., 2004. Flow regulates arterial-venous differentiation in the chick embryo yolk sac. Development, 131(2): 361.
159 LECOUTER, J., KOWALSKI, J., FOSTER, J., HASS, P., ZHANG, Z., DILLARD-TELM, L.,
FRANTZ, G., RANGELL, L., DEGUZMAN, L. & KELLER, G. A., 2001. Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium. Nature, 412(6850): 877- 884.
LEIBY, D., DUFFY, C., MURRELL, K. & SCHAD, G., 1990. Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem: transmission in the rat population. The Journal of Parasitology, 76(3): 360-364. LEMOS, Q. & ANDRADE, Z., 2010. Angiogenesis and experimental hepatic fibrosis. Memórias
do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 105: 611-614.
LOEFFLER, D., LUNDY, S., SINGH, K., GERARD, H., HUDSON, A. & BOROS, D., 2002. Soluble egg antigens from Schistosoma mansoni induce angiogenesis-related processes by up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor in human endothelial cells. The Journal of
Infectious Diseases, 185(11): 1650-1656.
LONGATTO FILHO, A., LOPES, J. M. & SCHMITT, F. C., 2010. Angiogenesis and Breast Cancer. Journal of Oncology, 2010: 7.
LUTTUN, A., TJWA, M., MOONS, L., WU, Y., ANGELILLO-SCHERRER, A., LIAO, F., NAGY, J. A., HOOPER, A., PRILLER, J. & DE KLERCK, B., 2002. Revascularization of ischemic tissues by PlGF treatment, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, arthritis and atherosclerosis by anti-Flt1. Nature Medicine, 8(8): 831-840.
LYDEN, D., HATTORI, K., DIAS, S., COSTA, C., BLAIKIE, P., BUTROS, L., CHADBURN, A., HEISSIG, B., MARKS, W. & WITTE, L., 2001. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow– derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nature Medicine, 7(11): 1194-1201.
MALAKAUSKAS, A., KAPEL, C. M. & WEBSTER, P., 2001. Infectivity, persistence and serological response of nine Trichinella genotypes in rats. Parasite, 8(2 Suppl): S216-22. MANZ, H. J., 1980. Pathology of skeletal muscle: principles of reaction patterns and histochemistry
and experience with 195 biopsies. Virchows Archiv - A: Pathological Anatomy &
Histopathology, 386(1): 1-19.
MARME, D. & FUSENIG, N.,2007. Tumor angiogenesis: basic mechanisms and cancer therapy. (1rst Ed.), Springer Verlag, Germany, 845pp.
MARQUES, P. D. (2008). Avaliação de antigénios de Trichinella spiralis no decurso da triquinelose em modelo murino, Tese de mestrado inédita, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical.
MATSUO, A., WU, Z., NAGANO, I. & TAKAHASHI, Y., 2000. Five types of nuclei present in the capsule of Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology, 121(02): 203-210.
160 MEYER, M., CLAUSS, M., LEPPLE-WIENHUES, A., WALTENBERGER, J., AUGUSTIN, H.
G., ZICHE, M., LANZ, C., BÜTTNER, M., RZIHA, H. J. & DEHIO, C., 1999. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases.
The EMBO Journal, 18(2): 363-374.
MOCKETT, R. J., SOHAL, R. S. & ORR, W. C., 1999. Overexpression of glutathione reductase extends survival in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster under hyperoxia but not normoxia.
The FASEB Journal, 13(13): 1733.
MONTGOMERY, J., FELDMAN, A., DESPOMMIER, D., STEWART, G. & HAEHLING, E., 1995. A method for isolation and partial purification of Trichinella spiralis nurse cells. The
Journal of Parasitology, 81(4): 649-652.
MORETTI, A. F., DP; PASQUALI, P.; MECHELLI, L.; ROSSODIVITA, ME;POLIDORI, GA (1997). 430. Experimental infection of fish with Trichinella britovi: Biological evaluations. In: Trichinellosis. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Trichinellosis Ortega-Pierres G., Gamble H. R., van Knapen F. & Wakelin D. (eds). Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Mexico, Mexico.pp.135-142.
MORIKAWA, S., BALUK, P., KAIDOH, T., HASKELL, A., JAIN, R. K. & MCDONALD, D. M., 2002. Abnormalities in pericytes on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors.
American Journal of Pathology, 160(3): 985.
MUELLER, M. M. & FUSENIG, N. E., 2004. Friends or foes—bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4(11): 839-849.
MURRELL, K. & POZIO, E., 2000. Trichinellosis: the zoonosis that won't go quietly. International
Journal for Parasitology, 30(12-13): 1339-1349.
NIBORSKI, V., VALLÉE, I., FONSECA-LINAN, R., BOIREAU, P., ENCISO, A., ORTEGA- PIERRES, G. & YÉPEZ-MULIA, L., 2004. Trichinella spiralis: stimulation of mast cells by TSL-1 antigens trigger cytokine mRNA expression and release of IL-4 and TNF through an Ig-independent pathway. Experimental Parasitology, 108(3-4): 101-108.
NÖCKLER, K. & KAPEL, C., 2007. Detection and surveillance for Trichinella: meat inspection and hygiene, and legislation. FAO/WHO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance, management,
prevention and control of trichinellosis. World Organisation for Animal Health Press, Paris, France: 69–97.
NODEN, D., 1989. Embryonic origins and assembly of blood vessels. The American Review of
161 NYBERG, P., XIE, L. & KALLURI, R., 2005. Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. Cancer
Research, 65(10): 3967.
O'REILLY, M. S., BOEHM, T., SHING, Y., FUKAI, N., VASIOS, G., LANE, W. S., FLYNN, E., BIRKHEAD, J. R., OLSEN, B. R. & FOLKMAN, J., 1997. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell, 88(2): 277-285.
OGIELSKI, L., 1949. Reaction of the vascular vessels against an
invasion of the larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Zoologica Poloniae, 5: 35-42.
OIVANEN, L., KAPEL, C. M. O., POZIO, E., LA ROSA, G., MIKKONEN, T. & SUKURA, A., 2002. Associations between Trichinella species and host species in Finland. The Journal of
Parasitology, 88(1): 84-88.
PAGENSTECHER, H.,1865. Die Trichinen: Nach Versuchen im Auftrage des Grossherzoglich
Badischen Handelsministeriums ausgeführt am zoologischen Institute in Heidelberg von Mes.-Rath Prof. Christ. Jos. Fuchs und Prof. H. Alex. Pagenstecher dargestellt von H. Alex. Pagenstecher. Mit zwei Kupfertafeln.), w. Engelmann, 116 pp.
PAPETTI, M. & HERMAN, I. M., 2002. Mechanisms of normal and tumor-derived angiogenesis.
American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 282(5): C947.
PEARCE, E., KANE, C., SUN, J., TAYLOR, J., MCKEE, A. & CERVI, L., 2004. Th2 response polarization during infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni.
Immunological Reviews, 201(1): 117-126.
PENG, H., WRIGHT, V., USAS, A., GEARHART, B., SHEN, H., CUMMINS, J. & HUARD, J., 2002. Synergistic enhancement of bone formation and healing by stem cell–expressed VEGF and bone morphogenetic protein-4. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 110(6): 751- 759.
PEPPER, M., WASI, S., FERRARA, N., ORCI, L. & MONTESANO, R., 1994. In vitro angiogenic and proteolytic properties of bovine lymphatic endothelial cells. Experimental Cell
Research, 210(2): 298-305.
PFARR, K., DEBRAH, A., SPECHT, S. & HOERAUF, A., 2009. Filariasis and lymphoedema.
Parasite Immunology, 31(11): 664-672.
PLANK, M. & SLEEMAN, B., 2003. Tumour-induced angiogenesis: a review. Journal of
Theoretical Medicine, 5: 137-154.
POLAK, J., NOORDEN, S. & KOEHLER, A.,1997. Introduction to Immunocytochemistry (2nd ed), Bios-Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 141 pp.
162 POLVERE, R., KABBASH, C., CAPÓ, V., KADAN, I. & DESPOMMIER, D., 1997. Trichinella
spiralis: Synthesis of Type IV and Type VI Collagen during Nurse Cell Formation* 1.