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TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS? A discussion of the relevance of the right to a safe and healthy environment

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TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS?

A discussion of the relevance of

the right to a safe and healthy environment.

By Morgane DUSSUD, BA

SOA- 3092

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree:

Master in Human Rights Practice

School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg

School of Business and Social Sciences, University of Roehampton Department of Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Tromsø

Spring 2013

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(9)

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(10)

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54678

(11)

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(12)

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51678

(13)

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(22)

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(24)

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