!" # $%
$& '#()
*,+"-/.10324506.87 2:9;+<.10>=,+"?'@BADC *,+"E:+FAG06HI9KJ).8LMC;[email protected]+HS2
TVU +FADE:L;06+"7W+"CX2YADC;Z 7W.[ZM+NON\@VCM?W.G4H.1CX2]0^.1NON\@VCM?W4_AGHS2].'0`E4a.'0
Ab@\0dceE]+FAgf;Lihj+"Elk
mnporq5storuwv&xzyb{}|^~Fup~Fq
>\' 5> a 5>\>>dS]O:
a3d 5:I>3/ a> a"}i>OX¡
¢
i_£¤
¦¥\ a§`] aj¨ ©ª«d ¬ a dB®z¨ a3 dS¯; a>°]®3¡65]O©:
a3d 5:I>3/ a> a"}i>OX¡
²±³ª´dµ¤F\a¶¥\ a]§`]·Md¸¶¹:º"¶»]`¼
½ v5uµo}~¾o}v¿
jÀ
MÁ£
ÀÂ
Á
À¨XÃ
Ä3Å :Ƭ[B§d 5`ºIB§d 5M¨Xd] ²X¡
Ǫȵ
Å>Å
Æ
Ä3É/Ê
Ë]::ÌÍ
᪫p¤F Ë}·Mª«p¶¹]>>:¶»>_Ï
¢
i_£¤
°]°: aËÀMa ÐG®3¡^\a:ËÑG]>©] 5 a©]
ÒÓ66Ë][Ôi>© Àj5 d]>>°]®]©M]\©^
ÒÕ^6Ë][Ôi I 3Ö> Ä3Å
̶×ÍS¶ ¶
᪫p¤Dº3 Ë}·[®]µ¶» 5Ë]}¼
ئÙÚVÛVÜÞÝß«à>áãâ_ä6à_å_å_æMç_è3ß`Ùâ
ñbò3ÜÞÛbÚVÙó:ÝÚôGõ3ÙBÛVöÚÜã÷]ÙBÛ8øiÛÜãùMó3úÞÙ ôÜãù;Ùûwõ3Ùó:Ùß`õ3Ùßdô1ߣè3ù;ÙÚÜÞöÎø5úIù;Ýõ3Ùú:üÇÝÚbôò`Ù
ôÜãù;Ùûwõ3Ùó:Ùß`õ3Ùßdô öBÝùMó3è3ôOø5ôÜÞÝß%Ý5ü"ôò`Ù[ôVÙùMó]ÙÚOø5ôè3ÚVÙ[ó3ÚVÝ5ý`úÞÙ[Üãß/ôò`Ùè3ó3ó:ÙÚ1úøBþtÙÚ
Ý5üÿôò`ÙÝdöBÙÎø5ß}ä:ø5ß`õ/ôò`Ù[öBÝùMó6ø5ÚÜÞÛVÝß´Ý5üÿôò`ÙeÚVÙBÛVè3úãôVÛGüÇÚVÝù ôò`Ùeù;Ýõ3Ùú
Üãôò ù;ÙÎøaû
Ûè3ÚVÙù;ÙߣôVÛüÇÚVÝù ôò`ÙÜãß Ù YÛè3Ú³üøöBÙ/ó3ÚVÝ5ý`úãÜãßÜãß`ÛôÚè3ù;Ùߣôëùøõ3ÙÈõ>è3ÚÜãß
ôò`Ù"ûý6ÙúÞõ Ùó]ÙÚÜãù;ÙߣôÎá¦ñbò`Ù'ù;Ýõ3Ùú^ÜÞÛD÷6øÛVÙBõëè3ó:Ýß öBÝß`ÛVÙÚ_ø5ôÜÞÝßëúø
Û
üÇÝÚ'ò`ÙÎø5ô[ø5ß`õÈù;Ýù;Ùßdôè3ù ärø5ß`õ«ÙùMó3úÞݲþÛ[ø5ß%ÙBõ3õ>þÈõ>Ü]è`ÛÜÞÝß´ó6ø5ÚOø5ù;ÙôVÙÚÜÞÛOø5ôÜÞÝß
ò3ÜÞöVòiÜÞÛ}õ3Ùó:Ùß`õ3ÙßdôSÝß[ôò`Ù
Üãß`õÛó]ÙBÙBõ[ø5ß`õ
Üãß`õÛVôÚVÙBÛVÛrø5ó3ó3úãÜÞÙBõø5ô}ôò`ÙlÛVÙÎøGÛè3Ú³û
üøöBÙ_á'ôò`ÙÚXó6ø5ÚOø5ù;ÙôVÙÚVÛeÛè`öVòøÛ'ôò`Ù÷3è3úeÛ dÜãß´Ûè3Ú³üøöBÙiôVÙùMó]ÙÚOø5ôè3ÚVÙMõ>Ü]ÙÚ³û
Ùß`öBÙ ø5ß`õ!"#$`èëø5ÚVÙ õ3ÙôVÙÚùMÜãß`ÙBõ ÷£þëø5ó3ó3úãÜÞöÎø5ôÜÞÝß/Ý5ü}ôò`Ù«ÝúÞÙBöè3úø5Ú% öBÙÎø5ß3ÜÞö
&bÝè3ß`õ`ø5Úþ('*)"þtÙÚ%«Ýõ3Ùú+,-&'*).bÝ5üöVò3ú/`ÛVÛVÙúÿø5ß`õÝúÞÝ0ÜÞÙ1:á
2 ÜtÙß ôò6ø5ôFß`Ýiôè3ß3Üãß
øÛDó]ÙÚ³üÇÝÚù;ÙBõ ôò`Ù ÛÜãùMó3úÞÙ1ôÜãù;Ùûwõ3Ùó]Ùß`õ3ÙߣôGù;Ýõ3Ùú ä
ø5ß`õ&ôò6ø5ô[ôò`ÙMù;Ýõ3Ùúlõ3ÝÙBÛeß`Ýô[ôOø3tÙøöBöBÝè3ßdôÝ5üGÛôÚOø5ôÜ×ý6öÎø5ôÜÞÝß}äÿôò`ÙMÚVÙBÛè3úãôVÛÝ5ü
ôò`Ùjù;Ýdõ3ÙúÚè3ß`Û[ø5ÚVÙjÜãß&ÚOø5ôò`ÙÚ4tÝdÝõ&ø3_ÚVÙBÙù;Ùߣô
Üãôò&ôò`ÙMÝ÷`ÛOÙÚø5ôÜÞÝß`ÛÎáñbò`Ù
ù;Ýdõ3ÙúDùøBþ&÷]ÙÛVè3ÜãôOø5÷3úÞÙ øÛjø5ßÜãßdôVÙÚ³üøöBÙ ÷]Ùô
ÙBÙßôÜãù;ÙûÜãß`õ3Ùó]Ùß`õ3ÙߣôMù;Ýõ3ÙúÞÛ
üÇÝÚÿó3ÚVÝöBÙBÛVÛVÙBÛ5tÙÚþ[ß`ÙÎø5Ú"ôò`ÙFÛè3Ú³üøöBÙ_ätø5ß`õiúø5ÚtÙÚ³ûwÛVöÎø5úÞÙbôò3ÚVÙBÙûwõ>Üãù;Ùß`ÛÜÞÝß6ø5ú3ôÜãù;Ùû
õ3Ùó:Ùß`õ3ÙßdôÝöBÙÎø5ß öÜãÚVöè3úø5ôÜÞÝß ù;Ýdõ3ÙúÞÛ²á6)#ÛôÚOø5Ü_ò£ô³üÝÚ
ø5ÚVõÕÙôVÙß`ÛVÜÞÝß Ý5ü ôò`Ù
ù;Ýdõ3ÙúFÛò`Ýè3úÞõø5úÞÛVÝ/÷]ÙMöÎø5ó6ø5÷3úÞÙ;Ý5übùø3dÜãß ôÜãù;Ùûwõ3Ùó]Ùß`õ3ÙߣôjöBÝùMó3è3ôOø5ôÜÞÝß`ÛÝ5ü
"#MöBÝß`öBÙߣôÚOø5ôÜÞÝß´Üãß/ôò`Ùeß`ÙÎø5Ú³ûwÛè3Ú³ü øöBÙeúøBþtÙÚ Ý5üÿôò`ÙÝdöBÙÎø5ß}á
798;:<>=?A@ BDC>E%BGFHBD<%I;J
Ke®] ë®]>®6± a>©:©>&]°]°r 5V±65 5 aª«°r 5d: °]¸]:ÈË: aÏ6a ML 5\ 5Ë«®]©
a°S\8Xd1Ë: aÏ> a>°r 5Ë´]ËÈË] 5°:_¡> aË´º3¡ÈÃ5¶`'Çd ÒÓ\Ë"3[®]> dÇO¡ 'a_Ï> 5\ 5Ë
]]Ë: 5&ÑG]>°r d¨ >ªÈªÈ\>Q\ Ȩ ]\ Ê 5©_[®]©°"¨ `²i]¶"Ñ1¬ Ê &±
O¨-K
ÉNÅ
ÆPO3Ö^¶4Ke®] i>O a>ÇQ¬ a dB® ¨ >]:5GL ]]Ë: 5Ë®] ©]\]ªÈ 53jË: aÏ> a>°6±
ªÈ 53[]]Ë] a®] ;5]\ a`°]\£¥\ 5²¶QKe®] >º]\ 5\Ïdd>]"ËId/°] a 53 5Ë©&®]©e 5°r>O
\ RL \>ª®] i©] iÀj°:©}¨ ®]² ad©>ÈÑS:°r 5\ªÈ 53
¢
QÀ;¨XÑD±O¼²3[®]B®
5]Ë]]² 5ËÕº3¡z®] ÈÌë¶ÍS¶¦id©>I a>]:© ]ËÓÍ^°Ia Ë:ª«©]O£z]ËÕ£±
©>I"Àj5 d]]Ë ª«>\°]®] a Ë]ªÈ:\d>ÿ¶
Ke®] 5>ªÈ°]: 5/a^Ë] QÀMXÂ
Ȫ´Ë: _Ïd©Çº: ´,®] ` 5\] a«d«Ë]Ë: 5\
TVUUWYX[ZZ]\V\\-^_a`b;cQ^ defaZ`VghdVc_aZhi;c;jhdklZnma`]o*pc]qlr^tsvuVw
º3¡Ã5¶}Ðl a ajÍ6B®]yx]\ aµ¶
3 *PnDhn*
VnVV 5n
~ G"V GV 5 ¡DV¢%£ta¤PV"n;nG]¥]l¦¢ §
Å ¶Æ XB§`>\>]]Ë ¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ É
Å ¶Ö 6Ë] 5¨L >\ª ]d©>%:Ë\°S a5©¸]d> ¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ É
Å ¶Ö^¶©Æ ¨ : a3i°:¸I© ;]Ë©e°S>\©º] M M©ÿ aa>XÏ> a¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶
É
Å ¶Ö^¶×Ö Ô dª]vS ¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Æ>Æ
Å ¶Ö^¶
Å
Ãi aBd aË&°r 5a©¸I5d©>hLF®] ;ª«6Ë] aK¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ ÆtÖ
« DV¢YnV¢n V
¬5 ¢* V®
¯
DV¢Yn*°anl DG6l ±¨V 5;n5 D
¶Æ ¨ ^Ë: ²L>e5>ªÈ°]:]/a]\ 53°]d¸I Md]Ë M©ÿ aa[> _Ï 5
¢³´µ¶"·a¸;¹º¼»
¼zÖ^Æ
¶Æ>¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
³´µ¶"·a¸v¹º¼»
¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Ö^Æ
¶Ö ¨ ^Ë: ¾L e5>ªÈ°]:] ªÈ j aÏ>:>hLl aª«°r 5d:
¢¿3ÀhÁÂ¥À]ÃĺÅvÆ
¼ ¶ Ö É
¶Ö^¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¿ÀhÁ[Â¥À]ÃĺÅvÆ
¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Ö É
¶Ö^¶Ö Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¹ Ç1»~ŨÈÉÅÄÁMµPÊÈË·DÀnèºÅvÆ
¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Å>Å
¶Ö^¶Å Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¹ Ç1»~ŨÈÉÅÄÁMµPÌ´Ç È µVÍn¹[Î]ÏVºÅvÆ
¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Å O
¶Ö^¶Ä Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¹ Ç1»~ŨÈÉÅÄÁMµPÌ´Ç È µVÍn¹ÐnÏVºÅvÆ
¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Ä
¶Å ¨ ^Ë: ÑL/5>ªÈ°]:] :Ë °]©]ªÈ & aÏ>^)hLi 5ªÈ°S ad]
¢¿3ÀhÁÂ¥À]ÃÒÔÓÕ*ÀÅÄ´µV¹ºÅvÆ
¼¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Ä>Ä
¶Å ¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¿ÀhÁ[Â¥À]ÃÒ²ÓÕ5À3ÅÄ´µV¹[ºÅvÆ
¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Ä
¶Ä ¨ ^Ë: ¾L e°]:]/Ë]dB/>/ 5]ÇeË
¢ÖÓÁ×Ø×t¹[ºÅvÆ
¼'¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶
¶Ä ¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
ÓÁ×Ø×t¹[ºÅvÆ
¶¶;¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶
¶ ¨ ^Ë: L>l5>3>©:[®] [QÀMX ª«6Ë] a^d]Ë ®I:Ë]©]i®] \ 5:©
¢[¹µn»ÑµV³´Ö¸»ÙºÅ;Æ
ÁÀhÕ;»Ñµv³]´Ö¸»ÙºÚ¿[Ë
µÀ¹»µv³´,¸»6º¼¿Ë
¼ ¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Å
¶^¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
¹ µn»µv³´,¸»ÙºÅvÆ
¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ Å
¶^¶Ö Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
ÁÀhÕ;»Ñµv³]´Ö¸»ÙºÚ¿[Ë
¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ >
¶^¶Å Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L > ¶¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ >
¶ÛO ¨ ^Ë: L> °]©]®] &ËI£BÜL >ª ®: QÀ;¨XÑb±VQ MS^°S a©ª« a`
¢ÝÅÄ´µ¹ÞÈ
µvÍP¹[ÎϺy³¸]¿Ë
Å5´µV¹È µVÍn¹Ðκy³h¸¿Ë
:]Ë
ÅÄ´µ¹ÞÈ µVÍn¹[Ð]ÏVºÉ³¸¿[Ë
¼ ¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ N
¶ÛO:¶Æ Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
ÅÄ´µ¹ÞÈ µVÍn¹ßÎÏVºÉ³¸¿[Ë
¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ N
¶ÛO:¶Ö Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
ÅÄ´µ¹ÞÈ µVÍn¹[Ðhκɳ¸¿[Ë
¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ O Ä
¶ÛO:¶Å Í6>]a ;56Ë] ½L >
ÅÄ´µ¹ÞÈ µVÍn¹[Ð]ÏVºÉ³¸¿[Ë
¶ë¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶¶¶¶¶¶ë¶¶ë¶ >Ö
à á
Ke®] M°]\£¥\ 5²Ôèêéë]ìMívî1éMï¤éMðlñ%ëhð*òäï¤ó3òVéMôÖôõÖðVö¤ó ÷ø ó]ðlñî1ó]ôÖôõÖðVö÷ùëVøMñó]î1ìú÷ó]î¾ëhõÖîMûìPéëYü-íývé ì þ
L]]Ë: 5˺`¡&®] i>O a>Çd¬[ 5\ \B®z¨ >:]5©µ]®Id[®] ½L >©_[]ë>º6¥\ 5²Ï> 5a¤
Æ>¶RKe®] ´Ë] aÏ 5°]ª« a3 ]ËÓ 5O:QhL[®:>®^±³ a>©:©>Õ°:¸I©]Ë] ²Ï^©5 ¤L ë®:
] 5O±³]ßLw5 5ªÈ°r 5£]\ °]\¸I a5]Ë©´Ë] 5°]©_¡^ªÈ 53´>¸I 5©Ë5\]\ 5&©
>\' 5>&X£ 5\d]˺]>˨ÿ
Ö^¶RKe®] °:°]©d>«hLb/`]ªÈ 5\d"ª«6Ë] a5L>X®] M5>ªÈ°]:d©>&hL¦®: ; 5ªÈ°S a£±
] °:¸I© 5i]]Ë] a®] 5>]Ë:©©>]i°] ²Ïd©]ÈË]]©]´®] Ë] a°]_¡6ª« a3jhL8®:
ºr_Ï> ]O\]ª« a3L >G®] 5ª«°]^Bd> hL"V± 5¾ª]vS^ 5 L"®] 5d`ªÈ>ª« a3]ª
:˪«
¢
¶»]¶I3e\°S a5© 5B¼Î¶
Ke®] ®]®^±\ 5:> °:¸I©]MË: aÏ6a jÍ^§`©Ià Ñ8ÐÓ 1Ë] aÏ 5°S aË«º3¡ÈÃa¶` /Ò\Ë
]]Ë: 5¦[ÑG]>°r d ¨ ª«ªÈ\M\ 1¨ ]\ GÐl>\Ë]6a Ê a_[\®]°"_Ë:]©]MÆ É>É>É
Ö>:¶b³X eª«`;Lwa] aË&º3¡&ÐG a5\> \] aª« a`ÑG]] a 5©]/«®] M̶×Ír¶ ¶
³8b :>]>ªÈ>]b°:¸I© 5a>\\¡6:M®]>®6± a>©:©>ë 5ªÈ°S ad] 5:>\8;°]d±
Ï6Ë] Xj 5a>Ë/Lr®] Xº]:§; 5ªÈ°r 5£]\ ¶D³DXGË: 5°]©t¡ 5Ë Ë]]\]j®] [d: [Àj°:©
¨ ®Ia 5\£ÑS^°S a©ª« a`
¢
À¨XÑD±V>¼²}[®]B®Xi5>:Ë]]a 5ËzË]::Æ
ÉÉ>É Àjα
ºS aeÆ Ö^Æe© ®] X d a1]]Ë«Xt¥¨XÝL>:Ç:¶ \ 5°r>\8>/®] []O:ª« a`1d]Ë
©eË] 5°:_¡6ª« a`©e>©Ï 5%®: © ¨ ]© Ê a_[\®]° Ê ©Iÿ¬ a°S>O
Æ_µ¶
Ke®] iª«©Ïdd> ºr 5®:]ËÈ®] Ë] aÏ 5©>°]ªÈ 53XhLS®]©8°]¸]:©]\]ªÈ 53'Gë°]_Ï6Ë:
®]©>®^±\ 5\>:>«ª« 5: 5ªÈ 53ehL¦Xd 5 5ªÈ°S ad] jÏ 5O¡%] 5X®] /\][Lwa I©
>\Ë] 5X/>º:Bd&>6^Ë& a\ª«d aXhL¦®] ;º]:§\§`& aª«°r 5d]\ MË]É©S 5\ 5]a ]\§6©
ù©S 5² ¶"Ke®] ì]õÖðÑñéMïléMî[ëhñíVî1é8hLÿ®] 65 5´1d®] a1 d a ºr^Ë^¡ 8È> 5: 5dÿ½L a
a3®]XLl Ë] 5 5 56> a1®I´®] i 5ªÈ°S ad] ihL"®: jº]]©§ÈL"®] >ªI]Ëÿ::¶Æ ƪȪ
_' 5;Ë]_["l°]©ª´d¡\ 5\]©hL'®] 56>©]%L ®: d 5º`¡Q>:>]©>]d±
_Ï dË]Çd> aª« aË© ®]©_¡ 5hLb®] ëË] ahL ÆGªË] a 5°"¶4Ke®] ë:©>
] L \>ª®]©ë\§6©Ç¡ 5;®] %º]:§z5`>© aËÓ°]\ª«©©¡º`¡ ªÈ> a5];®] £
5]Ë]]² ]Ëz®Ij«®]©B§`] 5\LG®] Ë] ajhL[ƪȪ
Æ Ä p¶¬ aº] ; a\©ª´£ 5ihL
®: ´º]]©§\§6©Õ 5ªÈ°S ad] ÈË]É©S 5\ 5]a %\ «: 55 a\¡ÕÕ>Ë] a©` 5\°] ² 65 5
aª«°r 5d: jªÈ \] aª« a3Xº3¡%d a©© dË]>ªÈ a 5a::Ë >6^Ë%:]Ë] 5\\]Ë]©]/hL
®: °]\^a 5\ 5j65a]\] Ï> a\¡] d®] \ «\][Lwd5 ©i: 55 a\¡>Ë] a´>º^B©
a5]d / a\©ª´£ 5hL1]B® °Iª« ² aMj®] /© \ ¤ªIVSzhL ¨eÀ
#
]Ëz®] 5M3d
°r 5a a5¶
Ke®] %Í^§`Ià 5Ñ8Ð 5ªÈ°S ad] °]\¸I©]:\\]ªÈ 53 ©;©]\d 5Ë
Ê
©]¶bÆ>¶ Ë] α
Bd aË&Ë] 5\5\°:>hLl®] ;©]\]ªÈ 53][®:B®] a Ê Ð83 ®: 5ªÈO>X]Ë ®:>®^±
a>©:©>)°]d©6:ª [©
¢
ÐbB¼ë 5ªÈ°r 5£]\ & 5:>a /©Ï> a,º`¡ÓÒ\Ëd]Ë ^±
] ²
Æ N p¶úKe®] M©]\]ªÈ 53X©eº]© i © jd]Ë&©]§´d:>:>ª«]¡>6º`¡«vª}d©] d]Ë
Ë] Mª}d©]È/] 5>°: 5: ëº]Ë]Ë] a5¶
Ke®] «]O:ª« a`; Ë] 5°]©_¡> 5ËÓ>Õ®] «a]© ÈhL ®] ´QÀ;¨XÑb±V 0S^°S aªÈ 535D ®:
d al]]ËëXt¥¨XÝL>:Ç
¢
a
Ê
]¶Ö>¼²¶FÃjde' 5\ d`]\ 5˽L ª ]©] G\d©>]5¤
KFº] Æj]ªÈª«© 51®] MË: 5°]©t¡6ªÈ 53e©;L >ª«d>L>'®] ®] a M\B£]'[®] a M®:
a]Md /®:t[ ©®]©j a°S\¶¾Ke®] /ªÈ d]\ 5ªÈ 53j\ 5°r>\ 5Ë ®] a \ ~L>ª ®:
Ê
Ð83 ®: 5ªÈO>a][ËI£B(L >ª ®] Ðb[ a]>[' 5 ]Ïd©Çº]© >L>X®]ea]© d¶
KFº] &Ƥ;Í^§`IÃi Ñ8Ð Ë] a°]_¡6ª« a3;;L >\ª´£ÙL>®] ª« 5: 5ªÈ 53°: 5\ 53 aËÓ©
®:e a°S\
!#"%$'& ()"+*,.- /0$ $!1 23$-4"+#"%$'&
&5$ &!*, 67(78 95:#$';<%.-
=.>?>'>!@=A@BA!C C 2ED5&GFH!I?J!<%K& =.LM+=LONP'A5MCP ='=.L P?QRSA?> CP.T/VU =?=.WRXA'A A'ATZY
=.>?>'>!@=A@[=.A =.A (7\']B:^_"%& =.LM+=`ONP5='M%=Oa =.`5= P?PRSW= L'AT/VU =A'>RXW'` A'ATZY
=.>?>'>!@=A@[=KC =KC ]b-#<c,5!&de-bKf'& P =.WMP'>ONS=.CMgQ!> aL P'LRSW?` PCOT/VU =?=PRSP!> C?ATZY
À®] a[>º] a\Ïdd>]eª«Ë] M©]5©]Ë] j®] ½L >©t[©]]¤
h
Í^ 5£±\][Lwd5 \§6© aª«°r 5d: º3¡®] ±
Ñ8¬[°I\Ï> ©;L\ 5ËË]©>ªÈ a\
©` 5ßL 5ª« ² 5a8]©]z®] ^Å >b5ªjilkëXÏ> a a]® d]> 8[®]©B® ®Id
a5]a¡LDºr a\ 5X®I:¶¹3nm
Æ:Æ>Æ?ÿ
h
:§ d a´ aª«°r 5d]\ ªÈ \] aª« a3L\>ª ®] ®]©°3§ ]Ë L \>ª
ªI>d©] a]
¢
©`Ï 5O 5Ë ®I\Ë °]Çd\©®] aªÈ a«¸I© 5Ë[©® L 3ª [©®
®] 5\ª«©\l¥\]\ºr 5©t ®: ; d 5©] ¼Mÿ
h
X aª«°r 5d: ^[]Ë°r 5 aË"r]Ë] a®] 5dRªIvSS¶
©®] a zª« 5: 5ªÈ 53&\ 5\ 5&°: 5\ 53 aËY®: 5 Q 6L %°S a©^Ë]È[©® d®] 5%©>®3
[:Ë]5jºr a' 5 a :¶)]Ë Ä ¶)ª ilk ¶ Ke®] ©% aª«°r 5d]\ z&© 5&®I ®] \
:[Lwa 5ªÈ°S ad]
¢
ªÈ d]\ 5˺3¡Í^§`©Ià Ñ8Ð1¼QÀja>ºr 5 Ä I[>\ d 5e®Id®:
:[Lwa È 5ªÈ°S ad] >ÓÀjaºS aÈÆ
Ä
l]Ë >Àj²>ºr 5 Æ_%®: ´©M]ËÕ 5\][Lwa
aª«°r 5d: 5\ o6:© ;\ªÈÇd5¶Ke®: ë] ²®: dRªIvS©e°S©©Ï
¢L ªX >¼[©
©S®: 5 M5 a5¶%Ke®] M] ²[®] dª]vS °]©ª´\¡ ]aË] a`X®]>O\±µXÏ> ;Ë]Ç£":d]Ë
eªÈ>O©¡%º]\>ºr 5Ë%®] ;]°]°r 5:¶ÆªWhLl®] M d aa>:ª«
Æ Ä p¶
] a`
p q
}~.
8v:E=V Ô<>C
6:ª ºS aëLXªÈ^Ë] a; MS^©\ L >;5>ªÈ°]:]®] Ⱥ]]©§\§6©Ó aª«°r 5d: Ë]É©S 5\ 5]a
)
in
]Ë ®: 5G°IªÈ a aGd]Ë!ªIvS^ 58[©®] ®] e]°]°r 5Ga 53©ª« ²\ ehL}®] X d a
5]ªÈ
O:G^
É
ÆOXµ¶ Ke®] a ªÈ^Ë] aë,ºr `]© %5>ªÈ°]© MSSG©]5 %®] a¡Ó5>ªÈ°]:
ª«3¡ ©3 5\ aÇd 5Ë°]ªÈ a 5\5e:Ë©]5 ®] ²¡a>]©Ë] 5«°]65 a\ 5%[©® ª«
©ª« ´d '\ &> 5] a©©¡Õ)©ª« α©]Ë] 5°r 5:Ë] 53(L>\ª¶
© 5\IdÏ> a©¡Õ>] &d ]\
:B® 5B®]]`] 5&] a]dj] a'>\§ª« ²®]6Ë]´,Ë] 5\©Ï> z aª«°:©©©¡®] z aÇd>
ºr a' 5 5®] ½L >\5:/°Idª« ² 5\[]Ë )
in
Æt^"Æ É µ¶
M®] G:°]°S aGÆ_ dbªY_¡ 5hL`®] GXd 5a>]ªÈ"ªÈ ²±Ë: 5°r 5]Ë] a3"®]\ 5 αË]©ª« a]©>I
65 d%5©5:Çd> ªÈ^Ë] a1ª´¡ aª«°]©_¡ ªÈ°]© id> aº]©[°Idª« ² 5\d©>]"L>8]V±
º]]© 53~ª]vS^ 5 hLXª«>ªÈ 53]ªl®] 5dD]˪«aD>ª«_¡bdë>\ d 5 a>ªÈ°]:B£I
MS^°r 5]\ e]\ \>ª« L >\ª hLi]\º]] a]5 5©>: & aB®]]`]
¢
d¶¹]¶
ŠǼ²¶ÑbÏ 5ªÈ>
MS^°r 5]\©Ï /5>ªÈ°]:d©>I©©¡&d Ë]© aaj`]ªÈ 5\5F\ª :Çd>][hLGÏ>\ MS\]²]\ 5
¢
d¶¹:¶
ÆtÖ ¼Î¶
®]©e 5°r>Oe 5ªÈ°]_¡%/ªÈ ²±³Ë] 5°r 5]Ë: 53ª«6Ë] 5S[®]B®®]]˺r ëd°]°]©º: i
®:
>] 3 aªÈ 5Ë]d Mºr a' 5 aQ®] ]ßLw5 ªÈ©ªÈ a Ç¡> a[®] a ;®] §`© ù©S 5²
655:/:ËÓ®] jÈÆbª © aÏ 5'[®:B®5ºr ´ a>Ï> aË)º`¡Õ65 d]È5©5:Çd> ª«6Ë^±
5©5¶4Ke®] ªÈ^Ë: 5¦ª´¡&®6:jºS ë] ML ]D©Ë] aaº:]«>i°]ªÈ a 5\©] ®] ë5>]°::
ºr a' 5 5 ®] Ë]Ý©ÿ a a`ªÈ^Ë: 5D\© 5a¶È³;: 5ë&©ª«°]© °IªÈ a a©d>QL']º]6±
a3ÔªIvS°]\^a 5\ 5a"%®Idi©i®]>:ËQºr `]ªÈ 5\d©¡%\Bdº] ]ËQa>ª«°::Bd>]¡
: MS^°S a]Ï> d¶
}~[
=C>BD@ =VF Ô@
I =Q<
<>C JBD8²8
I =Q<
Ke®] ;ºI\M°]\ 5ªÈ\ M]]Ë] a©¡6©]/®] ;ªÈ^Ë] aÿ©X®Ide®] ;5>ª º]] aË ù©S 5ahLl[:Ëd]Ë
_Ï ÜL >a]d´®] d a%]ßLw5 z©Ï> a´\ Ó]º]: 53& aË]Ë:¡ ª«d]È[®:B®
d] 6]3© ai\]B® ®: di>ª«>ªÈ 53]ªW«Ë]É©S] Ï> a\©©©¡¶XzË]Ë:©©>"I©
®: ë5 ëhLD®] Ë]Ý©ÿ:LGª«ª« a`]ªI©[®IiºS a 5>º] a\Ï 5Ëz 5ªÈ°]©5¡>^ ¶»]¶}º`¡
®: X>º]\ 5\Ïdd> hL}Ë]ÝL ©]iº:]_¡^a3>6©B§`D ²d¶©>®IdD®] Xa]\ 538dF®] X\ j\][Lwa
b°]°]\PS^©ª´d 5¡ ja>]\3QL ²«hLr®] X[©]Ë °r 5 aËj/3[®]B®/' e[^\]ªÈ
®] a M B§d /Ïd©] MhLbÖ °S aa 53¶
) É_ ¬(Gnnv *nl¦ú¢6l ±P("534¡¢6£¢QVh* ¥¤~£¦5V
Ê
>jdz^a z©]©Ç©©¡´dM a\5ÿ /a>]\Ë] aMdj¸I\\j®] ~L >©_[:« ²Ï>>©:©>QhL8®:
5: a3¨§s©#ªS«.¬![de©ª« ,¬]ËË] a°:®®ª^¤
§,©4ªn«.¬!¯e±°³²µ´ eoªn¶l©Z§y·
#
¬! « ¢
Æ_¼
[®] a ¸§· ®] ¤L\a> Ï> a65©¡ [©®] ®] % d 5 a>]ªÈ"¹º¯¼»½E§·
#
¯¾»¿À·
ºr 5: ®] i[]Ë%O\ 5a¶À¨·5»¿6:]ËÁ»½Õ ®] >L²©>«Ï 565¡È´®] Mdª«>\°]®] a
®: /Ë] a]¡Q:Ë®] ëXd 5iË] 5]\©¡ 5\°S aa©Ï> a©¡¶MÑ6]d©>Æ d©\¸I a®] ë5>6±
a\Ïdd>hLFª«ª« a`]ª¤
»½ÃÂ
 ¬ Ä ilÅ
§s©#ªn«K¬!
Â
ª¯Æ»¿À·
# « ¢
Ö¼
[®] a ¾L>e©ª«°]©a©¡ ;] a> aa[®: ¨ %L>a ¶
Ke®] ;5: a3¨§s©#ªS«.¬![
¢
Æ_¼eºS ²¡^e®] ; `Id>
Ç §
Ç ¬
¯
§y·
# ª
e
Ç # §
Ç ª # « ¢ Å ¼
[©®¸G§·
#
ªn¶l©4µD°:Ç¡6]e®: 8hL}ë 5Ë]Ë^¡Ï6©5©¡\ªÈÇdÿ[®I£DhL:]\º]] a3
ºr>]]ËId\¡Ç¡> a4ª]t : «©>Ë p¶etLb®] []Ë°r 5 aËzi©t' 5ËÈÏd\¡&[©®
©ª« i 5
¢
Æt¼ \È®Id[©[ºr 5a>ªÈ 5
§s©#ªn«K¬!À¯ È
Ä Â
É©Z¬³ÊË
 ¬ Ê
°K²µ´
µÉ©Ì¬³ÊEª
©Ì§·?©Ì¬
Ê
.
#
©Ì¬¬
Ê Â ¬
ÊËÍ ¢ Ä ¼
,®]©/\ '®] °IOÇd Ë]Ý©ÿ a 53Ç' `Id>
¢Å ¼ Ë]^ a ] ®]>©Ë"' ®] O¡^O aª
²B©]i|¹ª« aª«>O¡e rLb®] []Ë¥L>a]´di°] ²Ï^©>]i°S>©3ªÈ ¶Ke®] 몫 aª«\¡
e M©ÿ aa©Ï> a©¡&©>]> a[d[Çd> jË: 5°:®]®I] dX®] ;:[Lwa ¶
Î
l¢6l¢¢;n5 (a£4nnV 5änl¦ú¢V!l ÏV¤£¢QVh* Ƥ~¦*V
Ê ©>] Å ®:t[È®] 5: a3´©]Ë]]a 5˺3¡ z[]Ë hLjÖ ª Á º]©_[] L >«ÖQ®]>]\
L>©_ aË º3¡©]5\ \ 5Ë[©]ËL Å Õª
Á
a¶ Ke®] a]\ 53%°]\¸I© 5%d ©5]d aË
aÏ 5O¡ ª«©`: a58]Ë) 5)ºS ´ 5 a ®Idë®] &a]\ 53 a°r>]Ë] Ï 5\¡°]©Ë]©¡z
[:ËB®]]> a5¶
ÒÓ_Ï i\°S aa;®IÏ> i\MºS a 5´5a]Ç£ 5Ë/º3¡ ]\];© ®] e¸I\\1]OB:5 e®] Ã] 5
éMñRëhôÑÐ
GL >\ª ]Ç£ L>i©ªÈ© 5ËL aB®"S]ßL>ªÈ 5˺3¡ªÈ d]iLb®] XÏ >]°
Ï> a65¡/ d°]°]©¡ ë[©]Ë]'º]_[:¾L'©ªÈ© aË ©ª« a5¶G¨Xd5:Çd>]8®IÏ j©ºS a 5
ª«Ë] hL®] M©ÿ aa«hLj®: 5ª«°]^ 5Ë Ï> a\©[a]\ 53%\®] «> ®] XÏ> ®] 5©>®3
?`]\ 5Ë¡LjXÏ> «º] 5§`]:Fd55Ë]©]®] /®] a>\¡ LeX:] 5]ËÕÐG®]©©°]
Öµ¶
¬[ 5:©FhLI®: 5 e5a]Ç£]¦]Ë]©d 1®Idb°:Ë ©]5\ \ X[]Ë °r 5 5Ë [©3 a]Ë
M©]5\ \ X®] 3 a]¡ hL} _Ï [º] 5§`]M\j®IdD®] X Ï> [®] 5©>®3b[©^Ë: 55\ \ [º`¡
«\ª´dDLwa>5}hLb>Ë] a²O£Òa5>\Ë]:««©] e Ï> ®] 5>O¡>Sº]:®]RLw²>ª´¡
ºr j1ª ]B®&deÖ>nÒ d55Ë]©]ë멪« αË] a°S a]Ë] a` ]>]©] 5G`]ªÈ 5©}\ª ]d©>]
º3¡X:] 5(éMñ-ëhôÑÐ
Æ?p¶
Ke®] zdºS_Ï> a]%d °:]º]©®] aË ®] ML 5 a 5Ë °]\^a 5 aË]]´hLj®] a>;L a 5:5
Ò 0Ó Ñ1ÍÖd>:Æ N µ¶
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
WIND 20 m/s WIND 30 m/s
5 min 2 h 3h20m
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
u / m s^−1
−20
−15
−10
−5 0
z / m
Ê ©>] Å ¤1ÑúS:ªÈ°]© MhLF®] ; aÏ>:>&Lb 5]\ a`°]\¸I© M]©]/®] ;°]\ 5 a3jªÈ^Ë] aµ¶
) É_ É ÔÙ;ÉÕú_Ö
tLe' %]_5>:Ë: 5ë®] ´Ë:É©S]©>ÓhLX®] dë[©®] ®] ÈXd 5ë5>©]ª«ÿF' %>º:Õ
5 a°r>]Ë]©]!L>ª ]Ç~L >X®] ; aÏ>:>hLl®: ; 5ªÈ°S ad] ¤
©#ªn«.¬!V¯
ÄV×
È
Ä Â
©bØiµ«K¬³Ê
 ¬ Ê
°³²´
µÉ©Z¬³ÊËEª
©Z§·©Ì¬
Ê
.
#
©Ì¬y±¬
Ê Â ¬ Ê« ¢
¼
[®] a
Ä
®] ]Çd1 5ªÈ°S ad] d'd]Ë
©bØi«.¬!/© ®] º]]©§Õ 5ªÈ°S ad] ¥\]O
ºr 5_ ®] j:[Lwa j§`&¡> 5a¶8Ôi a ' M®IÏ> M]d Bd§ 5&©3/a5>:` ®] j°r>\º:¡
®]db®: X]\º]] a38Ë]É©S]©> a^ 'Ù«a a`úL >b®] 5d1]Ë/ªÈ>ªÈ 53:ª#ª«¡ ºr eË]É©S 5\ 53
º]:i 몴¡ª«§ :B® QËt¥\]\ª« a`º3¡d© a©]/®] Ïd] hLb®] ë°]ªÈ a 5Úl¶
Ke®] ;ªÈ^Ë] a"[d:ª« aËȺr ;®]>\
`¡È®]>ªÈ>> 5: 5>]a}]Ë&®: M©ÿ aahLFË] 5:©¡
\d©¸I5d©>&>&®: Ë:É©S]©>hLD®: d[©: 5>© 5a 5Ë"¶
Ke®] ;ªÈ^Ë] a"56Ë] a:ËË:^a]ª« a3Bd>\ M°r 55¸I 5Ë °]°S a]Ë]S
Ü
Ê
©>] a
Ä5
OÈ\®]_Í^§`Ià 5Ñ8Ð ªÈ \] aª« a3>L \>ªW®: 5 ëhLb®] /QÀ;¨XÑD±O \d©>]5
> a®] 5 [©® ºIdB§6>]:Ëdª«>\°]®] a°IdªÈ a 5È:Ë ] ²´®: däªIvSS¶ ¬[ 5\]©
hLªÈ^Ë] a'\ª :Çd>]¾L ª ?`Id©> Q\ %®]_[ d ®] %ºr>ª hL B®)¸I>: ¶
Ke®] ªÈ^Ë] aD©M\Bd\ aËz[©® &]]ÝL>ª aª«°r 5d: dj®] /©ª« ë5>\ 5\°S]Ë]:
®: © ùLO±®I:Ë&Ë: LF®] ;°]5]:Ë®] ;]ßLw5 ;ºr>]]ËId\¡&a>]Ë]
©bØiµ«K¬!ee ²
`Id1®] «]°]°r 5\ª«>Oë 5ªÈ°S ad] «ª« 5: 5ËÓº`¡ ®: &Í^§`]à Ñ8Ð °]¸] 5a¶ÑKe®]
65 d©[®`]d:ª« aË ºr ë®:>
>3Bd©¡«®]>ªÈ>> a] 5]5}:Ë] a©®] 5e®: ë M©ÿ aahL
\d©¸I5d©>z]>;hL'®] ´¨ >\>©>L 5 «\ § aÓ©`5a>]3¶ Ke®: «a]\ 53 d]Ë
_Ï 5 a ]©5]d aË&&®:[\ }©]5 ;] >º: 5OÏdd©>][hLF5]\ 53i>eXÏ 5
' 5 ëÏdº] d¶
V§a§*§ßÞähPE¡"«
®] ©Id> ®] © 5ªÈ°S ad] ´ ©t' 5ë®I®] %\
aª«°r 5d: iº]:&®] ] a°r>Ï> Q®] 5dѪIvS \®]>]©Ë 5:Ë ,]a d z®] zº:]§
aª«°r 5d: ] [®: ë\ ´\][Lwa ¶RKe®] ë>º] a\Ï 5ËQ ªÈ] hLD®] ]ßLw5 ëÇ¡> a£
\>]]ËQÆ_Ö^¤Å '§d 5¡/ ºr Ë]: ®:>
>3BdÿË^Ï> 5²©>"¶8i ²Ï> a\®: 5 aa]®] jªÈ6Ë] 5
Ë]6 5;°]\ 5Ë]©a ]a 5 zË: 5°:®ÕhL1®: \ª ]ßLw5 ÈÇ¡ 5
¢uàâáná
m¨e¼ÖDª
º3¡Õ®] % a]Ë)hLe®: ´>º]\ 5OÏ£°S a©^Ë"l[®]B®)© hLe®] ´ªÈ %>Ë: 5 dë®: %Ë] 5°^®
:5 5 M[®]©B®©[aI©©¡«>º] a\Ï 5Ë"¶
V§a§*§±Þähe¡"¥ã Ô 5 j®] ªÈ6Ë] 5© 5Ë«]a 5 j©«®] ª ]ßLw5 M¡> 5'Ë] 5°^®
Ë]]\] ®: >º]\ 5OÏ£ °r 5\6Ë ©É`] ©ª«©Ç ®Id´aI©©¡º] a\Ï> aË"¶ Ke®]
Ë]\>° ®] «>º]\ 5\Ï 5Ë)\][Lwa ´ aª«°r 5d: «d%Æ É ¤>ª«_¡ ºr %\65d aËÕ[©®Ó®:
Ë] a5 5 ë] ai®] 5dRªIvS®: ë°]\ aÏ6]ëÆ_ ªÈ`: 55Iº::i®] \^aÇd 5ËB®I]> a
Õ®] %Ë: 5°:® Le®] ´ \ª!\][Lwa &Ç¡> a/\ ´] 5°:6Ë]]5 aË,Ó®] %ªÈ^Ë] aµ¶ÙKe®]
>\ d 5D[©]Ë °r 5 5Ë © ®] e°r 5\6Ë/]]ËÈÖ:¤¹>:d>> ²®] ab[©® ®] X°r>\©Ï> edO; 5
aª«°r 5d: /Ë]Ý©ÿ a 5:5 ¦ a]Ë ]a d /®] / 5ªÈ°S ad] /© ®] ]°]°r 5½L a 5 56±
©ª« ²\ 5jhL8®] ^a "¦d]Ëz®]©jM\ 5°]\^Ë]:5 5Ë © ºr®zª« 5]\ 5ªÈ 53:Ë ªÈ6Ë] 5
a]a¶ 3©"^®] ;>\ 5 5ªÈ 53[ºr a' 5 aªÈ^Ë] aÿ\ 5:©:ËªÈ d]\ 5ªÈ 53[ >^6Ë"
5]©Ë] 5\]/®: ¾Lwdae®]de®] ;ªÈ^Ë: 5"Ë]6 5[]d§ ;O£©¸]d>&©`È5a>]3¶
V§a§*§ÞhPE¡"V « «®:1\ i®: ªÈ^Ë] ar°]°r \1 ª«§ ë°r^>8°]\ 5Ë]©a>ÈhL
®: i aª«°r 5d: aÏ>:>ÈhL"®] \][Lwa _¡ 5'hL"®: 65 d"6[®: 5%a>ª«°] aË«[©®
®: iªÈ \] aª« a35¶G ®:1\ 6®]_ ²Ï> 5a^®] 5ªÈ°S ad] /®] d 515>©]ª« ©
£®] aD]]ÝL>ª_Ïd\¡6:º3¡ 5\F®I/:¶Ætyä_Ï 5D®] '[®] 1Ë]>ª«"¶GKe®] ']\º]] a3
Ë]Ý©ÿ]\>/°: 5Ë:a 5ËȺ3¡ ®] [ªÈ^Ë: 5:\]°]°]\ 5\ 5 3¡/Ë] ²Ï> 5©>°]©];]>^±³]]ÉLªÈ©¡/®:
aª«°r 5d: z°]\¸I dj ù©S 5²[®:B® >:Ë ºS ªÈ©3d 5ËÝL Od¸Id>' 5\
Bd§ 53«d55]3¶
20 21 22 23
deg C
19 20
1999 Oct 4 (UTC)
Air temp.
Bulk water temp.
0 500 1000
W m^-2
Net heat flux
0.0 0.1 0.2
m/s
Surf. friction vel.
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
Pa
Wind stress
0 1 2 3 4
m/s
Wind speed
0 90 180 270
deg
Wind direction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth / m SkinDeEP measurements
21.0 21.8 22.0 22.2 22.4 deg C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth / m
19 20
1999 Oct 4 (UTC) Modelled temperature
Ê ©>] Ä ¤ÀMº: 5OÏdd©>]M:Ëzª«6Ë] 5F a]ÔL\>ª Í`Bd>zÐG]3>ËI© 5I^DÆ É>ÉÉ
Àja>ºS a Ä ¶
27 28 29 30
deg C
19 20 21
1999 Oct 10 (UTC)
Air temp.
Bulk water temp.
-2 -1 0 1
deg C
Measured bulk - skin Computed bulk - skin
1.0 1.5
10^-4 m/s
Computed CO2 gas transfer velocity
0 500
W m^-2
Net heat flux
Net h.f. from model
0.00 0.02 0.04
m/s
Surf. friction vel.
0.000 0.001 Pa
Wind stress
0 1 2
m/s
Wind speed
0 90 180 270
deg
Wind direction
1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 1 cm
SkinDeEP measurements 27
28 29 deg C
19 20 21
1999 Oct 10 (UTC) 1 m
0.1 m 0.1 m 1 cm
Modelled temperature
Ê ©>] j^¤1Àjº] a\Ïdd>]X]Ë&ªÈ^Ë] aÿ\ 5:©YL\>ª Í6Bd>¤K Á Í´\[©""Æ É>ÉÉ ÀjaºS a
Æ_:¶
23 24 25 26 27
deg C
13.5 14.0 14.5
1999 Oct 4 (UTC)
Air temp.
Bulk water temp.
0 200 400
W m^-2
Net heat flux
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
m/s Surf. friction vel.
0.000 0.002 0.004
Pa
Wind stress
0 1 2 3 4
m/s
Wind speed
0 90 180 270
deg
Wind direction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth / m SkinDeEP measurements
22.90 22.92 22.94 22.96 22.98 23.00 23.02 23.04 23.06 deg C
0.05
0.10
Depth / m
13.5 14.0 14.5
1999 Oct 14 (UTC) Modelled temperature
Ê ©>] ²O:¤1Àjº] a\Ïdd©>]]˪È^Ë: 5"\ 5:©L\>ªÍ6d©>&ÈÍ:ÑG\ aºIQÖ^"Æ É>ÉÉ
Àja>ºS a;Æ Ä
P* Gl¢¡VnVV 5n!l DGV¢-nV¢Ön
Ê >b®: Àj²>ºr 5eÆ_MËI£BM ²^;`]ª ºS a1L"Ë:Ë]©>Id^ªÈ \] aª« a3']Ë ª«6Ë] a] α
:©F\ '°]\ 5\ 53 aË"¶"Ke®] Ë:t[3 Ë/®: dªIvSÁåçæÁ©Z¬!l®]>:>®ë®] '\][Lwd5 a>ªÈ°]: aË
Lª ®: °: 5\ 53iª«6Ë] 5ÿe>Ï> 5º3¡r¤
åçæÁ©Z¬!¯Æ»½éè È
Ä Â
©4Ø i «K¬ Ê
 ¬ Ê
©Z§·©Ì¬ Ê
#
µÉ©Z¬
Ê Â ¬
ÊËÍ ¢
O>¼
Ke®] jº:]§;§`´ 5ªÈ°S ad] iË]É©S 5\ 5]a M]Ë´3ª]vS´ i5>ªÈ°]: 5ˤL\>ªg®] iºIB§>±
>\>]]Ë °IªÈ a a
¢
[]Ëz\°S a 5Ë"l©i 5ªÈ°S ad] d®6:ª«©Ë]©¡ÿ®] 5d½ªIvS^ 5a¦°] a5°6±
©d©>}¼X:Ë Í^§`IÃi Ñ8Ð \][Lwd5
¢
º]]©§:¼X aª«°r 5d: ::«®: />© 5a]ÇiÀj5 5]©
>:]ËIO¡ Â
¡ 5%^Ë: 5
¢
QÀMXÂ
¼ê²8º3¡Ðl a 5&Í6B®]yx]\ a:Ë
¶ Ó
¶ Í6>_Ï6 ²ÏS¶
Ke®] «QÀMX ªÈ^Ë] ab;&\][Lwa 5: a 8ª«6Ë] 5pÿ[®]©B® § a d55]3ëL \>Ç
]Ë >]XÏ XË:Çd>"t:º]]© 53Gd]Ë Ë]Ý©ÿ]\©Ï %ªIVS: aGhLI\ 5]\º]© X]Ë Çd 53b®] 5d
]˪ȰI²ehLF©&>®] ;56>"\§`
Ä Æ Å "Æt6"ÆPOXp¶
ÔÙ;ÉÕ0Ö
Ke®] ë®: d4ªIvSa>ª«°:: a˺3¡®] °] a a`ª«6Ë] aµIL 5iÈ\®]>O°r 5\6Ë
hL Ë£¥\]OªÈ 53l ² 5;Ë]_[ Lw\©¡5>]OB3ë ²Ï> 5b[®:B® ;>:>®]©¡ `Ib
®: ] aj®] d>ªIvSË] 5Ë:]5 aË L\>ª >º]\ 5\Ïdd>:5¶;¯M©Ï 5Q®: ©ª«°:a©¡&LG®] ªÈ6Ë] 5
]ËÕ®] äLwaë®Id ]Q°IdªÈ a 5ëË£¥\]OªÈ 53/®IëºS a 5)ª«Ë] dF®: ©ë\ 5ª«§£º:©¡
>6^Ëd> a 5ªÈ 53¶
ë ¢4ì ìD PV"]vnnAb¢QnV Ke®] ´º]:§\§`Ó 5ªÈ°S ad] ÈË]É©S 5\ 5]a
d5:Çd 5˲Lª ®] 1QÀMX gª«6Ë] a>Ï> 5"Ïd©] 5ÿhL:ºr a' 5 aÁ:¶Öyä:Ë:¶Ætyä/
[®]©B®, «5>]\Ë] aº:©¡ ª«© 5;®IdÓ®] ´ª« 5]\ 5ËÏd©] 5ë]©] Í^§`]à Ñ8Ðd]Ë
®: &±
Ñ8¬3 a[L 5\>ªÈ a a5¶Ke®]©ëa>]\Ë] aº]© «Ë:a a°I]²¡Ó\ `]\ 5 L]\®] 5^±
Ï> a\3d>ÿ¶
í
Õ_Ö
Ke®] i¨eÀ
#
3b]ßL 5GÏ> a65¡>35ª«°]^ 5Ë º3¡ÈQÀMX Õ>®:t[1£®] a
3 5 a\]&ºr 5®IÏ6]5¶ ³;©ÔLw©©¡a>]\3¦ MS^a 5°:¾L >M a]®I]a 5Ë Ïd] aMºS ² a 5
Æ É ¤Ö ]ËÖ:¤¹>:¶AKe®] ]a d: Ïd©] 5È\ \^aÇd 5˺3¡ :5 5 )[©]Ë
\ a5[[®]©B®[©e]a d ®] QªÈ>]3«hLM:º]]© 53%Ë:É©S]©>"'[®: 5 5%®: Ë] α
5\ \]zÏd©] 5 \ \^aÇd 5Ë)[©® ,]a d ®] & 5 \][Lwa & 5ªÈ°r 5£]\
]Ë5] ?6: 53jË] a5\ \ 멨eÀ
#
>©]º]©©¡¶
î
Fïð)ñòéF "%-ÆOó!"%<%'f5<%ô$'&õö5º]B&#.:#&³÷1Ì:$'* øùùúû#üü!ýýý)þËÿEþ XüÿXü ü
eþXU£#ö"%-s9':4"KD5<%':Àó?K:[-4"%$'&¸fSK"%&5IH1Ì:$'*
=>'>'>!
Kf5:D':#"
=.A
()ö5*,$JK<"%-sJ-#K:#"%fXJ
$'&Úøùù?ú)û#üü!ýýý)þËÿ eþ$ü ÿXü ü%'&%(eþøù)*
+
Ke®] jªÈ ²±Ë: 5°r 5]Ë] a3[ª«6Ë] 5r°]\ 5 a3 5Ë%®]X\ 5°r>\-L > ®: M aÏ>:>%Ll®] j aª ±
°r 5£]\ []Ë/®] 5d"ªIvS ®: e] V±\][Lwa eÇ¡> aGhL}®] ^a Ë]6 5a3>º3Ï^©>]\©¡>3®]_Ï
©'©ªÈ©d©>]5d'©1Ë]6 51]1B§d ja5>]3 hL\d©¸I5d©> >1hL"®: Ñ8O®) » \B£±
©>"¶Di aÏ 5O®] a 5\5]©Ï> a«®] i\ªÈ°]©5¡ hLS®] ª«6Ë] aµ`]ËÈ®] 4Lwa8®Id']ë]]:
´°r 5ßL>ªÈ 5Ë hL®] ªÈ^Ë: 5e°IªÈ a aaX©ÈË]6 5«°]_Ï6Ë] ]\ ùL] a]´ ®:
©ª« ë aÏ>:>zL1®] aª«°r 5d: Ë]©\º::©>©Q®] /65 5] ]ßLw5 /_¡ 5M_Ï> a
®: /ª« 5]\ 5ªÈ 53°S a©^Ë]hL8®] >\Ë] 5MhL Ö%®]>:5¦d]Ë ©Ma>ªÈ°]: aË ] a;\][Lwa
®] 5dÔªIVSÏd©] 5 Ç\> 5¡5>:O a`[©®>º]\ 5\Ï 5ËzÏd: 55¶ \]©º]© °:°]©£±
©>6L>i®] /ªÈ^Ë: 5F'>]©Ë ºS /d; 3 a[Lwa ºS ² a 5Õ5>ªÈ°] 0SªÈ ²±³]Ë] a°S a]Ë] a`
ªÈ^Ë] a L> 3 5[Lwd5Çd%ªIVS)hLªÈ>ª« a3]ªb®] 5d1]Ë)ª«\51]ËªÈ ²±Ë: 5°r 5]Ë] a3
®: 5 αË]©ª« a]©>I[`]ªÈ 5\dªÈ^Ë] aÈhL;65 d 5\5]d©> [®:B® 5ªÈ°]©t¡,]º]6±
a]5 ;a>\] M\B®] 5ªÈ 5]Ë5a>]34L >e\d©¸I5d©>&]Ë®: ¨ %L>a ¶
Ke®] ¾ªIvShLb¨eÀ
#
:Ë®] 5[3de°r 55© 5[®]\>]>®®: \ È]ßLw5 ºr a>ªÈ°]: aË
]\]´QÀMXÂ
>[ªÈ'ªÈ ²±³]Ë] a°S a]Ë] a`[\][Lwd5 ª«6Ë] 5©5¶
\®`[L >\ \Ë
MS6 5]\>LX®] È°]\ 5 a3 ©ª« αË] a°S a]Ë] 53 ª«6Ë] 5G\®]>]©ËÓºr ´5°Iº]© «Le MS6 a]Ë]©]
®: 5 ªIvS°] aË]²©>]i]ËQa>ª«°::©]È®] a>]a 53d©>z]ËÙªIvShL1¨eÀ
# L ]O®] a
3 ®] MX£ 5[a>]ªÈ"¶
