Publication and Citations within Bioscience in Norway: A comparison between Norway and other countries, based on the National Science Indicators on Diskette (NSIOD)

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A comparison between Norway and other countries, based on the National Science Indicators on Diskette (NSIOD)

NIFU skriftserie nr. 8/99

NIFU - Norsk institutt for studier av forskning og utdanning Hegdehaugsveien 31 0352 Oslo

ISSN 0808-4572

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This report presents a bibliometric analysis of Norwegian research in %LRVFLHQFHV . It gives a picture of the overall publication acitivity and visibility of Norwegian research in a set of scientific fields considered relevant to %LRVFLHQFHV compared to other countries.

The report is a result of a project commissioned by the Research Council of Norway, Science and Technology Division, as a contribution to the national evaluation exercise of Norwegian %LRVFLHQFHV .

Oslo, October 1999

Petter Aasen Director

Egil Kallerud

Research Director

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Bibliometric R&D indicators measure the extent of 1) SXEOLVKLQJ in international scientific journals and 2) the extent to which these papers have been referred to or FLWHG in other papers in the same journals. In the following we will present tables and figures with publication and citation statistics in fields of science considered by the 5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO RI 1RUZD\ to be relevant for the biosciences, comparing Norway to a selection of other countries.

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The 1DWLRQDO 6FLHQFH ,QGLFDWRUV 2Q 'LVNHWWH 16,2' is a database with aggregated publication and citation statistics which cover about 170 countries, i.e. almost the whole world, through the 1981-98 period. Statistics are also available for the geopolitical regions Asia Pacific, European Union and Latin America. In the standard version of NSIOD, which has been applied for the present analysis, the papers are classified in 24 fields of science;

most of these belong to the natural sciences and technology. However, a few of the social sciences are also included. NSIOD is published by the ,QVWLWXWH IRU 6FLHQWLILF ,QIRUPDWLRQ ,6, , in Philadelphia, USA, a commercial enterprise which also publishes the 6FLHQFH

&LWDWLRQ,QGH[6&, ), the 6RFLDO6FLHQFH&LWDWLRQ,QGH[66&, , and the $UWV +XPDQLWLHV

&LWDWLRQ,QGH[$+&, , as well as several other bibliometric products on scientific publishing.

All the fields of science in the NSIOD standard database are listed alphabetically below:

• Agricultural Sciences

• Astrophysics

• Biology & Biochemistry

• Chemistry

• Clinical Medicine

• Computer Science

• Ecology/Environment

• Economics & Business

• Education

• Engineering

• Geosciences

• Immunology

• Law

• Materials Science

• Mathematics

• Microbiology

• Molecular Biology & Genetics

• Multidisciplinary

• Neuroscience

• Pharmacology

• Physics

• Plant & Animal Science

• Psychology/Psychiatry

• Social Sciences, general

A field of science is defined by the journals that are classified under the field. Each journal is

generally classified under RQH field.

¹

All papers in a journal are regarded as belonging to that

journal’s field of science.

²

Annex 4 presents a list of the journals from which the papers in the

NSIOD that are relevant for the present analysis, have been counted.

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In the database that is the foundation for the present analysis, it is not possible to split up the fields of sciences into more narrow categories.

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The data are aggregated at a national level, which makes it possible to compare between countries for different fields of science.

Using NSIOD it is not possible to break down national data, neither to individuals nor institutions/institutes.

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The number of journal papers can be considered as an indicator of scientific SURGXFWLYLW\ . The number of citations can be seen to be an expression of the extent to which the publication has been UHFRJQLVHG by, or made YLVLEOH to, colleagues in science. There is general agreement among bibliometricians that extreme care should be given not to interpret publication and citation frequencies as measures of research TXDOLW\ . On the other hand, bibliometric data can be useful as background data in evaluations, e.g., of a field of science or a research unit.

In the following we will present – by tables and figures – a survey of the extent of Norwegian publishing within a selection of nine fields considered by the Research Council of Norway to be relevant for the on-going evaluation of Norwegian biosciences, and do comparisons with publishing activities in a selection of other countries. We also present data on citation indicators, such as &LWDWLRQLPSDFW and 5HODWLYHFLWDWLRQLPSDFW , see p. 10. Five of the selected fields may be considered essentially natural sciences and four essentially medical sciences. The borderlines between the fields are not clear-cut, however, neither in epistemological nor operational terms. E.g., some journals are included in more than one category. The selected fields are:

Natural sciences:

Biology & Biochemistry Ecology/Environment Microbiology

Molecular Biology & Genetics Plant & Animal Science

Medical sciences:

Clinical Medicine Immunology Neuroscience Pharmacology

The journal based field classification provides statistics that may differ from statistics with a different classification base. Ideally, one would prefer to identify the subjects by classifying the single papers, not only the journals. A study of microbiology

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reveals that even if the journals included in NSIOD cover almost all papers published by Norwegian microbiologists, only about 40 per cent of the papers were published in journals classified as 0LFURELRORJ\ . Most papers were published in journals classified in RWKHU NSIOD fields, for example,

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We have used the standard version of NSIOD. There is also a ”DeLuxe” version with more narrow defined subfields – 104 categories in all. NIFU has, however, not bought the ”DeLuxe” version. In Annex 3 we show the relationship between the two field classification systems.

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NIFU has another ISI-database where this is possible, but for Norwegian papers only. The National Citation

Report (NCR) for Norway encompasses all papers in ISI-indexed journals with ”Norway” in the authors’ address

field of the base. Provided further development of the data base is undertaken, the NCR makes possible in-depth

bibliometrical analyses. Norwegian researchers’ publication patterns can be analysed at an institutional, institute

and personal level. In addition, these disaggregated data contain information about the journals in which the papers

are published and about co-authorship, i.e. who publishes with whom.

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&OLQLFDO0HGLFLQH and 3ODQW $QLPDO6FLHQFH . However, microbiology may be exceptional in this respect, an underrepresentation like this does not necessary occur in other fields to the same extent.

In general, there are many precautions to be taken when interpreting bibliometrical statistics; some warnings against misinterpretations are presented in Annex 2.

In the following, we present tables and figures on publications and citations

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. In general, they will speak for themselves. Some explanations and comments, however, are presented in the following text sections.

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During the period 1981-98 more than 10 million papers were published in the journals included in the database. Of these, about 58,000 had one or more authors with a Norwegian address. These ”Norwegian” papers represent 0,6 per cent of all papers in the world, see Table 1, which lists a selection of countries to which Norway will be compared in this report.

These 22 countries cover around 90 per cent of all papers in the world.

Table 2 shows Norwegian papers within all fields of science in the database. The selected biosciences (italicised) represent more than 60 per cent of all Norwegian papers.

&OLQLFDOPHGLFLQH is by far the greatest field by number of papers. Clinical medicine alone covers almost 30 per cent of the papers. Figure 1 illustrates relative size of the selected fields.

In the Table 3 we look more closely at the selected fields in biology and medicine. The nine fields are presented in separate tables. This is the subnumber system of the tables, which also applies in the figures:

1. Biology & Biochemistry 2. Ecology/Environment 3. Microbiology

4. Molecular Biology & Genetics

5. Plant & Animal Science

6. Clinical Medicine

7. Immunology

8. Neuroscience

9. Pharmacology

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In Table 3 figures per country are presented on the following indicators:

• All papers in the field in absolute figures.

• All papers in the field as percentage of all papers in the country.

• 5HODWLYHSXEOLFDWLRQLQGH[ , defined as field’s percentage of the total number of papers in the country, divided by the field’s percentage of the total number of papers of all countries in the database.

• Cited papers in absolute figures.

• Cited papers as percentage of all papers.

• All citations in absolute figures.

• &LWDWLRQLPSDFW , which is the number of citations divided by the number of papers.

• 5HODWLYHFLWDWLRQLPSDFW , which shows the relation between the field’s citation impact in individual countries and the citation impact for the field worldwide when all countries are included (the impact base in the table). The relative citation impact for a field in a particular country thus has the value of 1 if the country’s papers are cited to the same extent as all papers worldwide in the field.

Table 1 Papers and citations for selected countries, 1981-1998. All fields of science.

Country Number of papers

Percent- age of world total

Cited papers % cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact US 3 829 448 38,1 3 034 238 79,2 56 267 471 14,69 1,44

UK 894 872 8,9 698 065 78,0 10 594 716 11,84 1,16

Japan 803 805 8,0 595 738 74,1 6 692 577 8,33 0,82

Germany 789 511 7,9 570 972 72,3 7 329 410 9,28 0,91

France 574 635 5,7 420 131 73,1 5 414 332 9,42 0,92

Canada 491 189 4,9 385 380 78,5 5 312 514 10,82 1,06

Italy 316 537 3,2 233 577 73,8 2 632 270 8,32 0,81

Australia 250 766 2,5 193 306 77,1 2 419 618 9,65 0,94 Netherlands 223 212 2,2 177 823 79,7 2 636 484 11,81 1,16

Sweden 184 624 1,8 149 362 80,9 2 410 666 13,06 1,28

Spain 179 462 1,8 123 725 68,9 1 039 414 5,79 0,57

Switzerland 159 343 1,6 123 244 77,4 2 326 876 14,60 1,43

Belgium 110 053 1,1 82 524 75,0 1 108 239 10,07 0,99

Denmark 91 454 0,9 73 970 80,9 1 120 305 12,25 1,20

Finland 77 151 0,8 59 666 77,3 752 945 9,76 0,95

Austria 69 972 0,7 49 378 70,6 569 923 8,15 0,80

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New Zealand 51 510 0,5 39 536 76,8 422 982 8,21 0,80

Greece 39 535 0,4 26 321 66,6 194 737 4,93 0,48

Ireland 25 562 0,3 17 788 69,6 179 900 7,04 0,69

Portugal 16 906 0,2 11 348 67,1 90 612 5,36 0,52

Iceland 2 696 0,0 2 042 75,7 26 634 9,88 0,97

World total

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10 044 850 100,0 7 324 416 72,9 102 639 440 10,22 1,00

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I.e. the about 170 countries included in the database. The number of papers and citations for the countries will

sum up to more than the world total and the percentages to more than 100 because of co-authorships across

the countries.

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In Table 3 the countries are ranked according to the number of papers. As can be seen, Norway ranks as number 16 or 17 of the total 22 countries in all the fields. Not considering Iceland, the number of Norwegian papers is below the other Nordic countries in DOO fields except 3ODQW $QLPDO6FLHQFH where Norway is ahead of Finland.

The number of articles of a country is, of course, related to its size. Figure 2 shows article production per million inhabitants. To give an idea of the development of the field, data for three years (1981, 1990 and 1998) have been included. Compared to other countries, Norway scores high on this indicator in 3ODQW $QLPDO 6FLHQFH and, like all the Nordic countries, in (FRORJ\(QYLURQPHQW .

In Figure 3 the country’s papers within a field is displayed as a percentage of all the country’s papers. This gives an impression of the field profiles of the countries. For Norway the shares of 3ODQW $QLPDO6FLHQFH and (FRORJ\(QYLURQPHQW are larger than for any of the other countries. &OLQLFDOPHGLFLQH weights heavily for Norway as for all the Nordic countries.

The Nordic countries are in focus in Figure 4, which shows the relative publication index for the selected nine biosciences. A relative publication index value of 1 means that the

Table 2 Norwegian papers by field of science, 1981-1998

Field of Science Number of

Norwegian papers

Percentage Norwegian papers of all papers in the field

The field’s percentage of all Norwegian papers

The field’s percentage of all papers in the world

Agricultural Sciences 1 232 0,45 2,11 2,76

Astrophysics 484 0,42 0,83 1,14

%LRORJ\ %LRFKHPLVWU\

Chemistry 5 430 0,39 9,31 13,97

&OLQLFDO0HGLFLQH

Computer Science 365 0,33 0,63 1,09

(FRORJ\(QYLURQPHQW Economics & Business 780 0,54 1,34 1,43

Education 100 0,22 0,17 0,46

Engineering 2 531 0,37 4,34 6,74

Geosciences 3 536 1,36 6,06 2,58

,PPXQRORJ\

Law 13 0,04 0,02 0,33

Materials Science 934 0,29 1,60 3,25

Mathematics 812 0,48 1,39 1,69

0LFURELRORJ\

0ROHFXODU%LRORJ\ *HQHWLFV

Multdisciplinary 661 0,37 1,13 1,77

1HXURVFLHQFH 3KDUPDFRORJ\

Physics 3 479 0,30 5,97 11,42

3ODQW $QLPDO6FLHQFH Psychology/Psychiatry 1 612 0,54 2,76 2,95 Social Sciences, general 2 190 0,61 3,76 3,59

Total

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58 321 0,58 .. ..

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The number of papers sums up to more than the total and the precentages to more than 100 because some of the

journals are classified under more than one field.

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those three fields, and low primarily in 0ROHFXODU%LRORJ\ HQHWLFV* and 3KDUPDFRORJ\ , but also in 0LFURELRORJ\ , %LRORJ\ %LRFKHPLVWU\ and 1HXURVFLHQFH .

Looking at the relative citation impact, see Figure 4, we find that Norway ranks low or medium in all the fields except (FRORJ\(QYLURQPHQW . (FRORJ\(QYLURQPHQW and 3ODQW

$QLPDO6FLHQFH are the only fields with impact values above 1 for Norway.

Table 3.1 Papers and citations within Biology & Biochemistry for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 351,161 9.2 1.06 317,389 90.4 9,294,343 26.47 1.41 18.80

Japan 91,070 11.3 1.31 78,207 85.9 1,322,552 14.52 0.77 18.80

UK 84,240 9.4 1.08 72,625 86.2 1,614,788 19.17 1.02 18.80

Germany 60,415 7.7 0.88 52,556 87.0 1,072,564 17.75 0.94 18.80

France 56,918 9.9 1.14 47,600 83.6 831,711 14.61 0.78 18.80

Canada 44,012 9.0 1.03 39,260 89.2 807,197 18.34 0.98 18.80

Italy 28,955 9.2 1.05 23,858 82.4 340,861 11.77 0.63 18.80

Sweden 21,768 11.8 1.36 19,365 89.0 465,647 21.39 1.14 18.80

Australia 21,003 8.4 0.97 18,358 87.4 334,541 15.93 0.85 18.80

Netherlands 20,934 9.4 1.08 18,603 88.9 374,595 17.89 0.95 18.80

Spain 16,681 9.3 1.07 13,189 79.1 138,422 8.30 0.44 18.80

Switzerland 15,272 9.6 1.10 13,661 89.5 375,537 24.59 1.31 18.80

Belgium 11,889 10.8 1.24 10,193 85.7 199,182 16.75 0.89 18.80

Denmark 11,084 12.1 1.40 9,763 88.1 203,842 18.39 0.98 18.80

Finland 7,044 9.1 1.05 6,184 87.8 112,642 15.99 0.85 18.80

Austria 5,019 7.2 0.83 4,167 83.0 75,261 15.00 0.80 18.80

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New Zealand 4,224 8.2 0.95 3,559 84.3 55,142 13.05 0.69 18.80

Greece 2,170 5.5 0.63 1,645 75.8 15,717 7.24 0.39 18.80

Ireland 1,943 7.6 0.88 1,408 72.5 18,191 9.36 0.50 18.80

Portugal 1,444 8.5 0.98 1,091 75.6 11,614 8.04 0.43 18.80

Iceland 164 6.1 0.70 130 79.3 2,275 13.87 0.74 18.80

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Table 3.2 Papers and citations within Ecology/Environment for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 96,126 2.5 1.16 75,643 78.7 948,551 9.87 1.27 7.76

UK 17,334 1.9 0.90 13,503 77.9 140,122 8.08 1.04 7.76

Canada 16,942 3.5 1.60 13,402 79.1 140,821 8.31 1.07 7.76

Germany 11,889 1.5 0.70 8,530 71.8 70,145 5.90 0.76 7.76

Australia 8,646 3.5 1.60 6,968 80.6 75,985 8.79 1.13 7.76

Japan 7,716 1.0 0.45 5,307 68.8 36,207 4.69 0.60 7.76

France 7,210 1.3 0.58 5,446 75.5 41,195 5.71 0.74 7.76

Netherlands 5,886 2.6 1.22 4,647 79.0 52,567 8.93 1.15 7.76

Sweden 5,771 3.1 1.45 4,786 82.9 62,477 10.83 1.40 7.76

Spain 4,088 2.3 1.06 2,801 68.5 17,811 4.36 0.56 7.76

Italy 4,049 1.3 0.59 2,920 72.1 20,553 5.08 0.65 7.76

Denmark 2,480 2.7 1.26 1,885 76.0 18,368 7.41 0.95 7.76

Finland 2,391 3.1 1.44 1,845 77.2 19,186 8.02 1.03 7.76

Switzerland 2,353 1.5 0.68 1,848 78.5 21,327 9.06 1.17 7.76

New Zealand 2,292 4.5 2.06 1,817 79.3 17,820 7.77 1.00 7.76

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Belgium 1,959 1.8 0.83 1,485 75.8 11,927 6.09 0.78 7.76

Greece 1,273 3.2 1.49 799 62.8 3,502 2.75 0.35 7.76

Austria 1,082 1.6 0.72 791 73.1 6,683 6.18 0.80 7.76

Portugal 430 2.5 1.18 279 64.9 1,416 3.29 0.42 7.76

Ireland 392 1.5 0.71 285 72.7 2,000 5.10 0.66 7.76

Iceland 100 3.7 1.72 78 78.0 572 5.72 0.74 7.76

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Table 3.3 Papers and citations within Microbiology for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 91,817 2.4 1.00 83,420 90.9 2,107,892 22.96 1.43 16.02

UK 27,339 3.1 1.27 24,359 89.1 446,005 16.31 1.02 16.02

Japan 22,282 2.8 1.15 19,086 85.7 254,311 11.41 0.71 16.02

Germany 20,068 2.5 1.06 17,317 86.3 301,466 15.02 0.94 16.02

France 15,205 2.7 1.10 13,007 85.5 215,333 14.16 0.88 16.02

Canada 11,586 2.4 0.98 10,343 89.3 174,384 15.05 0.94 16.02

Netherlands 7,788 3.5 1.45 6,888 88.4 128,238 16.47 1.03 16.02

Australia 6,858 2.7 1.14 5,978 87.2 93,933 13.70 0.86 16.02

Italy 6,263 2.0 0.82 4,995 79.8 55,855 8.92 0.56 16.02

Spain 6,009 3.4 1.39 4,849 80.7 51,733 8.61 0.54 16.02

Sweden 5,029 2.7 1.13 4,514 89.8 82,177 16.34 1.02 16.02

Switzerland 4,424 2.8 1.15 3,899 88.1 77,882 17.60 1.10 16.02

Belgium 3,824 3.5 1.44 3,358 87.8 61,068 15.97 1.00 16.02

Denmark 2,843 3.1 1.29 2,454 86.3 36,318 12.77 0.80 16.02

Finland 1,994 2.6 1.07 1,785 89.5 28,347 14.22 0.89 16.02

Austria 1,496 2.1 0.89 1,231 82.3 18,048 12.06 0.75 16.02

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New Zealand 1,324 2.6 1.07 1,162 87.8 17,437 13.17 0.82 16.02

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Table 3.4 Papers and citations within Molecular Biology & Genetics for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 122,712 3.2 1.21 110,697 90.2 4,810,507 39.20 1.37 28.52

UK 27,090 3.0 1.14 24,325 89.8 852,306 31.46 1.10 28.52

Germany 23,663 3.0 1.13 21,110 89.2 715,678 30.24 1.06 28.52

Japan 20,961 2.6 0.99 17,938 85.6 381,905 18.22 0.64 28.52

France 19,008 3.3 1.25 16,751 88.1 467,471 24.59 0.86 28.52

Canada 14,774 3.0 1.14 13,091 88.6 333,286 22.56 0.79 28.52

Italy 9,491 3.0 1.13 7,929 83.5 148,601 15.66 0.55 28.52

Netherlands 7,556 3.4 1.28 6,806 90.1 198,473 26.27 0.92 28.52

Switzerland 6,456 4.1 1.53 5,915 91.6 263,891 40.88 1.43 28.52

Australia 6,439 2.6 0.97 5,609 87.1 136,161 21.15 0.74 28.52

Sweden 5,478 3.0 1.12 4,850 88.5 130,275 23.78 0.83 28.52

Spain 5,017 2.8 1.06 4,202 83.8 58,674 11.70 0.41 28.52

Belgium 3,634 3.3 1.25 3,183 87.6 78,144 21.50 0.75 28.52

Denmark 2,819 3.1 1.17 2,497 88.6 59,943 21.26 0.75 28.52

Finland 2,393 3.1 1.17 2,130 89.0 55,339 23.13 0.81 28.52

Austria 1,784 2.6 0.96 1,566 87.8 49,043 27.49 0.96 28.52

1RUZD\

New Zealand 969 1.9 0.71 829 85.6 17,412 17.97 0.63 28.52

Greece 755 1.9 0.72 626 82.9 9,704 12.85 0.45 28.52

Ireland 414 1.6 0.61 348 84.1 10,010 24.18 0.85 28.52

Portugal 365 2.2 0.82 299 81.9 4,221 11.56 0.41 28.52

Iceland 104 3.9 1.46 86 82.7 1,788 17.19 0.60 28.52

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Table 3.5 Papers and citations within Plant & Animal Science for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 252,905 6.6 0.93 200,538 79.3 2,154,481 8.52 1.29 6.63

UK 61,095 6.8 0.96 50,347 82.4 562,473 9.21 1.39 6.63

Canada 55,187 11.2 1.58 44,805 81.2 439,153 7.96 1.20 6.63

Germany 50,951 6.5 0.91 35,755 70.2 306,753 6.02 0.91 6.63

Japan 43,655 5.4 0.76 31,446 72.0 227,101 5.20 0.78 6.63

France 33,835 5.9 0.83 24,443 72.2 196,023 5.79 0.87 6.63

Australia 32,425 12.9 1.82 25,740 79.4 253,701 7.82 1.18 6.63

Netherlands 18,082 8.1 1.14 14,151 78.3 148,218 8.20 1.24 6.63

Spain 14,163 7.9 1.11 9,545 67.4 59,330 4.19 0.63 6.63

Italy 11,828 3.7 0.53 8,276 70.0 56,891 4.81 0.73 6.63

Sweden 10,670 5.8 0.81 8,570 80.3 96,447 9.04 1.36 6.63

New Zealand 8,918 17.3 2.43 6,941 77.8 50,999 5.72 0.86 6.63

Belgium 8,452 7.7 1.08 5,909 69.9 47,425 5.61 0.85 6.63

Switzerland 8,088 5.1 0.71 5,923 73.2 60,425 7.47 1.13 6.63

Denmark 6,655 7.3 1.02 5,171 77.7 55,113 8.28 1.25 6.63

1RUZD\

Finland 5,402 7.0 0.98 3,942 73.0 29,622 5.48 0.83 6.63

Austria 4,661 6.7 0.94 3,035 65.1 19,584 4.20 0.63 6.63

Greece 2,284 5.8 0.81 1,542 67.5 9,058 3.97 0.60 6.63

Ireland 2,120 8.3 1.17 1,477 69.7 11,427 5.39 0.81 6.63

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Table 3.6 Papers and citations within Clinical Medicine for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 950,013 24.8 1.07 770,045 81.1 14,593,096 15.36 1.41 10.88

UK 246,522 27.6 1.19 196,027 79.5 3,018,962 12.25 1.13 10.88

Germany 174,998 22.2 0.96 113,931 65.1 1,160,048 6.63 0.61 10.88

Japan 142,554 17.7 0.76 101,493 71.2 1,108,366 7.78 0.72 10.88

France 138,190 24.1 1.04 87,943 63.6 994,725 7.20 0.66 10.88

Canada 98,193 20.0 0.86 77,346 78.8 1,244,548 12.67 1.16 10.88

Italy 88,394 27.9 1.20 62,498 70.7 754,283 8.53 0.78 10.88

Sweden 64,602 35.0 1.51 52,339 81.0 790,320 12.23 1.12 10.88

Netherlands 60,735 27.2 1.17 48,264 79.5 731,317 12.04 1.11 10.88

Australia 55,402 22.1 0.95 43,316 78.2 588,688 10.63 0.98 10.88

Switzerland 42,518 26.7 1.15 29,902 70.3 451,180 10.61 0.98 10.88

Spain 40,249 22.4 0.97 22,838 56.7 194,669 4.84 0.44 10.88

Denmark 34,207 37.4 1.61 27,946 81.7 409,370 11.97 1.10 10.88

Belgium 31,061 28.2 1.22 22,580 72.7 321,925 10.36 0.95 10.88

Finland 28,871 37.4 1.61 23,246 80.5 322,487 11.17 1.03 10.88

Austria 24,399 34.9 1.50 16,249 66.6 166,914 6.84 0.63 10.88

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New Zealand 11,281 21.9 0.94 8,673 76.9 121,800 10.80 0.99 10.88

Greece 8,613 21.8 0.94 5,392 62.6 42,598 4.95 0.45 10.88

Ireland 8,141 31.9 1.37 5,519 67.8 55,868 6.86 0.63 10.88

Portugal 2,245 13.3 0.57 1,522 67.8 14,709 6.55 0.60 10.88

Iceland 867 32.2 1.39 670 77.3 9,655 11.14 1.02 10.88

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Table 3.7 Papers and citations within Immunology for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 80,113 2.1 1.27 72,539 90.6 2,333,605 29.13 1.28 22.71

UK 16,434 1.8 1.11 14,520 88.4 359,693 21.89 0.96 22.71

Japan 11,726 1.5 0.88 9,945 84.8 183,909 15.68 0.69 22.71

France 11,084 1.9 1.17 9,750 88.0 210,868 19.02 0.84 22.71

Germany 10,137 1.3 0.78 8,766 86.5 196,000 19.34 0.85 22.71

Sweden 7,085 3.8 2.32 6,088 85.9 122,009 17.22 0.76 22.71

Canada 7,028 1.4 0.87 6,236 88.7 142,829 20.32 0.89 22.71

Netherlands 6,129 2.8 1.66 5,443 88.8 128,939 21.04 0.93 22.71

Italy 5,852 1.9 1.12 4,907 83.9 93,836 16.03 0.71 22.71

Australia 5,447 2.2 1.31 4,811 88.3 107,590 19.75 0.87 22.71

Switzerland 5,092 3.2 1.93 4,598 90.3 150,242 29.51 1.30 22.71

Denmark 2,770 3.0 1.83 2,441 88.1 43,989 15.88 0.70 22.71

Spain 2,517 1.4 0.85 1,972 78.4 27,299 10.85 0.48 22.71

Belgium 2,354 2.1 1.29 2,063 87.6 54,115 22.99 1.01 22.71

Finland 1,994 2.6 1.56 1,739 87.2 29,398 14.74 0.65 22.71

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Austria 1,531 2.2 1.32 1,300 84.9 27,487 17.95 0.79 22.71

New Zealand 415 0.8 0.49 347 83.6 5,696 13.73 0.60 22.71

(16)

Table 3.8 Papers and citations within Neuroscience for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 180,104 4.7 1.28 160,274 89.0 4,163,942 23.12 1.22 18.91

UK 36,901 4.1 1.12 32,373 87.7 767,268 20.79 1.10 18.91

Japan 26,793 3.3 0.90 22,343 83.4 333,137 12.43 0.66 18.91

Canada 24,949 5.1 1.38 21,979 88.1 473,616 18.98 1.00 18.91

Germany 23,047 2.9 0.79 19,363 84.0 386,605 16.77 0.89 18.91

France 20,095 3.5 0.95 17,266 85.9 322,616 16.05 0.85 18.91

Italy 14,433 4.6 1.24 12,012 83.2 176,077 12.20 0.65 18.91

Sweden 10,948 5.9 1.61 9,679 88.4 241,058 22.02 1.16 18.91

Netherlands 8,627 3.9 1.05 7,440 86.2 131,082 15.19 0.80 18.91

Australia 8,263 3.3 0.89 7,171 86.8 132,318 16.01 0.85 18.91

Switzerland 6,562 4.1 1.12 5,686 86.7 142,282 21.68 1.15 18.91

Spain 5,730 3.2 0.87 4,671 81.5 58,449 10.20 0.54 18.91

Finland 3,966 5.1 1.39 3,353 84.5 50,764 12.80 0.68 18.91

Denmark 3,845 4.2 1.14 3,383 88.0 76,608 19.92 1.05 18.91

Belgium 3,256 3.0 0.80 2,719 83.5 46,225 14.20 0.75 18.91

1RUZD\

Austria 2,232 3.2 0.86 1,811 81.1 36,921 16.54 0.87 18.91

New Zealand 1,692 3.3 0.89 1,448 85.6 23,883 14.12 0.75 18.91

Ireland 918 3.6 0.97 775 84.4 12,080 13.16 0.70 18.91

Greece 683 1.7 0.47 527 77.2 5,488 8.04 0.43 18.91

Portugal 468 2.8 0.75 371 79.3 5,056 10.80 0.57 18.91

Iceland 102 3.8 1.03 81 79.4 976 9.57 0.51 18.91

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Table 3.9 Papers and citations within Pharmacology for selected countries, 1981-98 Country Number of

papers

% of all papers in the country

Relative publica- tion index

Cited papers

% cited papers

Number of citations

Citation impact

Relative citation impact

Impact base

US 88,108 2.3 0.88 76,002 86.3 1,257,206 14.27 1.31 10.90

Japan 29,301 3.7 1.39 23,139 79.0 225,446 7.69 0.71 10.90

UK 25,002 2.8 1.07 21,440 85.8 395,395 15.81 1.45 10.90

Germany 21,603 2.7 1.04 17,281 80.0 206,020 9.54 0.88 10.90

France 14,555 2.5 0.97 11,549 79.4 150,205 10.32 0.95 10.90

Italy 14,485 4.6 1.75 11,270 77.8 105,617 7.29 0.67 10.90

Canada 12,139 2.5 0.94 10,552 86.9 143,868 11.85 1.09 10.90

Sweden 7,214 3.9 1.49 6,195 85.9 101,702 14.10 1.29 10.90

Netherlands 6,943 3.1 1.19 5,776 83.2 76,066 10.96 1.01 10.90

Australia 5,657 2.3 0.86 4,755 84.1 62,857 11.11 1.02 10.90

Spain 4,995 2.8 1.06 3,719 74.5 25,785 5.16 0.47 10.90

Switzerland 4,381 2.8 1.05 3,694 84.3 70,958 16.20 1.49 10.90

Belgium 4,105 3.7 1.42 3,382 82.4 48,161 11.73 1.08 10.90

Finland 2,922 3.8 1.45 2,402 82.2 25,861 8.85 0.81 10.90

Denmark 2,847 3.1 1.19 2,461 86.4 35,354 12.42 1.14 10.90

Austria 1,836 2.6 1.00 1,423 77.5 20,140 10.97 1.01 10.90

1RUZD\

New Zealand 1,472 2.9 1.09 1,255 85.3 26,939 18.30 1.68 10.90

Greece 743 1.9 0.72 513 69.0 3,261 4.39 0.40 10.90

Ireland 585 2.3 0.87 484 82.7 6,408 10.95 1.00 10.90

Portugal 408 2.4 0.92 309 75.7 2,500 6.13 0.56 10.90

(17)

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(29)

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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Molecular Biology & Genetics Plant & Animal Science

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

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$YHUDJHILJXUHVIRURYHUODSSLQJ\HDUSHULRGV

0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

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(41)

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0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

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(42)

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80

81-85 82-86 83-87 84-88 85-89 86-90 87-91 88-92 89-93 90-94 91-95 92-96 93-97 94-98 Relative citation impact

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60

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(45)

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Table 1 Papers and citations for selected countries, 1981-98. All fields of science.

Table 2 Norwegian papers by field of science, 1981-98

Table 3.1 Papers and citations within Biology & Biochemistry for selected countries, 1981-98

Table 3.2 Papers and citations within Ecology/Environment for selected countries, 1981-98

Table 3.3 Papers and citations within Microbiology for selected countries, 1981-98 Table 3.4 Papers and citations within Molecular Biology & Genetics for selected

countries, 1981-98

Table 3.5 Papers and citations within Plant & Animal Science for selected countries, 1981-98

Table 3.6 Papers and citations within Clinical Medicine for selected countries, 1981-98 Table 3.7 Papers and citations within Immunology for selected countries, 1981-98 Table 3.8 Papers and citations within Neuroscience for selected countries, 1981-98 Table 3.9 Papers and citations within Pharmacology for selected countries, 1981-98 Figure 1 Biological and medical subfields - share of papers 1994-98

Figure 2.1 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Biology & Biochemistry in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.2 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Ecology/Environment in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.3 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Microbiology in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.4 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Molecular Biology & Genetics in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.5 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Plant & Animal Science in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.6 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Clinical Medicine in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.7 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Immunology in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.8 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Neuroscience in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 2.9 Papers per mil. inhabitants within Pharmacology in selected countries 1981, 1990 and 1998

Figure 3.1 Papers within Biology & Biochemistry as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981-98

Figure 3.2 Papers within Ecology/Environment as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981-98

Figure 3.3 Papers within Microbiology as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981-

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Figure 3.6 Papers within Clinical Medicine as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981-98

Figure 3.7 Papers within Immunology as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981- 98

Figure 3.8 Papers within Neuroscience as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981- 98

Figure 3.9 Papers within Pharmacology as a percentage of all the country’s papers, 1981- 98

Figure 4 Relative publication index within selected fields of science in the Nordic countries, 1981-98

Figure 5.1 Relative citation impact within Biology & Biochemistry in selected countries, 1981-98

Figure 5.2 Relative citation impact within Ecology/Environment in selected countries, 1981-98

Figure 5.3 Relative citation impact within Microbiology in selected countries, 1981-98 Figure 5.4 Relative citation impact within Molecular Biology & Genetics in selected

countries, 1981-98

Figure 5.5 Relative citation impact within Plant & Animal Science in selected countries, 1981-98

Figure 5.6 Relative citation impact within Clinical Medicine in selected countries, 1981- 98

Figure 5.7 Relative citation impact within Immunology in selected countries, 1981-98 Figure 5.8 Relative citation impact within Neuroscience in selected countries, 1981-98 Figure 5.9 Relative citation impact within Pharmacology in selected countries, 1981-98 Figure 6.1 Norwegian papers within Biology & Biochemistry, 1981-98

Figure 6.2 Norwegian papers within Ecology/Environment, 1981-98 Figure 6.3 Norwegian papers within Microbiology, 1981-98

Figure 6.4 Norwegian papers within Molecular Biology & Genetics, 1981-98 Figure 6.5 Norwegian papers within Plant & Animal Science, 1981-98 Figure 6.6 Norwegian papers within Clinical Medicine, 1981-98 Figure 6.7 Norwegian papers within Immunology, 1981-98 Figure 6.8 Norwegian papers within Neuroscience, 1981-98 Figure 6.9 Norwegian papers within Pharmacology, 1981-98

Figure 7.1 Norwegian papers in selected biological fields of science, 1981-98.

Accumulated figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 7.2 Norwegian papers in selected medical fields of science, 1981-98.

Accumulated figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.1 Relative citation impact within Biology & Biochemistry for the Nordic countries, 1981-98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.2 Relative citation impact within Ecology/Environment for the Nordic countries, 1981-98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.3 Relative citation impact within Microbiology for the Nordic countries, 1981- 98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.4 Relative citation impact within Molecular Biology & Genetics for the Nordic

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Figure 8.6 Relative citation impact within Clinical Medicine for the Nordic countries, 1981-98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.7 Relative citation impact within Immunology for the Nordic countries, 1981- 98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.8 Relative citation impact within Neuroscience for the Nordic countries, 1981- 98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

Figure 8.9 Relative citation impact within Pharmacology for the Nordic countries, 1981-

98. Average figures for overlapping 5-year periods.

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Care should be taken when interpreting bibliometrical indicators.

In the bibliometrical literature the strength and weakness of such indicators are frequently discussed. Here are some of the issues – not at all a complete list! – of which one should be aware when interpreting the statistics and data presented in this analysis.

♦ The ISI databases are produced in the US. Which journals to be indexed is decided by ISI, who claims to cover the leading journals in the world within the different fields of science. The journal list is available, and everybody may assess how the representative the selected journals are. Annex 4 lists the journals of the relevant fields in the present analysis.

♦ Some critics contend that the selection of journals is skewed because of the language – journals published in English are overrepresented in the database compared to journals in other languages. Against this it is argued that as international orientation is a criterion for a journal to be included in the database, it is just to be expected that the lot of the journals are in English.

♦ Another argument says that the journals selected in essence reflect fields of science that are more or less firmly established. It takes time for journals in upcoming or recently established fields to be included, i.a. because the data base require time series.

♦ International journal publishing is not equally relevant for all fields of science. In the humanities and most of the social sciences, for example, the research results are published primarily in other publication types than international scientific journals. In many subfields, monographs, locally oriented journals, report series, etc., may be more appropriate and important media for presenting the research results than international journals.

♦ But even within the natural and technological sciences there are variations in the degree to which the most relevant journals have been included in the database. Physics, chemistry and biomedicine are fields in which most of the publishing is concentrated within a relatively well defined set of dominant and leading journals – which also receive most citations. All these journals are included in the ISI databases. In biology and geosciences, on the other hand, a greater share of the papers are more often published in nationally or locally oriented journals, which to a lesser extent – and in a more casual and unsystematic way – are covered by the databases. In technology, humanities, and most of the social sciences journal publishing seems to be less crucial than in the hard basic sciences.

♦ As for citation counts, it is not generally agreed upon what the figures actually express.

There may be different motives for citing, and citing behaviour may vary considerably between different fields and different segments of the scientists’ community. Citation counts are, therefore, not necessarily numerical expressions for the quality of the scientific literature, but more likely for its impact or usefulness in one sense or another.

♦ The inclination to cite fellow scientist from one’s own country varies from country to country, and seems most pronounced among the US scientists. This affects the relative citation indexes also for other countries.

♦ In addition, on should be aware of different technical and methodological problems of

measuring – like printing and spelling errors, synonyms (which may result in double-

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All journals have been classified according to field categories corresponding to the categories of &XUUHQW&RQWHQWV . &XUUHQW &RQWHQWV is a database displaying the tables of contents from scholarly journals and provides bibliographic data for journal articles, etc. &XUUHQW&RQWHQWV is published weekly in seven editions. Each edition covers related fields of science. In this annex the correspondence between the 16,2' standard version codes and the &XUUHQW

&RQWHQWV categories is displayed. The codes in the DeLuxe version of 16,2' are identical to the &XUUHQW&RQWHQWV categories.

Within the one and same &XUUHQW&RQWHQWV Product Code (or edition) a journal can be counted only once. However, sometimes a journal may have been included in two ore more product codes, e.g. both in /LIH6FLHQFHV and $JULFXOWXUH%LRORJ\ (QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHV , if the journal has been found relevant to both products. In this case the journal has been included in the 16,2' data more than once, which makes double or triple counting.

A different sort of double counting arises from the fact that many articles have authors

from more than one country. In these cases the article has been counted once for each country

represented among the authors.