ZenN
Nearly Zero energy Neighborhoods
Improvement proposals for replication actions
D 3.4
Publisher
ZenN – Nearly Zero energy Neighborhoods
Layout
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
Date
2017‐10‐18
Further information
ZenN website: http://www.zenn‐fp7.eu/
Disclaimer
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union´s Seventh Programme (FP7/2007‐2013) for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 314363.
Material reflects only the author’s views and European Union is not liable for any use that may be
made of the information contained therein.
Executive summary
Making use of available data from monitoring carried out in D 3.3, and information regarding possible improvement actions and associated additional energy consumption reduction figures gathered during D 3.1, D 3.4 theoretically analyses the feasibility of improvement proposals. The results from D 3.4 is oriented towards safe inclusion of viable technologies developed during the course of the project.
The tables summaries improvement proposals for each building giving valuable information for replication actions. As the table shows the experiences is unique for each pilot but some common features can be seen:
Energy reduction can be achieved by focusing on
oAirtight building envelope
o
A high degree of insulation
oWindows with a low U‐value
oEfficient ventilation system
oTemperature control/thermostats
The choice and design of the ventilation system is of great importance for the final energy consumption. A large degree of heat recovery is of importance.
The use of PV for local energy generation on site has worked well for the pilot buildings.
Contents
Executive summary ... I
List of abbreviations ... 1
1
Introduction ... 1
2
Summary of improvement proposals from D3.1 ... 1
2.1
Lindängen, Malmö ... 1
2.2
Eibar, Mogel ... 3
2.3
Arlequin 40/50, Grenoble ... 5
2.4
Økern, Oslo ... 10
3
Improvement proposals for replication actions ... 12
3.1
Lindängen, Malmö ... 12
3.2
Eibar, Mogel ... 16
3.3
Arlequin 40/50, Grenoble ... 18
3.4
Økern, Oslo ... 20
List of abbreviations
BEMS Building Energy Management System
DHW Domestic Hot Water
EPBD European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ESX Exhaust and supply air ventilation with heat recovery
EU European Union
FP7 EU's Seventh Framework Programme
LCC Lice‐Cycle Costs
nZEB Nearly Zero Energy Building
PE Primary Energy
PV WP
Photovoltaic Work Package
1 Introduction
In work package 3 the objective has been to study the technical solutions chosen in each case study for the four city neighbourhoods.
Deliverable D3.1 presents different retrofitting scenarios for each of the pilot buildings and chooses one scenario which presents how the final retrofitting will be done. Deliverable D3.3 presents results from the monitoring, to see how the calculated values corresponds to real life.
Making use of available data from monitoring carried out in D 3.3, and information regarding possible improvement actions and associated additional energy consumption reduction figures gathered during D 3.1, D 3.4 theoretically analyses the feasibility of improvement proposals. The results from D 3.4 is oriented towards safe inclusion of viable technologies developed during the course of the project.
2 Summary of improvement proposals from D3.1
Deliverable D3.1 gives the full overview of what technical measures the four city neighbourhoods have implemented and theoretical scenarios for what measures to
implement if further energy‐ and emission reduction could have been achieved. This chapter gives a summary of the different scenarios for each city district.
The different scenarios are explained in short below.
Scenario 0: Current status Scenario 1: Proposed actions
Scenario 2: Improved and implemented actions
Scenario 3: Best possible solutions
2.1 Lindängen, Malmö
Scenario 1 contains the measures described in the project proposal and allocates large resources on supplementary thermal insulation. ESX‐ventilation is also a key measure in this scenario. 270 solar panels with a total capacity of 72.9 kW distributed in to the roof tops of three buildings into 15 arrays on each building with a total effective collector area of 441 m2.
Scenario 2 is partly the result of the collaboration between Trianon and E.On, the district heating supplier. The package of measures includes low capacity exhaust air heat pumps to assist the space heating system. This approach aims at limited use of electricity and to apply heat pumps only for small temperature lifts resulting in efficient use of heat pumps and long service life of compressors. This scenario has a relatively low electricity use profile, compared to a high
capacity heat pump, and a relatively high district heat use demand. The same setup for the PV installation as in scenario 1 is used in this scenario.
Scenario 3 has the lowest total purchased energy use demand. This scenario primarily aims at ESX ventilation and a heat recovery application for DHW which is not tested in this kind of application to our knowledge. In this more ambitious scenario additional (compared to S1 and S2) 240 panels solar PV panels are installed on the roof tops north of high buildings. In total the capacity is 138 kW and a total effective collector area of 833 m2. The total yearly electricity production is estimated to 126 MWh.
summarizes measures and calculated energy use results for the different scenarios. Some measures are common for all scenarios such as the window retrofit and retrofit of pumps, fans and motors. The difference in total energy performance is only 5.3 kWh/m² between Scenario 1 and 2, but the use of electricity is increased considerably in Scenario 2.
Table 2.1 Summary of measures related to consumption in each scenario and related energy reduction, Lindängen
Measures Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Building envelope improvements
Supplementary roof and façade
insulation
Window retrofit Supplementary insulation measures is relatively costly
Window retrofit
Supplementary insulation not considered as façade is in good condition and roof insulation is relatively good and expensive to address due to used attic floor area
Heat recovery Central ESX ventilation Relatively high investment cost
Exhaust air heat pump installation – low capacity design, only for space heating
Central ESX ventilation
Central grey water heat recovery for DHW production
DHW measure is chosen partly due to existing high DHW use
Individual metering of DHW use
Applied in all scenarios
Saving assumed to reach 20 % DHW use assumed to reach level of national template data Fixed electrical
installations
Installing low energy light fittings in common areas
Installing of low energy pumps and fans for ventilation, DHW circulation and heating system
New elevator motors
New high performing laundry machines and
driers for laundry room
Local RES use ( EPBD energy included)
63 257 kWh PV electricity kWh/year
(98 % of the PV el.
production)
51 614 kWh PV electricity kWh/year (80 % of the PV el.production)
89 548 kWh electricity kWh/year
(71% of the PV production)
Total energy
reduction (%) 49% 53% 69%
Energy performance
(kWh/m² year) 81.5 76.2 49.5
Table 2.2 Energy efficency economics, Lindängen
Table 2.3 Primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions for each scenario, Lindängen
2.2 Eibar, Mogel
In Scenario 1 a primary energy reduction of 55 % is achieved. Main actions are related to reduce heat losses through the building envelope applying additional isolation in facades and roofs and also upgrading the windows with a double glaze solution. The change of windows and an
adequate execution of the retrofitting works also reduce the air infiltrations in the building.
Scenario 1 also includes a solar thermal field for supporting the DHW consumption.
The measures in Scenario 2 are focused on further reducing the building heat losses through the envelope by adding more isolation to the opaque surfaces (roofs, facades and ground floors) and low‐e double glazing solutions in windows, along with an increment in IAQ by means of local heat recovery devices. Also an upgrade of existing individual boilers to condensing boilers with better efficiency is adopted. With this scenario an energy reduction of 66% is expected.
Once the energy demand of the district is reduced in Scenario 2, measures in Scenario 3 are focused on new energy generation and RES systems that reduce the primary energy needs for buildings up to an 89%. This set of measures include a new district heating network with a centralized generation (Biomass boiler + Geothermal Source Heat Pump + Condensive gas boiler) plus a new photovoltaic solar field. The LCC assessment of the different scenarios indicates that Scenario 3 reduces the total energy cost in present value in nearly 19% comparing to base scenario while increasing the total cost in 34%.
Table 2.4 Summary of measures related generation in each scenario and related energy reduction, Eibar
Table 2.5 Energy efficency economics, Eibar
Table 2.6 Primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions for each scenario, Eibar
2.3 Arlequin 40/50, Grenoble
For Arlequin 40/50 Scenario 1 correspond to the basic standard of building retrofitting in France with external thermal insulation and ventilation optimization.
The measures in Scenario 2 are focused on further reducing the building heat losses throught :
Air tightness with a target of performance far better than usual one in France for retrofitting,
Correction of all detected thermal bridges related to . singular cases like parapets, balconies, rooftop equipment, and so on
The integration of thermal regulation controlling a 2 ways valve for inddor comfort condition control in the cas of 50 Arlequin,
Optimization of pump electric consumption either for Domestic Hot water distribution and heating distribution,
Adapatation of the ventilation systems to warranty indoor air quality,
Scenario 3 had the ambition to reduce dramatically DHW energy consumption with heat
recovery on grey waters dor the Arlequin 40, and substitution of all the windows of the Arlequin 50.
Table 2.7 Summary of measures related to consumption in each scenario and related energy reduction, Arlequin 40/50
Measures Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
40 Arlequin 50 Arlequin 40 Arlequin 50 Arlequin 40 Arlequin 50 Arlequin [Measure
1]
Insulation of the building envelope by outside
Insulation of the building envelope by outside
Substitution the metallic skeleton light façade by a wooden frame
Insulation of balconies and
reduction of thermal bridges
Implementing an energy recovery on grey waters
Substitution of all existing windows
[Measure 2]
Substitution of windows, French
Substitution of French windows and
Regulation of
the heating temperature
Single‐flow
CMV humidity
windows and shutters
shutters of living room
in every housing
controlled type B [Measure
3]
New distribution networks heating and renovation of DHW
distribution
Insulation of heat
networks and loop of DHW
Single‐flow
CMV humidity controlled type A
[Measure 4]
Single‐flow CMV humidity controlled type A
Single‐flow CMV humidity controlled type B
[Measure 5]
PV power plant of 100 kWc PV power plant of 170 kWc
Implementing of PV systems on flat roofs of 4,4 kWc
Implementing of PV systems on flat roofs of 9,6 kWc Total
energy reduction (%)
52 44 58 47 61 51
Total energy reduction (kWh/m² year)
91 (Except electricity)
76 (Except electricity)
102 (Except electricity)
84 (Except electricity)
110 (Except electricity)
90 (Except electricity)
Table 2.8 Summary of measures related generation in each scenario and related energy reduction, Arlequin
Table 2.9 Energy efficency economics, Arlequin 40
Table 2.10 Energy efficency economics, Arlequin 50
Table 2.11 Primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions for each scenario, Arlequin 40/50
2.4 Økern, Oslo
Scenario 0: 65% of total delivered energy is electricity from the grid and remaining 35% come from district heating. The building was old, had problem of leakage, had an inefficient ventilation system and there for a high energy demand.
Scenario 1: The demand for district heating is now reduced with 57% and the demand for electricity is reduced with 70%. The total energy demand has a reduction of 64%. 53% of total delivered energy is electricity from the grid, 40% come from district heating the remaining 7% is harvested from solar power.
This is accomplished through several retrofitting actions. The most important are:
‐ Increasing the thickness of insulation up to the Norwegian passive house level and increasing the airtightness making the U‐value low
‐ Installation of balanced ventilation system with heat recovery
‐ Shift from direct use of electricity for space heating to waterborne system preheated by district heating
‐ PV installation on the roof to be partly self‐served with electricity
Scenario 2: The demand for district heating is now reduced with 71% and the demand for electricity is reduced with 75%. The total energy demand has a reduction of 73%. 54% of total delivered energy is electricity from the grid, 33% come from district heating the remaining 13% is harvested from solar power. This was done through improvements from Scenario 1:
‐ Reducing thermal bridges and increasing air tightness further
‐ heat exchanger efficiency
‐ performance of the demand controlled ventilation
‐ Increasing the covered PV area also including parts of the facade
Scenario 3: The demand for district heating is now reduced with 74% and the demand for electricity is reduced with 84%. The total energy demand has a reduction of 80%. 44% of total delivered energy is electricity from the grid, 38% come from district heating the remaining 18% is harvested from solar power.
Scenario 3 accomplishes a reduction of 80% (compared to Scenario 0) through the same improvements from Scenario 2, but with lower level of the artificial lighting, average daytime airflow, increasing the amount of PV and better the U‐value in the walls.
Table 2.12 Summary of measures related to consumption in each scenario and related energy reduction, Økern
Table 2.13 Summary of measures related generation in each scenario and related energy reduction, Økern
Table 2.14 Energy efficency economics, Økern
Table 2.15 Primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions for each scenario, Økern
3 Improvement proposals for replication actions
3.1 Lindängen, Malmö
The four residential building blocks included in the Lindängen demo site were retrofitted through the measures listed in Scenario 2 of Deliverable 3.1 – see chapter Error! Reference
source not found. above. As described in D3.1, the site struggled with unfortunate startingconditions; e.g. the heating and BEMS system was outdated and the façades had relatively poor insulation. According to the property owner the windows had “reached their technical life span” before the project (see deliverable 4.3). These prerequisites illustrate the big need of retrofitting that the buildings were in before the project.
The comprehensive monitoring program and the monitoring year carried out in Lindängen
during September 2016 to August 2017 have given many clear insights to the level of success
and improvement possibilities of the implemented retrofitting actions. The monitoring
program has allowed extensive insight to the overall energy and environmental performance and the detailed performance of certain technical installations; due to an energy sub‐
metering system on the installations of one of the high‐rise buildings. The monitoring program, metering systems as well as the detailed monitoring results and more information on the data processing are described in further detail in D3.3. General conclusions and improvement proposals are given in a shorter format below.
When assessing the monitored data for Lindängen, the retrofitted buildings seem to perform rather well compared to what was calculated (Scenario 2):
‐ The final energy demand of the retrofitted buildings is 96.5 kWh/(m2*year), compared to the simulated 76.2 kWh/(m2*year) and to the baseline with a demand of 161 kWh/(m2*year).
This means a final energy reduction of 40 % compared to the expected (simulated) 53 %.
(A reason for the deviation is the individual billing of domestic hot water which was not possible to implement during the project period. The DHW consumption was 9
kWh/(m2*year) higher than expected with the fully implemented billing system, which could imply that the final energy demand will be closer to the simulated after the DHW billing implementation.)
‐ The primary energy demand of the retrofitted buildings is 65.5 kWh/(m2*year)1, compared to the simulated 71.4 kWh/(m2*year) and the baseline of 97.2 kWh/(m2*year). The demand is lower than expected due to a higher district heating and lower electricity demand than in the calculation.
The primary energy reduction is thus at a higher level than expected, at 33 % compared to the simulated 27 %.
‐ The climate impact of the building energy demand is 15.3 g CO2eq/(m2*year) 2, compared to the simulated 13.4 g CO2eq/(m2*year) and the baseline of 24.8 3 g CO2eq/(m2*year). The climate impact has thus decreased by 38 % compared to the expected 46 %.
‐ The exhaust air heat pumps have been monitored displaying a COP of 4.1, which is of high standard3.
‐ The DHW demand is at 47.1 kWh/(m2*year) compared to the baseline value of 60
kWh/(m2*year) (see D3.1) even though the individual billing has not been implemented yet.
This indicates a significant overall effect of the measures performed to increase efficiency in the district heating deliverance (new heat exchangers, new heat stations etc.).
‐ The total property electricity demand is lower than expected (12.2 kWh/(m2*year) compared to 20.5 kWh/(m2*year) in the simulation). One reason is that the exhaust air heat pumps have consumed less energy than expected. (Despite the good COP, they have therefore also recovered less heat than expected.) Since the sub‐metering of electricity is only made in one of the buildings and extrapolated for the full site, any conclusions are uncertain. The sub‐
metering though indicates that especially the lighting electricity use is very low, implying that
1 Calculated through the primary energy factors applied for the site in D3.1 and D3.3.
2 Calculated through the greenhouse gas emission factors applied for the site in D3.1 and D3.3.
3 Electricity use and transferred heat have been monitored for the exhaust air heat pumps in one of the high‐
rise buildings. The figures show a very similar performance for all of these three heat pumps, and they are assumed representative for the normal operation performance for all heat pumps in the other buildings.
the LED illumination retrofitting measure is very recommendable (see Deliverable 3.3 for further details).
‐ The metered generation of PV electricity was higher than expected, 3.5 kWh/(m2*year) compared to 3.1 kWh/(m2*year) in the simulation. The share of internal use and export to the grid respectively was according to the expectations (0.7 kWh/(m2*year) were exported compared to the simulated 0.6 kWh/(m2*year)). Taking into account that the global radiation on a horizontal surface was 29 % higher in Malmö during the monitoring year than in a normal year (based on average for 1980 to 2010), a rough estimate (normal‐year correction) made in D3.3 suggest that the electricity generation could be approximately 2.7
kWh/(m2*year) during a year of “normal” amount of solar radiation. Overall, the PV solution though seems to be reliable and deliver what has been expected. Due to a lower total electricity use for the buildings than according to the simulation, the share of electricity use supplied by the PV cells is higher than expected.
‐ The monitoring program has also given a clarified view on the apartment indoor
temperatures; this study was made for the 3 high‐rise buildings. The average apartment temperature varied between approximately 21.3 and 21.6 °C during the heating season of October to April. They therefore seem slightly over‐tempered since the property
management aims for 21 °C as a continuous average during the heating season. The higher placed apartments (floor 6‐8) also, without exceptions, had a lower average temperature than their lower placed equals (floor 2‐5) for all the apartment categories studied (gable apartments, single‐sided and double‐sided). These data illustrates the general difficulties to adjust the heating system but gives also a better material for making further improvements than what was available before the project.
In an economical perspective, it could be concluded that many energy retrofitting measures that were excluded from the project have not proved to be economically justifiable. Facade
renovation and ESX ventilation was considered to have high investment amounts and was not justifiable due to this and due to a too high disturbance for residents. Also, solutions for heat recovery in separated grey water was not been found to be economically viable.
The exhaust air heat pump solution was considered a cost‐effective measure and was included in the renovation measures. The solution displays a somewhat dissonant relation between
economy and primary energy efficiency. Despite the high monitored COP of the heat pump solution in Lindängen, the solution in itself contributes to a (marginally) increased primary energy use
when applying the primary energy factors determined for the site within D3.1,
despite the decrease of final energy demand. The primary energy factors are 0.45 for district heating and 2.26 for electricity. Based on these, the heat pumps must save approximately a 5 times higher amount of district heating than the electricity amount they consume forcontributing to primary energy savings. The COP of 4 means that the heat pumps are rather close to achieving this, but still contributes to a (marginally) increased primary energy consumption. I.e., if the same amount of heat that is recovered by the heat pumps would instead have been delivered from the district heating grid, this would have resulted in a slightly lower primary energy consumption.
Improvement proposals for replication actions for Lindängen is presented by
Table 3.1 Improvement proposals for replication actions, Lindängen
.
Table 3.1 Improvement proposals for replication actions, Lindängen
Proposals for replication actions Improvement proposals based on experiences from D3.1/D3.3
Reason
If applying an exhaust air heat pump heat recovery solution, the scale and efficiency of the Lindängen installation have enabled a rather balanced solution in terms of a significant final energy decrease at the cost of a marginal primary energy increase. Since both significant final and primary energy savings have been achieved overall (see the total reduction figures in summary above), a balanced total solution in both perspectives could be reached even when applying the heat pumps.
In the sole primary energy perspective, the exhaust air heat pump solution is not
recommendable in today’s conditions. If being able to reach a COP of approximately 5 and, for example, also ensuring a complete local renewable energy supply for the pumps, there would be a definite increase in the environmental reliability of the solution.
A COP of 5 means an approximately neutral effect of the heat pumps in a primary energy
perspective (based on the determined primary energy factors, see the further explanations above the table), which would make it justifiable in this
perspective. With also a purely renewable energy supply, a reliability improvement should also be reached in the climate perspective.
The performed property electricity retrofitting measures have improved the building energy performance more than according to the simulation. The sub‐metering system indicates that especially the lighting electricity use is very low.
The higher level of success compared to calculation implies that the property electricity measures are recommendable and that it is difficult to evaluate if further improvements are likely for this type of buildings.
‐
PV plants as installed in Lindängen seem to be reliable in terms of conformity between the expected and achieved energy generation.
The metered PV electricity generation was even higher than in the calculations. The normal‐
year correction indicates that the generation could be somewhat lower a normal year but still in line with what has been
expected. Approximately 20 % of the PV electricity generated during the year was exported to the grid. For a better pure self‐
supplying system, there is therefore room for
improvements, such as local energy storages, utilization also
Local energy storage or better local utilization of the excessive electricity should be assessed and tried furtherly for similar cases, e.g. for avoiding
disturbances on the electricity grid that can be caused by small‐scale PV electricity export.
for household electricity or further types of local utilization of the excessive electricity.
The achieved DHW demand of 47.1 kWh per m2 and year
compared to the baseline value of 60 kWh per m2 and year (see D3.3) indicates an effect of the overall district heating
deliverance measures (new heat exchangers, new heat stations etc.). Since the individual billing of DHW has not been implemented yet, reductions compared to the baseline value should be mostly due to these system
improvements.
It is difficult to evaluate the success and improvement possibilities of the overall DHW measures furtherly since the individual billing system was not implemented during the project time.
‐
The indoor temperature metering data gives a clear view of the heating system adjustment needs.
It has given a good underlay for detecting inequality of
temperatures between the different categories of apartments.
It is difficult to tell whether the meters are completely
representative for the whole apartments (although the rather trends detected between the different categories improve the general reliability). For a more ensured view, several meters should be installed per apartment.
The temperatures could be significantly variable in the apartments, and any errors of nearby heat sources to the meters could not be detected with this one‐
meter‐per‐apartment system.
The sub‐metering system of property electricity has given a good overview of the
performance of the technical installations. Malfunctions in the system are very simple to detect if making a continuous follow‐up of the data. Also, the general performance could easily be compared with expected values on e.g. a yearly basis.
The sub‐metering system has only been implemented in one of the high‐rise buildings. For a more assured overview and monitoring of performance of all of the buildings, the same detailed metering system should have to be installed in all.
Operation malfunctioning is not as easy to detect and assess in detail in the buildings without the sub‐
metering system. The possibility to assess the performance quality of each installation is also simplified with sub‐metering and comparisons between all buildings.
3.2 Eibar, Mogel
The district of Mogel, retrofitted under the scenario , is composed of residential 21 buildings built in 1949 and located in the municipality of Eibar(Spain). These type of budilings fall under the category of ”housing for industrial workers”, and were usually constructions promoted by an industrial company.
Industrial development has been one of the key drivers in the creation of urban morphology in the Basque Country. This important development took place in a very short time to accommodate the immigrant population from the 40's and 50's until the 60's, originated a construction of low quality and with important problems of accessibility in the building. Current tenants of these areas are usually or either the relatives of the innitial owners or or more
vulnerable social groups (this one, depending on the location and the conservation status on the building)
Usually these buildings do not present any thermal insulation, are leaky constructions and lack mechanical ventilation and any centralized HVAC systems, as it is the case of Mogel.
With poor envelope and lack of mechanical ventilation, the major uses of energy in Mogel were related with space heating and domestic hot water production, which is mainly supplied by individual gas boilers . On the other hand, accesibillity to the dwellings represented a social issue, since there are 4 story buildings with no lift.
The retrofitting measures of scneario 1 that have been implemented in Mogel include the
insulation of the building façade with an ETHI solution of 12cm EPS and roof with 20 cm of mineral wool;
the replacement of old windows to double pane low‐E windows,
the installation of a hot water production system by means of solar panels with central storage system,
the installation of elevators in the buildings and the replacement of common areas lighting to LED luminiares.
The expected energy saving with the application of scenario 1 were 47% when referred to final energy and 54% when referred to primary energy. Estimations were based on energy simulation of preintervention status and post‐intervention taking inconsideration user behavior patterns.
Monitored data has shown that the average energy use is above from waht was exepected. Main desviation is due to space heating, which specific energy consumption is 66 KWh/m2.year, where expected was 47KWh/m2.year. It is worth noting that there is a huge dispersion in dwellings real values of energy use for space heating, and it is mainly related with the user behavior and operation of the individual boilers.
Two dwellings out of the 10 monitored do not or semdonly use space heating, being winter time average indoor temperatures of around 16.5ºC. On the other hand, from the ones that are space conditioned, there are three which average indoor temperatures are above 20ºC,.which specific space heating consumption is above 90 KWh/m2.year. Taking into consideration (1) the space heating energy use is much higher. Taking in consideration (1)the energy consuming paterns and indoor comfort conditions of the monitored dwellings sample, (2) building tenants vulnerability and (3) construction characteristics of similar buildings in that area, the recomendation for future retrofitting projects of buildings of these type will be to prioritize envelope integral solutions, paying special attention to the execution , then act on the systems performance and finally on the RES.
Improvement proposals for replication actions for Eibar is presented by
Table 3.2
.Table 3.2 Improvement proposals for replication actions, Eibar
Proposals for replication actions Improvement proposals based on experiences from D3.1/D3.3
Reason
Promote/encourage the substitution of poor windows although it is an individual actuation
Higher space energy use for dwellings with old windows.
Poor thermal transmittance and leaky windows lead to increase the space heating needs because of the low surface temperatures of the glazing’s and higher
infiltration rates.
Integral retrofitiing of building envelope
Waranty insulation continuity and air tightness in the whole building envelope, specially in window /façade joints.
The joint of the
façade/window is one of the weak points of the façade and lead to unwanted external air infiltrations.
Airtight shutter/roller boxes Ensure the well execution of roller boxes, plugs or any wire coming from the façade
These are generally weak points related with airtightness Ensure insulation is warantied
between conditioned and non‐
conditoned spaces
In order to reduce any
thermal losses between roof/ceiling slabs and ground/floor slab.
Ensure insulation continuity in thermal bridges(balconies) and any recessing surfaces
IR thermography has shown that these are areas that need further analysed
Promote the substitution of existing boilers for condensing boilers
In order to improve the
performance ratio.
Recommend the installation of thermostats
In order to warranty a stable indoor comfort temperature and this not surpassed.
Any additional ºC of space heating increases sharply the space heating energy use.
Optimize solar thermal panels function mode and commisioing
Panels performance is far from what was expected.
A better performance cab be achieved with the primary circuits set points.
3.3 Arlequin 40/50, Grenoble
ARLEQUIN 40 and ARLEQUIN 50 are retrofitted with the measures listed in scenario 2 (D3.1). The buildings were old, had problem of thermal insulation and air leakage inducing a high level of discomfort for inhabitants.
The retrofitting actions as described in chapter 2.4 with distinction for ARLEQUIN 40 and ARLEQUIN 50. The most important are:
Air tightness with a target of performance far better than usual one in France for retrofitting,
External thermal insulation with correction of all detected thermal bridges related to . singular cases like parapets, balconies, rooftop equipment, and so on
The integration of thermal regulation controlling a 2 ways valve for inddor comfort condition control in the cas of 50 Arlequin,
Optimization of pump electric consumption either for Domestic Hot water distribution and heating distribution,
Adapatation of the ventilation systems to warranty indoor air quality and energy efficiency,
PV installation on the roof of the parking lot,
When looking at the monitored data and inhabitants feedback(D 3.3) the buildings are performant with some troublesalready solved to be solved :
‐ The PV installation on the parking lot delivers what expected but a manufacturing
problem has forced GEG to substitutes the panels to ensure next year energy production,
‐ For the 50 ARLEQUIN, the energy savings related to more efficient building envelope has not been as large as expected. A technical problem on temperature sensor
communication has been detected, wich leads us to keep indoor temperature setting value constant up tu 22°C during the first winter. Such a decision has been made to compensate noise and disturbance due to retrofitting works, for the on‐site inhabitants.
Nevertheless, the heating consumption has been lower than expected initially in the frame of teh project before ZenN optimization inputs.
The monitored data (D 3.3) show the actual efficiency of enveloppe thermal insulation and air tightness optimisation. For example, the 50 ARLEQUIN building retrofitting project had a target of 69 kWh/m².year before ZenN optimization inputs, and has been monitoring at 52.6 kWh/m².year taking into account wetaher correction.
Improvement proposals for replication actions for Arlequin 40/50 is presented by Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Improvement proposals for replication actions, Arlequin 40/50
Proposals for replication actions Improvement proposals based on experiences from D3.1/D3.3
Reason
Renovation of building envelope with a large emphasis on energy efficiency and detail correction (Thermal bridges) thank to a thermal bridge reference book to be considered for any new retrofitting operation.
The buildings were renovated according to the French Low Consumption retrofitting standard. The requirements to reach a higher level of
performances lead to focus on reduction of thermal bridges resulting in better U‐values in walls, and roofs.
The engineering firms do not consider thermal bridges impact when energy performances are
estimated.
It has been demonstrated that the thermal bridges could induce an increasing of the heating demand up to 50%. Moreover, for some cases, the thermal bridges can be responsible for moisture development in the apartment.
Air tightness improvement process
The usual value for air tightness according to the French Low Consumption retrofitting standard has not been considered as sufficiently
The French standard Q4 in m3/h/.m² is not the most adapted to control correctly the quality of air tightness.
It is possible to get better
ambitious. A target at level of Q4
< 1.1 m3/h/.m² (French standard) has been chosen but only an average maximal value wad specified for the tested apartment.
A maximal value for each test with the European indicator N50 in ACH will be specified for any new retrofitting operation.
result by choosing a flat with a high rate of walls and ceiling in contact with the outdoor. The European standard will be specified to get a reliable air tightness indicator whatever is the location of the flat in the building.
Indoor thermal regulation The control of indoor
temperature has been improved for the building ARLEQUIN 50 with a 2 ways valve controlled by temperature sensors located in the living room. It has allowed to reduce overheating during winter time and to reduce heating energy consumption.
A monitoring campaign in Lyon of a 55 flats social housing retrofitted building has shown the efficiency of such a technical solution. A reduction of 20% of heating energy consumption has been measured with 2 ways valve controlled by
temperature sensors located in the living room compare to usual
thermostatic valves mounted on the heater.
Auxiliary pump optimisation As heating demands has been dramatically reduced thanks to thermal insulation, specific electric consumption can reach an high part of global energy balance of buildings.
Consequently, the circulation pump control strategies should be optimized, if possible with integration of storage capacity to allow pump stopping
Building monitoring
campaigns have proven that auxiliary pumps could reach more than 20
kWhEp/m².year if they are not controlled in a correct way for heating and DHW.
With adaptation of hydraulic architecture and control strategies, such energy consumption can be dramatically reduced.
Installation of ventilation system with minimal controlled air flow
The installed ventilation equipments ensure minimal air flow in dwellings to warranty indoor air quality (hygrometric A instead of usual Hygrometric B according to French standard).
The CO2 rate can reach up to 2000 ppm in a case of Hygrometric B ventilation system in dwelling, because of too low air flows. Only Hygrometric A ventilation system show a good compromise between air quality and energy efficiency.
3.4 Økern, Oslo
Økern nursing home is retrofitted with the measures listed in scenario 1 (D3.1). The building was old, had problem of leakage, had an inefficient ventilation system and therefore a high energy
demand. 64% reduction of total energy demand is achieved from Scenario 0 to Scenario 1. This is accomplished through several retrofitting actions as described in chapter 2.4. The most
important are:
‐ Increasing the thickness of insulation up to the Norwegian passive house level and increasing the airtightness making the U‐value low
‐ Installation of balanced ventilation system with heat recovery
‐ Shift from direct use of electricity for space heating to waterborne system preheated by district heating
‐ PV installation on the roof to be partly self‐served with electricity
When looking at the monitored data (D 3.3) the building seam to perform very well compared to what was calculated (Scenario 1):
‐ The PV installation delivers what expected and proves to be a good alternative to traditionally energy systems.
‐ The energy savings related to more efficient building envelope and balanced ventilation system are large
‐ The shift from direct use of electricity for space heating to waterborne system connected to the district heating works fine
Going beyond Scenario 1, a total energy demand reduction of 73% (compared to Scenario 0) was accomplished in Scenario 2. Scenario 3 accomplishes a reduction of 80% (compared to Scenario 0).
Looking at the economical evaluation the general impression is that reducing energy through the mentioned improvements gives fairly similar life cycle costs. The three scenarios have quite comparable life cycle costs, but scenario 2 and 3 seems to be a bit more profitable. However, the energy measures in scenario 2 and 3 have a higher risk for deviations between calculated and real energy performance, and unforeseen costs. Even so, this means that reducing energy is sustainable, not only in environmental terms, but also economically.
Improvement proposals for replication actions for Økern is presented by
Table 3.4
.Table 3.4 Improvement proposals for replication actions, Økern
Proposals for replication actions Improvement proposals based on experiences from D3.1/D3.3
Reason
A large share of electricity consumption can be covered by locally produced energy
The walls can be used (together with the roof as was done in Scenario 1) to get a larger area of PV panels installation (this was presented by numbers in Scenario 2 and 3).
The installation of PV panels for energy production has proved to be successful and also economical beneficial according to the LCC
analysis of Scenario 2 and 3.
Renovation of building envelope with a large emphasis on energy efficiency
The building was renovated up to the Norwegian Passive House level. Although the requirements was high, there could have been
Renovating buildings up to the Norwegian passive house level results in an increased level of insulation
larger focus on reduction of thermal bridges and increased air tightness (Sc 2 and 3), resulting in better U‐values in walls.
and large emphasis on air tightness. This makes a large difference when the starting point is a building from the 1970's (Økern was built in 1975). The resulting building envelope ended up as a very efficient building, but some more energy reduction would have been possible if the requirements on energy efficiency were stricter.
Installation of balanced ventilation system with heat recovery
The installed ventilation equipment had 80% heat recovery. The heat exchanger efficiency can be increased further by technical equipment chosen as basis for calculations in Scenario 2.
Balanced ventilation with 80% heat recovery is a common and settled technology and more progressive heat exchanger technology can be found at the market to increase the energy efficiency further.