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ATMOSPHERIC LEAD EMISSIONS IN EUROPE IN 1985

Jozef

M.

Pacyna

SUMMARY

The abnospheric emissions of lead from various anthropogenic sources in Europe are estimated for 1985. The estimates are partly based on the Pb emission survey for 1982, assuming that changes in Pb emissions in Europe between 1982 and 1985 are mainly related to the changes of the Pb emissions from gasoline combustion during the period. The use of leaded and unleaded gasoline in all European countries in 1985 is presented. Major decrease of the Pb emissions from gasoline combustion between 1982 and 1985 has been noted for Denmark (60%), Norway (50%), Greece (45%), Italy (40%), Finland (30%), and Spain (20%). The total emission of Pb from gasoline combustion in Europe in 1985 was only 6%

lower than in 1982, as there was some increase in gasoline consumption in this period as well. Although the changes of the Pb emissions in Europe between 1982 and 1985 are not significant it is difficult to extend this for 1986. Lead-free gasoline was introduced in 1986 in many countries in Europe, and in some countries a limit of 0.15 g/1 was introduced instead of 0.4 g/1 in both regular and high-octane super gasoline. The spatial distribution of the Pb emissions in Europe within the EMEP grid of 150 km x 150 km is given.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY 1

2 3 4

INTRODUCTION

USE OF LEAD IN GASOLINE

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS OF LEAD IN 1985 REFERENCES

Page

1

3 3 5 7

ATMOSPHERIC LEAD EMISSIONS IN EUROPE IN 1985

1 INTRODUCTION

This report presents the emissions of lead (Pb) from various anthropo- genic sources in Europe in 1985. The estimates are partly based on the Pb emission survey for 1982 (Pacyna and Munch, 1988). The statistical data for the production of industrial goods and the consumption of fossil fuels for 1982 and 1985 vary within 10% for individual European countries. No indication of a major change in production technology was found for 1982 and 1985 in the expansion plans of all major smel- ters in Europe. The modernisation of environmental protection instal- lations concerned mainly the construction of new acid plants. Conside- ring the above findings, it was assumed here, that if there are changes in Pb emission in Europe between 1982 and 1985, they should be mainly related to the changes of the Pb emissions from gasoline com- bustion during the period.

2 USE OF LEAD IN GASOLINE

The use of the Pb additives in gasoline in Europe in 1985 is discussed separately for various countries.

No information exists on the use of Pb additives in Albania. A limit of 0.4 g/1 gasoline was assumed in this work.

In Austria, lead-free regular gasoline and high-octane super gasoline with a Pb content of 0.15 g/1 is available but after 1985. For 1985, a factor of 0.4 g/1 can be used. The same factor is valid for Belgium, where a limit of 0.15 g/1 was introduced in January 1987. The same factor of 0.4 g/1 is also applicable for Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. The latter country has introduced one type of lead- free gasoline since April 1986.

In Denmark a limit of 0.15 g/1 has been introduced for regular gas- oline in July 1982 and for premium-gasoline in July 1984. In 1985 all gasoline contained 0.15 g/1. Unleaded gasoline has been introduced in December 1985 and today unleaded gasoline contributes more than 30% to the total amount.

Regular gasoline with 0.15 g Pb/1 is used in Finland from 1985 contri- buting 40% to the total amount already in 1985. The rest was high- octane super gasoline with 0.4 g Pb/1. Thus, the Pb emission factor for gasoline combustion in Finland in 1985 is 0.3 g/1.

In France, Pb content is limited since 1981 to 0.4 g/1. Lead-free gas- oline is available but after 1985.

A limit of 0.15 g/1 has been introduced in the Federal Republic of Germany already in 1976. However, lead-free gasoline contributed only 1% to the total consumption of gasoline in 1985.

No information exists on the use of Pb in German Democratic Republic.

It was assumed that high-octane gasoline in this country contains 0.4 g/1. The same limit was used in 1985 in Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. A limit of 0.15 g/1 was intro- duced in the two latter countries in 1986. Italy, Luxemburg and the Netherlands have recently introduced lead-free gasoline. In Hungary, lead-free gasoline is available for foreign currency.

In Norway, the whole amount of gasoline in 1985 contained 0.15 g/1.

Unleaded gasoline was introduced in 1986.

In Poland, a content of Pb in gasoline varies from 0.3 to 0.56 g/1.

Most of gasoline in 1985 contained 0.4 g/1. An introduction of lead- ---•f•r~e~e ... gasoline is--PJ,anned but only for foreign curren

A limit of 0.4 g/1 was also used in 1985 in Portugal, Romania and Spain.

In Sweden and Switzerland the whole amounts of gasoline is used in 1985 contained 0.15 g/1. Lead-free gasoline was introduced in these countries in 1986.

In the United Kingdom, a content of Pb in gasoline was limited to 0.4 g/1 in 1985. A limit of 0.15 g/1 was introduced from January 1986. A lead-free gasoline is now available.

It is very difficult to obtain the information on the use of Pb addi- tives in the Soviet Union. The content of Pb in gasoline is now limited to 0.24 g/kg of fuel. The use of ethyleted gasoline containing lead additives is restricted in IVIoscow, Leningrad, Minsk, Kiev and a number of other cities. However, a factor of 0.4 g Pb/1 seems to be appropriate for 1985. The same limit of 0.4 g/1 was used in 1985 in Yugoslavia. Now, un- leaded gasoline is available in both countries.

3 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS OF LEAD IN 1985

Lead emission estimates for gasoline combustion in Europe in 1985 are shown in Table 1. The amounts of Pb additives in gasoline are based on the reports presented by the European countries to the UN ECE Convec- tion on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (UN, 1987) and on the information obtained from CONCAWE, the Associated Octel Co. Ltd., The Norwegian Petroleum Institute, and from the environmental protection agencies in the Nordic countries: Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT) in Norway, Naturvårdsverket in Sweden, Miljøstyrelsen in Denmark and Miljoministeriet in Finland.

The relevant information from the previous report (Pacyna and Milnch, 1988) has also been used.

The data on the gasoline consumption in Table 1 are from the OECD (the OECD countries) and UN (other countries) statistics.

Major decrease of the Pb emissions from gasoline combustion between 1982 and 1985 has been noted for Denmark (60%), No:r:way (50%), Greece (45%), Italy (40%), Finland (30%) and Spain (20%). This decrease is related to the decrease of Pb content in gasoline.

The total emission of Pb from gasoline combustion in Europe in 1985 was only 6% lower than in 1982, as there was some increase in gasoline comsumption in this period as well.

The Pb emissions from all sources in Europe in 1985 are shown in Table 2. Emissions from sources other than gasoline combustion were taken from Pacyna and Munch (1988). The spatial distribution of the Pb emis- sions in Europe within the EMEP grid of 150 km x 150 km is shown in Figure 1.

Although the changes of the Pb emissions in Europe between 1982 and 1985 are not significant it is difficult to extend this for 1986.

Lead-free gasoline was introduced in 1986 in many countries in Europe, and in some countries a limit of 0.15 g/1 was introduced instead of 0.4 g/1 in both regular and high-octane super gasoline.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was funded by GKSS-Research Centre Geesthacht in the Federal Republic of Germany.

The author thanks Mr. W. Ch. Hopper of CONCAWE, Mr. R. J. Larbey of The Associated Octel Co. Ltd., Mr. J. Munch of Dornier-System GmbH, Mr.

Olson of Naturvårdsverket, Mr. Iversen of Miljøstyrelsen and Mr. St.

Larssen and Mr. R. Hillamo of NILU for providing the information of

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4 REFERENCES

OECD (1987) Oil and Gas Statistics. Paris. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. International Energy Agency.

Pacyna, J.M. (1988) Atmospheric lead emissions in Europe in 1982.

Lillestrøm (NILU OR 18/88).

UN (1986) Statistical Yearbook. New York. United Nations, Department of International Economical and Social Affairs, Statistical Office.

UN (1987) National Strategies and Policies for Air Pollution Abatement. New York (ECE/EB. AIR/14).

Table 1: Lead emissions from gasoline combustion in Europe in 1985.

Country Pb additives Gasoline Pb emission

consumption 3

g/l 10 t t

Albania 0.40 270 110

Austria 0.40 2 405 970

Belgium 0.40 2 501 1 010

Bulgaria 0.40 1 800 730

Czechoslovakia 0.40 1 778 720

Denmark 0.15 1 513 230

Finland 0.30 1 504 460

France 0.40 17 776 7 180

FRG 0.15 23 430 3 550

GDR 0.40 3 438 1 390

Greece 0.40 1 736 700

Hungary 0.40 1 271 510

Iceland 0.40 99 40

Ireland 0.40 841 340

Italy 0.40 11 103 4 490

Luxemburg 0.40 303 120

Netherlands 0.40 3 389 1 370

Norway 0.15 1 565 240

Poland 0.40 2 981 1 200

Portugal 0.40 854 350

Romania 0.40 2 186 880

Spain 0.40 5 894 2 380

Sweden 0.15 3 750 570

Switzerland 0.15 3 026 460

UK 0.40 20 403 8 240

USSR-Europe 0.40 60 500 24 440

Yugoslovakia 0.40 3 295 1 330

Total 179 611 64 010

Notes

1 The density 2 Approximately

of gasoline consumed is 0.74 kg/l.

75% of the lead contained in the gasoline burned is emitted directly to the atmosphere.

3 About 89% of gasoline in the part of the country.

4 The Pb emissions during the (ca. 0.5% of the total Pb

Soviet Union is used in handling of gasoline are emissions from gasoline

the European insignificant combustion).

Table 2: Lead emissions in Europe in 1985 (in t/y).

Country Gasoline Emissions from Total

consumption other sources (accepted as in

1982)

Albania 110 40 150

Austria 970 160 1 130

Belgium 1 010 1 020 2 030

Bulgaria 730 860 1 590

Czechoslovakia 720 450 1 170

Denmark 230 70 300

Finland 460 470 930

France 7 180 1 430 8 610

FRG 3 550 2 120 5 670

GOR 1 390 480 1 870

Greece 700 90 790

Hungary 510 160 670

Iceland 40 - 40

Ireland 340 50 390

Italy 4 490 1 000 5 490

Luxemburg 120 40 160

Netherlands 1 370 510 1 880

Norway 240 220 460

Poland 1 200 1 800 3 000

Portugal 350 40 390

Romania 880 540 1 420

Spain 2 380 1 240 3 620

Sweden 570 530 1 100

Switzerland 460 20 480

UK 8 240 1 100 9 340

USSR-Europe 24 440 6 060 30 500

Yugoslovakia 1 330 1 010 2 340

Total 64 010 21 510 85 520

Notes:

"Other metals, and the

sources" include: the the combustion of fossil production of cement.

production of ferrous and non-ferrous fuels including fuel-wood and wastes,

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RAPPORTTYPE RAPPORTNR. OR 19/88 ISBN-82-7247-910-9 OPPDRAGSRAPPORT

DATO ANSV. SIGN. ANT. SIDER PRIS

MARCH 1988

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^{~µ.._ 10 Kr 15,..,}

TITTEL PROSJEKTLEDER

Atmospheric lead emissions in Europe in 1985 J.M. Pacyna NILU PROSJEKT NR.

0-8663

FORFATTER(E) TILGJENGELIGHET

Jozef M. Pacyna A

OPPDRAGSGIVERS REF.

OPPDRAGSGIVER (NAVN OG ADRESSE) GKSS Geesthacht,

Max-Planck stra~

Postfach 1160, D-2054 Geestahacht, FRG 3 STIKKORD ( ! maks. 20 anslag)

Lead Emission 1985 Europe

I I

REFERAT (maks. 300 anslag, 7 linjer)

TITLE Atmospheric lead emissions in Europe in 1985.

ABSTRACT (max. 300 characters. 7 lines)

The atmospheric emissions of lead from various anthropogenic sources in

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emission survey for 1985. assuming that changes in Pb emissions in Europe between 1982 and 1985 are mainly related to the changes of the Pb emissions from gasoline combustion during the period. The use of leaded and unleaded gasoline in all European countries in 1985 is presented.

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