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Avhandling for graden philosophiae doctor Trondheim, september 2011
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Fakultet for samfunnsvitenskap og teknologiledelse Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap
Christin Tønseth
D e t s k a p e n d e u n i v e r s i t e t
NTNU
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Doktoravhandling for graden philosophiae doctor Fakultet for samfunnsvitenskap og teknologiledelse Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap
© Christin Tønseth
ISBN 978-82-471-2952-4 (trykt utg.) ISBN 978-82-471-2953-1 (elektr. utg.) ISSN 1503-8181
Doktoravhandlinger ved NTNU, 2011:200 Trykket av NTNU-trykk
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1.1 De politiske formålene med voksnes læring
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”Målet for voksenopplæringen er å hjelpe den enkelte til et mer meningsfylt liv. Denne lov skal bidra til å gi mennesker i voksen alder likestilling i adgang til kunnskap, innsikt og ferdigheter som fremhever den enkeltes verdiorientering og personlige utvikling og styrker grunnlaget for selvstendig innsats og samarbeid med andre i yrke og samfunnsliv”/RYRPYRNVHQRSSO ULQJDYPDL
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“…aim of development is the complete fulfillment of man, in all the richness of his personality, the complexity of his forms of expression and his various commitments - as individual, member of a family and of a community, citizen and producer, inventor of techniques and creative dreamer.”
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“This human development, which begins at birth and continues all through a person's life, is a dialectic process which is based both on self-knowledge and on relationships with other people. It also presupposes successful personal experience. As a means of personality training, education should be a highly individualized process and at the same time an interactive social experience”LELG
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1.2 Forskningsteoretiske perspektiver på voksnes læring
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Hva karakteriserer voksnes identitetskonstruksjon gjennom deltagelse i læring, og hvor fri er den voksne i denne prosessen?
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”... Samtidig må det enkelte individ ...”
”...Men det er også viktig å prioritere grupper ...”
”...Samtidig må det legges vekt på ...”
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2.2 Intensjoner i Kompetansereformen
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2.2.1 Kompetansereformen skal bidra til økt verdiskaping
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”To examine education and training in the context and employment does not mean reducing them simply to a means of obtaining qualifications. The essential aim of education and training has always been personal development and the successful integration of Europeans into society through the sharing of common values, the passing on of cultural heritage and the teaching and self-reliance”'HORUV 'HWHUGHUYHGHQVWRUVSHQQYLGGHIUD(8RJ81(6&2VEHWUDNWQLQJHUWLOXWUHGQLQJVXWYDOJHWV LQQVWLOOLQJ PHG YHNW Sn XWGDQQLQJHQV ¡NRQRPLVNH GLPHQVMRQ $UYLGVRQ , GH WR IUHPVWLOOLQJHQH JM¡UHV GHW WLO GHOV VY UW XOLNH SULRULWHULQJHU DY KYLONH HOHPHQWHU VRP VNDO LQQJnLVHOYHYHUGLVNDSLQJVEHJUHSHW±GHQHQHIUHPVWLOOLQJHQSULRULWHUHUGHQNXOWXUHOOHYHUGL VNDSLQJHQPHQVGHQDQGUHOHJJHUKRYHGYHNWHQSnGHQ¡NRQRPLVNHLELG
,.RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQVEDNJUXQQVGRNXPHQWHU128HUGHWI¡OJHQGHUHVRQQHPHQW VRPOLJJHUWLOJUXQQIRUYHUGLVNDSLQJHQ”Jo høyere kompetanse arbeidsstokken har, jo mer konkurransedyktig blir man og jo høyere blir verdiskapingen.”'HWWHHUHWDUJXPHQWVRPVOnU DQKRVLQYHVWRUHUL.RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQPHQVRPGHWIDNWLVNLNNHILQQHVIRUVNQLQJVPHVVLJ EHOHJJ IRU n KHYGH *UHSSHUXG 7RVND 6HOY RP YHUGLVNDSLQJ HU HW YHOEUXNW RUG L VDPIXQQVGHEDWWHQ HU LNNH EHJUHSHW GHILQHUW HNVSOLVLWW L .RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQV EDNJUXQQVGRNXPHQWHU,6WPHOGQUEOLUEHJUHSHWEUXNWLQQOHGQLQJVYLVPHQI¡OJHVLOLWHQ JUDGRSSXWRYHUL6WRUWLQJVPHOGLQJHQ9LInUGHUYHGLNNHHWNRQNUHWELOGHDYKYLONHHOHPHQWHU EHJUHSHWEHVWnUDYERUWVHWWIUDDWGHWNQ\WWHVRSSLPRWHW¡NRQRPLVNIXQGHUWUHVRQQHPHQWGHU NRQNXUUDQVHHYQH PDUNHG V\VVHOVHWWLQJ YHNVW HWWHUVS¡UVHO RJ DQGUH ¡NRQRPLVN IXQGHUWH EHJUHSHUEHQ\WWHV'HWHUXNODUWKYDVRPOLJJHUi en innsats av knappe ressurser ogsåERUWVHWW IUDDWO¡QQVRPKHWHUHWYLNWLJVWLNNRUG
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”Utdanning og opplæring skal gi kunnskapar for å skape dei materielle verdiane som sikrar alle ein god levestandard.”25
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Tabell 2.1 Utdanningens verdi på ulike nivå. Klassifikasjon av utdanningsforskning med fokus på økonomisk og ikke-økonomisk verdiskaping (Hentet fra KUV – programnotat)
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,XWGDQQLQJVRSWLPLVPHQVRPUnGHU¡\QHUHQNHOWSHUVRQHUPXOLJKHWHQWLOPHUXWGDQQLQJEnGH IRUnUHDOLVHUHVHJVHOYRJIRUnVW\UNHVLQSRVLVMRQLDUEHLGVPDUNHGHW,GHWWHOLJJHUHWSUHVVRJ HQ IRUYHQWQLQJ PRW GHQ HQNHOWH WLO n WD DQVYDU IRU HJHQ NRPSHWDQVHKHYLQJPolitikere VHU XWGDQQLQJVRPO¡VQLQJHQSnNRPSOHNVHVDPIXQQVSUREOHPHWVDPOHWarbeidslivOHYHULWURHQ Sn DW PHU NXQQVNDS 6WPHOG QU HU HQ IRUXWVHWQLQJ IRU O¡QQVRPKHW RJ HIIHNWLYLWHW RJutdanningssystemet DQHU DW PDQ NDQ NRQVROLGHUH RJ HNVSDQGHUH LELG 6S¡UVPnOHWHURPGHWHUGHWWHDOOHYLORJKYRUYLGWGHWWHHULWUnGPHGGHSHUVSHNWLYHUYRNVQH GHOWDJHUHLO ULQJIRNXVHUHUSn*XQQDU*UHSSHUXGRJ-DQ$WOH7RVNDLELGKHYGHWGHWE¡U UHLVHV VS¡UVPnOVWHJQ YHG GHQ WURHQ RJ GH IRUHVWLOOLQJHQH VRP KHUVNHU EnGH QHJDWLYH RJ SRVLWLYH 'HW VDWVHV VWRUH UHVVXUVHU Sn PDQJH DY GH IRUXWVHWQLQJHQH VRP LNNH HU IRUVNQLQJVPHVVLJ GRNXPHQWHUW PHQ VRP WDV IRU JLWW $QGHUV 1RUGE\ IUD 1RUVN .ULVWHOLJ 6WXGLHUnGKHYGHUGHWWHLHQNURQLNNL$IWHQSRVWHQRP.RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQ
”Den vil nok få betydning for vårt arbeidsliv, vårt næringsliv og vår økonomiske vekst, men når man så bevisst utelater andre deler av livet, mister man viktige perspektiver.”
2.2.2 Kompetansereformen skal bidra til å dekke kompetansebehovet på ulike nivå 'HQQHRYHUVNULIWHQVLHURJVnQRHRPYHUGLVNDSLQJVSHUVSHNWLYHWRJGHWNDQV\QHVVRPRPGHW KHQJHU Q¡\H VDPPHQ PHG GH LQWHQVMRQHU VRP HU QHYQW /LNHYHO YLO NRPSHWDQVHEHKRYHW Sn XOLNHQLYnGHNNHGHPHUVXEVWDQVLHOOHLPSOLNDVMRQHULWLOOHJJWLODWGHWLQGLYLGXHOOHQLYnHWRJVn EOLUWDWWPHGLEHWUDNWQLQJ$QDO\VHQHVRPOLJJHUWLOJUXQQIRU.RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQEDVHUHU VHJSnRIIHQWOLJH¡NRQRPLVNHRJSROLWLVNHXWUHGQLQJHUVRPVOnUIDVWDWNRPSHWDQVHXWYLNOLQJHU YLNWLJ IRU NRQNXUUDQVHHYQH V\VVHOVHWWLQJ RJ YHOIHUG 128 7UHNN L LQWHUQDVMRQDO XWYLNOLQJWLOVLHUDWPDQVHUXWGDQQLQJRJNRPSHWDQVHVRPYLNWLJLIRUKROGWLOWUHGLPHQVMRQHU VRP IRUXWVHWQLQJ IRU GHQ ¡NRQRPLVNH XWYLNOLQJHQ VRP IRUXWVHWQLQJ IRU n O¡VH HQ UHNNH JOREDOHSUREOHPHURJVRPIRUXWVHWQLQJIRUNXOWXUHOORJGHPRNUDWLVNXWYLNOLQJ
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”Det er etter utvalgets oppfatning avgjørende at en reform for etter- og videre- utdanning er forankret i arbeids- og næringslivets behov” 128V
'HWHUDOWVnDUEHLGVRJQ ULQJVOLYHWPDQSULP UWVNDOWDXWJDQJVSXQNWLQnUPDQNDUWOHJJHU NRPSHWDQVHEHKRY8WLIUDGHVDPIXQQVDQDO\VHUVRPNRPSHWDQVHEHKRYHWE\JJHUSnVHUYLDW GHWLUHVRQQHPHQWHQHHUVDPPHQKHQJPHOORPNRPSHWDQVHQSnEHGULIWVQLYnRJ GHQVDPOHGH NRPSHWDQVHXWYLNOLQJHQ L VDPIXQQHW , WLOOHJJ HU LQQIDOOVYLQNHOHQ WLO GHQ HQNHOWHV NRPSHWDQVHEHKRYDWGHQVNDOYXUGHUHVXWLIUDGHEHKRYHQHDUEHLGVOLYHWKDUIRUNRPSHWDQVH 0DQDQWDUDOWVnDWGHQHQNHOWHYRNVQHVNRPSHWDQVHEHKRYHUUHODWHUWWLODUEHLGVRJ\UNHVOLY 'HWKHWHUL6WPHOGQUVDW”For å holde utviklingstakten i arbeidslivet, vil voksne ha
,(8ODQGHQHUHJQHUHQPHGDWJMHQQRPVQLWWVDOGHUHQLDUEHLGVVW\UNHQYLO¡NHPHGFDWLnUIUDWLOnU LSHULRGHQIUDWLO7LOVDPPHQOLJQLQJVWHJJMHQQRPVQLWWVDOGHUHQPHGPLQGUHHQQIHPnULSHULRGHQ 0HQVDQGHOHQnULQJHULGLVVHODQGHQHYDUXIRUDQGUHWPHOORPYLOGHQ V\QNH WLO L 0HQV nULQJHQH XWJM¡U DY DUEHLGVVW\UNHQ L GLVVH ODQGHQH L GDJ YLO GH XWJM¡UHL1282JVn1RUJHVWnURYHUIRUHQWLOVYDUHQGHXWYLNOLQJ
behov for stadig oppdatering av kompetanse for å holde tritt.”'HWHUDOWVnGHWWHEHKRYHWGHQ HQNHOWHYRNVQHYLOV¡NHnRSSQnYHGnGHOWDLO ULQJQHPOLJå holde tritt?27
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”Kompetansekløften vedrører ikke bare arbeidslivet. Endringene omformer hele samfunnet og dermed enkeltmenneskets liv også utenfor jobben. Teknologi- og medieutviklingen, internasjonaliseringen med blant annet større krav til språk- kunnskaper og flommen av tilgjengelig informasjon, kan skape nye klasseskiller mellom dem som er med og dem som er utenfor - ikke bare arbeidsmarkedet, men også det demokratiske og sosiale liv. En Kompetansereform må også bidra til styrking av det norske språket. Perspektivet må derfor være bredt og innbefatte menneskets totalsituasjon i møte med en krevende framtid”6WPHOGQUV
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'HW HU DOWVn HW RYHURUGQHW PnO IRU .RPSHWDQVHUHIRUPHQ DW GHQ VNDO ELGUD WLO n GHNNH VDPIXQQHWVDUEHLGVOLYHWVRJGHQHQNHOWHVEHKRYIRUNRPSHWDQVH'RNXPHQWHQHVRPOHJJHVWLO JUXQQLXWUHGQLQJHQVOnUIDVWDWNRPSHWDQVHXWYLNOLQJHUYLNWLJSnGHXOLNHQLYnPHQJnULNNH LQQSnKYDNRPSHWDQVHHUHOOHUKYDVODJVW\SHNRPSHWDQVHGHWHUEHKRYIRUSnGHXOLNHQLYn, KYRUVWRUJUDGHUGHWIRUHNVHPSHOVDPVYDUPHOORPEHKRYHQHSnGHXOLNHQLYnHQH",XWYDOJHWV JMHQQRPJDQJ128EHQ\WWHVXWYLNOLQJVWUHNNHQHVRPLQGLNDWRUSnDWGHWHUHWEHKRY PHQ XWSHNHU LNNH VSHVLILNNH XWGDQQLQJVEHKRY %HKRYHW IRU YLGHUHJnHQGH RSSO ULQJ IRU YRNVQHEDVHUHUVHJSnXOLNHNDUWOHJJLQJVXQGHUV¡NHOVHUEODQWHWXWYDOJDYYRNVQH,6WPHOGQU KHWHUGHWDW”Felles for voksne med svake basiskunnskaper er at de i liten grad melder sitt behov.”
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2.2.3 Kompetansereformen skal bidra til effektive og fleksible læringstilbud
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”Et viktig element i reformen er å utvikle opplæringstilbud som utnytter de store mulighetene som ligger i arbeidsplassen som læringsarena. Dette kan gjøres blant annet ved å etablere utviklingsprogrammer og finansieringsordninger for å stimulere til økt bruk av informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi i opplæringen og til videre- utvikling av nye fleksible og brukertilpassede undervisningstilbud, voksenpedagogiske metoder og mediapedagogikk.”
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