How to measure greenhouse gas emissions by fuel type for binary sustainability standards: Average or Marginal emissions? An example of fertilizer use and corn ethanol

oil producers to both the spot price of oil and the oil spot-futures spread as Bjørnland, Nordvik, and Rohrer (2021), and control for the response to natural gas prices as

For bio-ethanol production Borregaard has only two plants and both located in Norway, the commercial plant producing between 20 and 25 million litres advanced bio-ethanol per

Bioforsk organic food and farming - nibio, on 27 Jun 2018 at 10:34:16, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms...

Hence, firms with marginal emissions intensity lower than the average emissions intensity increase their production under an output based refunding scheme compared to a

We will highlight the effects that the different model supply scenarios have on natural gas trade patterns, choice of transport method, producer and end-user prices and inter

While the base version of this model supports high rates of consumption growth and greenhouse gas emissions, our analysis shows that these results depend critically on the

The cost of using force to secure national interests in the near abroad may increase significantly if economic growth is hampered and/or Russia’s role in international

Because the process emissions are proportional to production, the relative decline (increase) in accumulated CO 2 -emissions from higher (lower) electricity prices is very much