Effect of Feed Processing on Gut Function and Health in Poultry

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Effect of Feed Processing on Gut Function and Health in

Poultry

Birger Svihus

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Effects of processing

• Heat-induced chemical changes that may affect digestibility

– Gelatinisation of starch

– Destruction of vitamins and enzymes

– (Non-digestive bond formations involving protein)

– Solubilisation of fibres

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Effect of hot pelleting on broiler performance

Feed/gain AME Ileal

visco. Starch

dig. Fat

dig. Prot.

dig.

Cold-

pelleted 1.60^b 12.^1a 26.6^b 0.96â 0.66â 0.68â Pelleted

at 90 C 1.85â 11.3^b 80.8â 0.93^b 0.53^b 0.64â

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Structure effects on digestive system

• The inner feed structure, ie the particle distribution of the particles that the pellet consist of, will affect gizzard development, digestion pattern and microflora

composition

• The outer feed structure, ie the particle

distribution of the pellets, will affect gut

function through effects on feed intake

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From Hill, 1971

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From Hill, 1971

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

minutes30 60

minutes 90

minutes 120

minutes 150

minutes 180 minutes Time after feeding

Feed DM in g Crop

Gizzard

From Svihus et al., 2002

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Percentage distribution of particles in duodenum of broilers

(Hetland et al., 2002)

05 1015 2025 3035 4045 50

0- 0.04

mm 0.04- 0.1

mm 0.1- 0.3

mm 0.3- 0.9 mm

wheat diet Barley diet Oats diet

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Passage of fine and coarse oat hulls through gizzard

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time in hours

Percentage oat hulls passed gizzard

Ground oat hulls Coarse oat hulls

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Empty gizzard weight (g) of broilers slaughtered at different ages (days)

0 20 40 60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Ground wheat diet Whole wheat diet

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Weight of gizzard contents (g) of broilers slaughtered at different ages

(days)

0 10 20 30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Ground wheat diet Whole wheat diet

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Percentage distribution of particles in duodenum of broilers

05 1015 2025 30 3540 45

0- 0.04

mm 0.04- 0.1

mm 0.1- 0.3

mm 0.3- 0.9 mm

Control diet

30 % whole wheat

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Effect of whole grain on performance of broilers

(Svihus et al., 2004)

Ground

wheat diet Whole

wheat diet

Weight gain, g 888 901

Feed/gain 1.43 1.40

Ileal starch digestibility 0.95 0.98 Amylase, U/g jejunal DM 117 137 Bile acids, mg/g jej. DM 9.1 10.4 Bile acids in gizzard, mg 1.5^b 3.9^a

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Effect of oat hulls on broiler performance

(Hetland et al., 2003a)

No oat hulls Oat hulls

Weight gain, g 1463 1435

Feed/gain 1.56 1.52

Gizzard, g/kg bird wt. 20.6 26.0 Ileal starch dig. 0.97^b 0.99â Pancreas, g/kg bird wt. 2.1 2.2 Amylase, U/g jejunal DM 146^b 255â Bile acid, mg/g jej. DM 11.7^b 18.0â

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Effect of whole wheat on pH and gut microflora

(Engberg et al., 2004)

Ground

wheat Whole

wheat

Gizzard pH 3.34^a 2.88^b

Anaer. bact. in

gizzard, log cfu/g 7.98^a 7.56^b C. perfringens in

ileum, log cfu/g 6.44 5.72 Lactobacilli in

jejunum, log cfu/g 7.53^b 8.28^a

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Mortality (%) of broilers given diets with different structure

(Branton et al., 1987)

Finely ground Coarsely ground

Wheat based 28.9 18.1

Maize based 12.6 3.4

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“The present results indicate that the gizzard has an

important function as a barrier organ, one that prevents

pathogenic bacteria from

entering the distal digestive tract”

Bjerrum et al. (2005)

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Effects of pelleting on performance and gut function of broilers

(Engberg et al., 2002)

Mash Pellets Feed intake 0-42 d, g 3234 3512 Weight gain 0-42 d, g 1780 2007

Feed/gain 1.81 1.75

Gizzard weight, g/kg BW 16.8 12.3 Pancreas weight, g/kg BW 2.0 1.8

Amylase, U/100 g BW 2647 1882

Lipase, U/100 g BW 29 19

Chymotrypsin, U/100 g BW 71 54

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1000 200300 400500 600700 800900 1000

Pelleted

control Same diet crushed

Effect of feed form on starch digestibility (Svihus and Hetland, 2001)

Feed intake Starch dig. * 1000

a

b

a b

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Proportion of birds with ileal starch digestibility in different classes

Wheat based pelleted diet

<0,50, % of birds 0,50-0,70, % of birds 0,70-0,80, % of birds 0,80-0,90, % of birds 0,90-0,94, % of birds 0,94-0,96, % of birds 0,96-0,98, % of birds

>0,98, % of birds Wheat based mash diet

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Feed consumption and AME

determined on individual birds fed the same diet

y = -0,0054x + 15,317 R² = 0,3145

12 12,5 13 13,5 14 14,5

250 300 350 400 450 500

Feed consumption, wheat diet

AME, MJ/kg

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Some cereal diets (wheat)

Unpelleted Pelleted

High starch Low starch

Normal consumers Over-

consumers

Normal/high starch digestibility

Low starch digestibility