• No results found

«Vi vet at vi skal jobbe med begrep, men ikke så mye annet»: En studie av læreres forståelse av undervisning som støtter utvikling av akademisk språk i språkheterogene klasserom på 5.-7. trinn

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "«Vi vet at vi skal jobbe med begrep, men ikke så mye annet»: En studie av læreres forståelse av undervisning som støtter utvikling av akademisk språk i språkheterogene klasserom på 5.-7. trinn"

Copied!
231
0
0

Laster.... (Se fulltekst nå)

Fulltekst

(1)

PHQLNNHVnP\HDQQHWª

(QVWXGLHDYO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDYXQGHUYLVQLQJVRP VW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNLVSUnNKHWHURJHQH

NODVVHURPSn±WULQQ

DY

+HJH5DQJQHV

$YKDQGOLQJIRUJUDGHQ 3+,/2623+,$('2&725

3K'

)DNXOWHWIRUXWGDQQLQJVYLWHQVNDSRJKXPDQLRUD 1DVMRQDOWVHQWHUIRUOHVHRSSO ULQJRJOHVHIRUVNQLQJ

(2)

LL 125:$<

ZZZXLVQR

‹+HJH5DQJQHV ,6%1 ,661

'RNWRUJUDGVDYKDQGOLQJQU

(3)

LLL

7LO PDPPDRJSDSSD

$QHRJcVLO

(4)

LY

-HJ KDU Y UW O UHU Sn ± WULQQ L PDQJH nU Sn HQ IOHUNXOWXUHOO VNROH 6NROHQ GHOWRN L HW VNROHXWYLNOLQJVSURVMHNW NQ\WWHW WLO .XQQVNDSVGHSDUWHPHQWHWVVWUDWHJLSODQ/LNHYHUGLJRSSO ULQJLSUDNVLV 6WUDWHJL IRU EHGUH RSSO ULQJ RJ VW¡UUH GHOWDNHOVH DY VSUnNOLJH PLQRULWHWHU L EDUQHKDJH VNROH RJ XWGDQQLQJ ± .XQQVNDSVGHSDUWHPHQWHW 6NROHXWYLNOLQJVSURVMHNWHW YDU L VDPDUEHLG PHG 1DVMRQDOW VHQWHU IRU IOHUNXOWXUHOO RSSO ULQJ 1$)2 3URVMHNWHWVIRUPnOYDUEODQWDQQHWnXWYLNOHJRGHXQGHUYLVQLQJVPRGHOOHU IRURSSO ULQJDYIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHULVNROHQ,O¡SHWDYGLVVHnUHQHILNN MHJHQLQWHUHVVHIRUO UHUUROOHQRJKYRUGDQYLEHVWNDQVW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV DNDGHPLVNH XWYLNOLQJ 'HW HU HW VWRUW VS¡UVPnO RJ L DYKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHWKDUMHJInWWDQOHGQLQJWLOnXQGHUV¡NHGHWQ UPHUH

$YKDQGOLQJHQHUHWSURGXNWDYDWPDQJHUXQGWPHJKDUELGUDWWWLODWGHQ VNDONRPPHLKDYQ7DNNWLODOOHO UHUQHVRPEUXNWHDYWLGHQVLQWLOn GHOWD L SURVMHNWHW WDNN IRU DW GHUH ORW PHJ WD GHO L GHUHV WDQNHU RJ UHIOHNVMRQHURPGHQNRPSOLVHUWHYLUNHOLJKHWHQLNODVVHURPPHW'HWYDU EnGHJMHQNMHQQHOLJRJO UHULNW(QV UOLJWDNNWLOGHO UHUQHRJHOHYHQH VRPLQYLWHUWHPHJLQQLNODVVHURPPHQH

'HQ VW¡UVWH WDNNHQ JnU WLO YHLOHGHUQH PLQH 'HUH KDU VSXUW GH JRGH VS¡UVPnOHQHVRPKHOHWLGHQKDUInWWPHJWLOnJUXEOHYLGHUH7DNN IRU WLGHQ GHUHV 7DNN WLO KRYHGYHLOHGHU 3HU +HQQLQJ 8SSVWDG IRU PDQJH Q\WWLJH WHNVWVHPLQDUHU RJ VNULYHUXQGHU 'LQH WUHIIHQGH VS¡UVPnO RJ NRPPHQWDUHUKDUDOOWLGInWWPHJWLOnWHQNHQ\WWRJHOOHUDQQHUOHGHVRP QRH'XKDUKHOHWLGHQJLWWPHJQRHnVWUHNNHPHJHWWHU7DNNIRUDWGX KDU IXOJW PHJ JMHQQRP KHOH O¡SHW L RSSWXUHU RJ QHGWXUHU 7DNN WLO PHGYHLOHGHUcVH.DUL+DQVHQ:DJQHUIRUGLQHW\GHOLJHRJNRQVWUXNWLYH WLOEDNHPHOGLQJHU Sn DUEHLGHW PLWW 7DNN IRU DW GX YDU PHG L

7LOWDNLVWUDWHJLSODQHQ.XQQVNDSVGHSDUWHPHQWHWV

(5)

Y

NRGLQJVDUEHLGHW RJ WDNN IRU O UHULNH VDPWDOHU UXQGW 0RVYDQQHW RJ L NDQWLQD7DNNWLOPHGYHLOHGHU$VODXJ)RGVWDG*RXUYHQQHFIRUGLQHNORNH LQQVSLOOJMHQQRPKHOHSURVMHNWHWEnGHPHGPHQQHVNHOLJRJIDJOLJ7DNN IRUDWGXKDUY UWPHGSnNRGLQJRJVRPPHGIRUIDWWHUSnHQDYDUWLNOHQH

±RJIRUDWMHJKDUInWWVWLNNHLQQRPGHJSnNRQWRUHWXWDOOLJHJDQJHUIRUn OXIWHVPnRJVWRUHSUREOHPHU

-HJ YLO RJVn UHWWH HQ WDNN WLO $WOH 6NDIWXQ RJ 5DQGL 0\NOHEXVW IRU HW O UHULNW PLGWYHLVVHPLQDU 7DNN IRU DW GHUH VDWWH GHUH Vn JUXQGLJ LQQ L SURVMHNWHWPLWWRJNRPPHGWLOEDNHPHOGLQJHUVRPELGURWLODWSURVMHNWHW EOHPHUVSLVVHW7DNNWLO2GGQ\-XGLWK6ROKHLPIRUHQQ\WWLJVDPWDOHL NDQWLQD

7DNNWLO/HVHVHQWHUHWIRUnY UHHQJRGRJVSHQQHQGHDUEHLGVSODVV7DNN WLOJRGHYHQQHURJNROOHJDHUVRPKDUELGUDWWPHGKHLDURSWHNVWOHVLQJ GDWDKMHOSRJNULVHKMHOS'HWKDUEHW\GGP\H7DNN-RKDQQH8U6 E¡IRU DWGXWRNGHJWLGWLOnOHVHJMHQQRPKHOHNDSSHQLVOXWWIDVHQ'HUHHUDOOH PHGSnnJM¡UHGDJHQHJRGH

7DNNWLOPLQNM UHYDNWPHVWHUSDSSDRJDXSDLUPDPPD7DNNIRUDWGHUH HUGHUKHOHWLGHQ8DQVHWW7DNNNM UH$QHRJcVLOIRUDWGHUHKDUY UW WnOPRGLJH 'HUH HU PLQH HYHQW\U RJ Qn JOHGHU MHJ PHJ WLO PDQJH

¡\HEOLNNRJRSSOHYHOVHUVDPPHQPHGGHUH+HOWWLOVOXWWJRGH/LVDRJ

*URQnHUGHWHQGHOLJWLGIRUWHRJWXU

6WDYDQJHUPDL +HJH5DQJQHV

(6)

YL

Sammendrag

$YKDQGOLQJHQ©9LYHWYLVNDOMREEHPHGEHJUHSPHQLNNHVnP\HDQQHWª (QVWXGLHDYO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDYXQGHUYLVQLQJVRPVW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJDY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN L VSUnNKHWHURJHQH NODVVHURP Sn ± WULQQKDU VLQ EDNJUXQQLHQLQWHUHVVHIRUO UHUHVXQGHUYLVQLQJDYIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU LQQHQIRUUDPPHQHDYRUGLQ UXQGHUYLVQLQJ,NODVVHURPPHWVWnUO UHUH RIWHLGHWGLOHPPDHWDWGHVNDOXQGHUYLVHPHGXWJDQJVSXQNWLIDJWHNVWHU VDPWLGLJVRPGHVNDOLYDUHWDRSSO ULQJVEHKRYHWWLOHOHYHUVRPVWUHYHU PHG n IRUVWn VOLNH WHNVWHU GHULEODQW IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU (OHYHU VRP VWUHYHUPHGnIRUVWnIDJWHNVWHUKDURIWHOLWHNMHQQVNDSWLOGHWDNDGHPLVNH VSUnNHW VRP L ¡NHQGH JUDG NDUDNWHULVHUHU IDJWHNVWHQH GH P¡WHU L VNROHO¡SHW &KDOO -DFREV , GHWWH DYKDQGOLQJVSURVMHNWHW XQGHUV¡NHVKYRUGDQO UHUHIRUVWnUXQGHUYLVQLQJVRPVW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJDY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN L VSUnNKHWHURJHQH NODVVHURP , SURVMHNWHW UHWWHV GHW V UOLJ RSSPHUNVRPKHW PRW GHW IDJRYHUJULSHQGH DNDGHPLVNH VSUnNHW 6WXGLHQ VWnU L HQ VRVLRNXOWXUHOO IRUVWnHOVHVUDPPH EDVHUW Sn 9\JRWVNLMV VSUnNXWYLNOLQJVWHRUL ,QQHQIRU GHQQH IRUVWnHOVHVUDPPHQ DQOHJJHVHWOLWHUDF\SHUVSHNWLYGHUXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNIRUVWnV VRPnKDJRGHYLONnULWHWWWLONQ\WQLQJWLODUEHLGPHGWHNVWHU6NDIWXQ :RQJ )LOOPRUH 6QRZ , DQDO\VHQH DY GDWDPDWHULDOHW DQYHQGHVIOHUHEHJUHSHUIRUnXWIRUVNHO UHUQHV\WULQJHURJXW¡YHOVHDY XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ*HHVEHJUHSGLVNXUVHUVHQWUDOWLDYKDQGOLQJHQ IRUnEHVNULYHVRVLDOHVWUXNWXUHU'HU/DYHRJ:HQJHUVEHJUHS SUDNVLVIHOOHVVNDSEHVNULYHU GHW SURIHVMRQVIHOOHVNDSHW O UHUQH HU HQ GHO DY HU *HHV EHJUHSIRUHVWLOOLQJVYHUGHQHUDQYHQGW IRU n EHO\VH IRUVWnHOVHQO UHUQHLHWSURIHVMRQVIHOOHVVNDSKDUDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNRJ XQGHUYLVQLQJVRPVW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJHQDYHWVOLNWVSUnN

0DWHULDOHLDYKDQGOLQJHQVWUHGHOVWXGLHUNRPPHUIUDHQJDVMHUWHO UHUH Sn±WULQQ'HQI¡UVWHGHOVWXGLHQHUHWIRNXVJUXSSHLQWHUYMXPHGnWWH O UHUH , GHQQH GHOVWXGLHQ UHWWHV RSSPHUNVRPKHWHQ PRW O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVHDYDNDGHPLVNYRNDEXODURJKYRUGDQGHVNLVVHUHUPXOLJHWLOWDN

(7)

YLL

IRUnVW¡WWHXWYLNOLQJHQDYHWVOLNWYRNDEXODU'HQDQGUHGHOVWXGLHQHUHQ G\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLH , G\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLHQ XWYLGHV VSUnNSHUVSHNWLYHW RJ QL O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN XWRYHU YRNDEXODU XQGHUV¡NHVVDPWKYRUGDQGHIRUVWnUVLQHJHQWLOSDVVHGHXQGHUYLVQLQJIRU nVW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVWHNVWIRUVWnHOVH)RU\WWHUOLJHUHnXQGHUV¡NH O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVH DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP VW¡WWHU XWYLNOLQJHQ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN UHWWHU GHQ WUHGMH VWXGLHQ RSSPHUNVRPKHWHQ PRW O UHUQHVRSSI¡OJLQJDYHOHY\WULQJHULVDPWDOHURPIDJWHNVWHU

)RNXVJUXSSHLQWHUYMXHWYLVHUDWO UHUQHSULP UWKDGGHRSSPHUNVRPKHW PRWIDJRUGRJDWGHXWYLNOHWHQJU\HQGHIRUVWnHOVHDYVNROHQVDQVYDUIRU nVW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNYRNDEXODUPHQDW GHEDUHLEHJUHQVHWJUDGVNLVVHUWHIUHPWLGLJHWLOWDN6DPWLGLJYLVWHQRHQ DYO UHUQHHQIRUVWnHOVHDYDWRUGLQQO ULQJLVW¡UUHJUDGEXUGHY UHHQ LQWHJUHUWGHODYWHNVWDUEHLG,G\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLHQXWWU\NWHO UHUQHHQ IRUVWnHOVHDYDWDNDGHPLVNVSUnNRPIDWWHUPHUHQQYRNDEXODUPHQIOHUH YDUXVLNUHSnVLQHJHQWLOSDVVHGHXQGHUYLVQLQJIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU, REVHUYDVMRQVVWXGLHQ UHWWHW O UHUQH RSSPHUNVRPKHWHQ PRW RUGIRUNODULQJHU L VDPWDOHU RP IDJWHNVWHU 'H LQNOXGHUWH L VWRU JUDG HOHYLQQVSLOOLVDPWDOHQHRPRUGRJWHNVWHQVWHPDPHQHOHYHQHEOHLOLWHQ JUDGRSSIRUGUHWWLOnXWG\SH\WULQJHQHVLQHRJWLOnEUXNHRUGVRPYDUEOLWW IRUNODUW

$YKDQGOLQJHQ VRP KHOKHW YLVHU DW O UHUQH L VWRU JUDG IRUVWRG XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP VW¡WWHU XWYLNOLQJ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN VRP n Y UH HQVEHW\GHQGHPHGRUGIRUNODULQJHULVDPWDOHURPWHNVWHQVWHPD'HUPHG IRUEOH VW¡WWH WLO XWYLNOLQJ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN RJ OHVHIHUGLJKHWHU L EDNJUXQQHQ 6DPWLGLJ YLVHU LQWHUYMXHQH DW O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN YDU PHU XWI\OOHQGH HQQ GHW VRP NRP WLO XWWU\NN L REVHUYHUWXQGHUYLVQLQJRJGHXWWU\NWHHW¡QVNHRPPHUNXQQVNDSRP KYRUGDQ GH EHVW NDQ VW¡WWH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV WHNVWIRUVWnHOVH

$YKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHWELGUDUPHGNXQQVNDSVRPHUQ¡GYHQGLJIRUnNXQQH LJDQJVHWWHPnOUHWWHGHWLOWDNLO UHUXWGDQQLQJHURJEODQWO UHUH7LOWDNHQH PnY UHUHWWHWPRWnVW\UNHO UHUQHVNXQQVNDSRPDNDGHPLVNVSUnNRJ

(8)

YLLL

GHPnInUHGVNDSHUWLOnOHGHO ULQJVSURVHVVHUVRPVW¡WWHUDOOHHOHYHUV XWYLNOLQJ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN VRP HQ LQWHJUHUW GHO DY IDJ RJ OHVHRSSO ULQJHQ

(9)

L[

Summary

7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKHSUHVHQWWKHVLV±ZKRVH1RUZHJLDQWLWOHFDQEH WUDQVODWHGDVµ:HNQRZZH¶UHVXSSRVHGWRZRUNRQFRQFHSWVEXWWKDW¶V DERXWDOOZHNQRZ¶$VWXG\RIWHDFKHUV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILQVWUXFWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DFDGHPLF ODQJXDJH LQ OLQJXLVWLFDOO\

KHWHURJHQHRXV JUDGH ± FODVVURRPV ± LV DQ LQWHUHVW LQ WHDFKHUV¶

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µLQVWUXFWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DFDGHPLF ODQJXDJH LQ OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV FODVVURRPV¶ )RFXVLQJ LQ SDUWLFXODU RQ JHQHUDO±DVRSSRVHGWRVXEMHFWVSHFLILF±DFDGHPLFODQJXDJHLWLVGHHSO\

URRWHG LQ D VRFLRFXOWXUDO IUDPHZRUN EDVHG RQ WKH WKHRU\ RI ODQJXDJH GHYHORSPHQWSURSRVHGE\9\JRWVN\:LWKLQWKLVIUDPHZRUN D OLWHUDF\SHUVSHFWLYHLVDSSOLHGDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKHIIRUWVWRSURPRWHWKH GHYHORSPHQWRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHDUHGHHPHGSDUWLFXODUO\OLNHO\WREH VXFFHVVIXOLIWKH\DUHFDUULHGRXWLQFORVHFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKZRUNRQWH[WV 6NDIWXQ:RQJ)LOOPRUH 6QRZ,QWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKH GDWDVHYHUDOFRQFHSWVDUHXVHGWRH[SORUHWHDFKHUV¶VWDWHPHQWVDQGWKH LQVWUXFWLRQWKH\SURYLGH*HH¶VFRQFHSWRIGLVFRXUVHLVFHQWUDOLQ WKHWKHVLVZKHQLWFRPHVWRGHVFULELQJVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHV)XUWKHU/DYH DQG:HQJHU¶VFRQFHSWRIFRPPXQLW\RISUDFWLFHLVDSSOLHGWRWKH SURIHVVLRQDOFRPPXQLW\IRUPHGE\WHDFKHUVZKLOH*HH¶VFRQFHSW RIILJXUHGZRUOGVLVXVHGWRVKHGOLJKWRQWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDWWHDFKHUV

(10)

[

EHORQJLQJWRDSURIHVVLRQDOFRPPXQLW\KDYHRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHDQG RILQVWUXFWLRQVXSSRUWLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVXFKODQJXDJH

7KHGDWDXVHGLQWKHWKUHHVWXGLHVWKDWPDNHXSWKHSUHVHQWWKHVLVZHUH REWDLQHGIURPSDVVLRQDWHWHDFKHUVLQJUDGHV±DW1RUZHJLDQVFKRROV VWXGHQWVDJHG±7KHILUVWVWXG\LVDIRFXVJURXSLQWHUYLHZZLWK HLJKWWHDFKHUVZKLFKIRFXVHVRQWKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQFHSWRI DFDGHPLFYRFDEXODU\DQGWKHLULGHDVRISRWHQWLDOPHDVXUHVWKDWZRXOG VXSSRUWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVXFKDYRFDEXODU\7KHVHFRQGVWXG\LVEDVHG RQ LQGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV DQG WDNHV D EURDGHU SHUVSHFWLYH RQ ODQJXDJH H[SORULQJQLQHWHDFKHUV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHEH\RQGWKH OHYHO RI YRFDEXODU\ DV ZHOO DV WKHLU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRZ WKHLU RZQ DGDSWHG LQVWUXFWLRQ VXSSRUWV VHFRQGODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV¶ WH[W FRPSUHKHQVLRQ)LQDOO\WRIXUWKHUH[DPLQHWHDFKHUV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI LQVWUXFWLRQVXSSRUWLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHWKHWKLUG VWXG\XVHVREVHUYDWLRQVRIFODVVURRPGLVFXVVLRQVDERXWH[SRVLWRU\WH[WV WRLQYHVWLJDWHKRZWKHWHDFKHUVIROORZXSVWXGHQWV¶VWDWHPHQWVLQVXFK GLVFXVVLRQV

7KHIRFXVJURXSLQWHUYLHZVKRZHGWKDWWKHWHDFKHUVIRFXVHGSULPDULO\

RQ VXEMHFWVSHFLILF WHUPLQRORJ\ DQG WKDW WKH\ KDG DQ HPHUJLQJ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI VFKRRO IRU VXSSRUWLQJ VHFRQG ODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV¶GHYHORSPHQWRIDFDGHPLFYRFDEXODU\EXWWKDWWKH\

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

DOORZHGVWXGHQWVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQGLVFXVVLRQVDERXWZRUGVDQGDERXWWKH WRSLFV RI WH[WV WR D ODUJH H[WHQW WKH\ UDUHO\ HQFRXUDJHG VWXGHQWV WR HODERUDWHRQWKHLUVWDWHPHQWVRUWRXVHZRUGVWKDWKDGEHHQH[SODLQHG

(11)

[L

7DNHQ WRJHWKHU WKH SUHVHQW WKHVLV VKRZV WKDW WKH WHDFKHUV ODUJHO\

XQGHUVWRRG µLQVWUXFWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DFDGHPLF ODQJXDJH¶DVV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKWKHSURYLVLRQRIH[SODQDWLRQVIRUZRUGV LQ GLVFXVVLRQV DERXW WKH WRSLFV RI WH[WV +HQFH VXSSRUW IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQWRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHDQGUHODWHGUHDGLQJVNLOOVUHPDLQHG LQWKHEDFNJURXQG$WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVFOHDUIURPWKHLQWHUYLHZVWKDW WKHWHDFKHUV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHZDVPRUHH[WHQVLYH WKDQ ZKDW ZDV PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKHLU REVHUYHG LQVWUXFWLRQ DQG WKH\

H[SUHVVHGDZLVKIRUPRUHNQRZOHGJHDERXWKRZEHVWWRVXSSRUWVHFRQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV¶ WH[W FRPSUHKHQVLRQ 7KH SUHVHQW WKHVLV FRQWULEXWHV NQRZOHGJH ZKLFK LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WDUJHWHG PHDVXUHVLQWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJDQGDPRQJWHDFKHUV7KRVHPHDVXUHVPXVW DLP WR VWUHQJWKHQ WHDFKHUV¶ NQRZOHGJH DERXW DFDGHPLF ODQJXDJH DQG PXVWSURYLGHWHDFKHUVZLWKWRROVWKH\FDQXVHWRJXLGHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV WKDWZLOOVXSSRUWDOOVWXGHQWV¶GHYHORSPHQWRIDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHDVDQ LQWHJUDOSDUWRIERWKVXEMHFWVSHFLILFWHDFKLQJDQGUHDGLQJLQVWUXFWLRQ

(12)

[LL

,QQKROGVIRUWHJQHOVH

)RURUGLY 6DPPHQGUDJYL 6XPPDU\L[

,QQOHGQLQJ

)OHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU+YHPHUGH"

$YKDQGOLQJHQVIRUVNQLQJVLQWHUHVVHRJSUREOHPVWLOOLQJ $YKDQGOLQJHQVWUHDUWLNOHURJKYRUGDQGHKHQJHUVDPPHQ )RUVNQLQJVIHOWHW6SUnNRSSO ULQJIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHULHWOLWHUDF\

SHUVSHNWLY

8WGDQQLQJVSROLWLVNNRQWHNVW

6SUnNRSSO ULQJLVNROHQ

)DJIRUQ\HOVHQ(QYLGHUHI¡ULQJDYOLWHUDF\UHIRUPHQ 6\VWHPDWLVNHIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPHOHYJUXSSHU

7LOJDQJWLOIDJWHNVWHU

+YDO UHUHWUHQJHUnYLWHRPVSUnNLWHNVWHU 6SUnNRJIDJVRPLQWHJUHUWHSURVHVVHU

/ UHUVW\UWHVDPWDOHU

/ UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDYVW¡WWHWLOXWYLNOLQJDYVSUnNLVDPWDOHURPWHNVWHU )DJOLJHIRUYHQWQLQJHUWLOIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU

$NDGHPLVNVSUnN

cVW¡WWHWLOJDQJWLOIDJWHNVWHU

$YKDQGOLQJHQVELGUDJWLOOLWWHUDWXUHQ

7HRUHWLVNHSHUVSHNWLYHU

6SUnNVRPWLOJDQJWLOGLVNXUVHU

$NDGHPLVNHEHJUHSHUO UHVLXQGHUYLVQLQJHQ

/ ULQJHQVGLDORJLVNHNDUDNWHU

'LVNXUVHURJDNDGHPLVNVSUnN

3UDNVLVIHOOHVNDSRJIRUHVWLOOLQJVYHUGHQHU 0HWRGLVNHRYHUYHLHOVHU

/ UHUQHRJWLOK¡UHQGHNODVVHU

(13)

[LLL

3URVMHNWHWVGHVLJQ7UHGHOVWXGLHUPHGXOLNHSHUVSHNWLYHUSn

SUREOHPVWLOOLQJHQ

$UWHIDNWHUWLOI¡UWLGHOVWXGLHQH

0DWHULDOHRJGDWDLQQVDPOLQJ

8WYLNOLQJDYLQWHUYMXJXLGHU

'DWDLQQVDPOLQJHQVILUHIDVHU

$QDO\VHUDYLQQVDPOHWPDWHULDOHW

7UDQVNULEHULQJ

8WYLNOLQJDYDQDO\VHNDWHJRULHU

9DOLGLWHWRJSnOLWHOLJKHW

)RUVNHUUROOHQ

(WLVNHEHWUDNWQLQJHU

$QDO\VHRJGU¡IWLQJ 2SSVXPPHULQJDYUHVXOWDWHQHIUDSURVMHNWHWVWUHDUWLNOHU

$UWLNNHO,

$UWLNNHO,,

$UWLNNHO,,,

$YKDQGOLQJHQVELGUDJWLONXQQVNDSRPO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDY

VSUnNXWYLNOLQJLHWOLWHUDF\SHUVSHNWLY

6SUnN±PHUHQQRUG"

7LOJDQJWLOWHNVWHU±WLOJDQJWLOKYD"

6DPWDOHURPIDJWHNVWHU±HQO ULQJVDUHQDIRUDNDGHPLVNVSUnN"

6W¡WWH±WLOKYHP"

9HLHQYLGHUH±SURVMHNWHWVEHJUHQVQLQJHURJEHKRYIRUYLGHUHIRUVNQLQJ

/LWWHUDWXU

$UWLNOHU

$UWLNNHO,

$UWLNNHO,,

$UWLNNHO,,,

9HGOHJJ

9HGOHJJ.YLWWHULQJSnPHOGHVNMHPD16'

9HGOHJJ%HNUHIWHOVHSnHQGULQJ$

9HGOHJJ%HNUHIWHOVHSnHQGULQJ%

(14)

[LY

9HGOHJJ%HNUHIWHOVHSnHQGULQJ&

9HGOHJJ,QYLWDVMRQRJVDPW\NNHWLOGHOWDNHOVHLKHOHHOOHUGHOHUDY SURVMHNWHW 9HGOHJJ,QYLWDVMRQRJVDPW\NNHWLOGHOWDNHOVHLIRNXVJUXSSHLQWHUYMX

9HGOHJJ,QYLWDVMRQRJVDPW\NNHWLOGHOWDNHOVHLIRNXVJUXSSHLQWHUYMX

O UHUL$RJ%

9HGOHJJ,QIRUPDVMRQVVNULYRJVDPW\NNHIRUHVDWWH

9HGOHJJ,QWHUYMXJXLGHVWXGLH,

9HGOHJJ,QWHUYMXJXLGHVWXGLH,,

9HGOHJJ7HNVWEUXNWLVWXGLH,,

)LJXUOLVWH

)LJXU±$YKDQGOLQJHQVGHVLJQ««««««««««««««

7DEHOORYHUVLNW

7DEHOO±2YHUVLNWRYHUGHOWDNHQGHO UHUH«««««««««««

7DEHOO±2YHUVLNWRYHULQQVDPOHWPDWHULDOH««««««««««

(15)

1 Innledning

,GHWWHDYKDQGOLQJVSURVMHNWHWEHVNULYHUO UHUHKYRUGDQGHDUEHLGHUPHG VSUnN RJ IDJWHNVWHU L VSUnNKHWHURJHQH NODVVHURP Sn ± WULQQ 7RYH VLHU ©>'@HW YL QRN KDU EUXNW DOOHU PHVW HU UHWW RJ VOHWW n VQDNNH RVV JMHQQRPWHNVW-DDOWVnOHVHWRVLGHURJVnVQDNNHª$QHWWHEHVNULYHU XQGHUYLVQLQJDYIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVOLN©-HJV\QVGHWHUYDQVNHOLJn YLWH KYRUGDQ MHJ VNDO OHJJH WLO UHWWH XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ IRU n GUD

>IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU@PHVWPXOLJLQQ6RPVDJWYHWYLDWYLVNDOMREEH PHG EHJUHS PHQ YL YHW LNNH Vn P\H DQQHWª 7RYH RJ $QHWWH HU WR HQJDVMHUWHO UHUHSnRJWULQQ6LWDWHQHGHUHVHULQWHUHVVDQWHIRUGLGH EHU¡UHU IOHUH DY DVSHNWHQH YHG O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVH DY VW¡WWHQGH XQGHUYLVQLQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU 'HU 7RYHV \WULQJ UHIOHNWHUHU HQ IRUVWnHOVH DY VW¡WWH WLO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV WLOJDQJ WLO IDJWHNVWHU JMHQVSHLOHU$QHWWHV\WULQJHQXWEUHGWIRUVWnHOVHDYDWDNDGHPLVNVSUnNHU YRNDEXODURJDWDUEHLGPHGRUGHUVHQWUDOWLnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHVWLOJDQJWLO IDJWHNVWHU$QHWWHV\WULQJUHIOHNWHUHURJVnHW¡QVNHRPPHUNXQQVNDSRP KYRUGDQO UHUHEHVWNDQVW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHULXQGHUYLVQLQJHQ'HQ HUNMHQQHOVHQVRP$QHWWHO¡IWHUIUDPNRPRJVnWLOXWWU\NNKRVIOHUHDYGH O UHUQH L DYKDQGOLQJHQV WUH GHOVWXGLHU / UHUQHV \WULQJHU RJ REVHUYDVMRQHQ DY XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ GHUHV JLU WLO VDPPHQ HW ELOGH DY KYRUGDQ GH IRUVWnU XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP VW¡WWHU XWYLNOLQJ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnNLVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURPSn±WULQQ

1.1 Flerspråklige elever: Hvem er de?

,GHQQHDYKDQGOLQJWHPDWLVHUHVHQJUXSSHHOHYHUVRPHUVY UWKHWHURJHQ EnGHQnUGHWJMHOGHUNXOWXURJVSUnNEDNJUXQQRJKYLONHQNRPSHWDQVH

6LWDWHWHUKHQWHWIUDG\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLHQ'HWWHHU\WULQJQXPPHULLQWHUYMXHWPHG 7RYH

6LWDWHWHUKHQWHWIUDG\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLHQ'HWWHHU\WULQJQXPPHULLQWHUYMXHWPHG

$QHWWH6LWDWHWHURJVnEUXNWLDYKDQGOLQJHQVWLWWHO,WLWWHOHQHUVLWDWHWOHWWRPVNUHYHWIRU nOHWWHOHVEDUKHWHQ

(16)

GH LQQHKDU L XOLNH VSUnN 0DQ\DN -HJ KDU YDOJW n EUXNH EHWHJQHOVHQ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU IRU n EHVNULYH HOHYJUXSSHQ

%HWHJQHOVHQ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU HU DQYHQGW L WUnG PHG JMHOGHQGH DQEHIDOLQJHU128VIRUnVLJQDOLVHUHHWUHVVXUVSHUVSHNWLY LGHWnKDNRPSHWDQVHLIOHUHVSUnN6DPWLGLJDYJUHQVHVEHWHJQHOVHQWLO HOHYHU VRP KDU HW DQQHW PRUVPnO HQQ QRUVN RJ VDPLVN HOOHU HW VNDQGLQDYLVNVSUnN0HOG6W±VRJVRPHUIRUELGHQ I¡UVWH LQQO ULQJVIDVHQ DY QRUVN VRP HW DQGUHVSUnN 0DQJH DY GLVVH HOHYHQH NDQ Y UH I¡GW L 1RUJH RJHOOHU EOLWW HNVSRQHUW IRU QRUVN VW¡UVWHGHOHQ DY OLYHW PHQ IUHPGHOHV KD VYDNHUH QRUVNIHUGLJKHWHU HQQ

¡YULJH HOHYHU *XQQHUXG 6DPWLGLJ NDQ HOHYHQHV EHKRY IRU n XWYLNOHDNDGHPLVNVSUnNEOLRYHUVHWWIRUGLGHEHKHUVNHUKYHUGDJVVSUnNHW

*LEERQV

1.2 Avhandlingens forskningsinteresse og problemstilling

%nGH QRUVNH RJ LQWHUQDVMRQDOH NODVVHURP HU L ¡NHQGH JUDG VSUnNKHWHURJHQH0DQJHO UHUHVWnUGDJOLJLHQ VLWXDVMRQKYRUGHVNDO XQGHUYLVHLNRPSOHNVHIDJWHNVWHUVRPL¡NHQGHJUDGJMHQQRPWULQQHQHHU NDUDNWHULVHUW DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN VDPWLGLJ VRP GH VNDO LYDUHWD RSSO ULQJVEHKRYHWWLOGHHOHYHQHVRPVWUHYHUPHGnIRUVWnVOLNHWHNVWHU GHULEODQW PDQJH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU ± WULQQ HU HQ SHULRGH KYRU VNROHIDJOLJHWHNVWHUVRPIRUHNVHPSHOIDJWHNVWHULO UHE¡NHUVWDGLJEOLU

3nHQJHOVNKDUMHJEUXNWEHWHJQHOVHQVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV

%UXN DY EHWHJQHOVHQ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU UHSUHVHQWHUHU RJVn PLQ HJHQ XWYLNOLQJ L SURVMHNWHWGHUMHJLRSSVWDUWVIDVHQDQYHQGWHEHJUHSHWPLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUHQGUHW MHJ GHW HWWHU KYHUW WLO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU HWWHU JMHOGHQGH DQEHIDOLQJHU / UHUQH L SURVMHNWHWEUXNWHEnGHEHWHJQHOVHQIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHURJPLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU ,GHWWHSURVMHNWHWHUGHWNRQVHNYHQWEUXNWIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUIRUOHVEDUKHWHQ

0RUWLPHURJ6FRWWVSHNHUSnDWVNROHIDJOLJHWHNVWHUVNLOOHUVHJIUDW\SLVNH IDJWHNVWHURJDWVOLNHVNROHIDJOLJHWHNVWHUKDUVLWWHJHWVSUnN)RUHQNHOKHWVVN\OGEOLU OLNHYHOEHJUHSHWIDJWHNVWHUEUXNWLGHWI¡OJHQGH

(17)

PHUNRPSOHNVHRJKYRUPDQJHHOHYHUVWDJQHUHULXWYLNOLQJHQ&KDOO -DFREV

'HWWH SURVMHNWHW E\JJHU Sn HQ WHVH RP O UHUHQV UROOH QnU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUPnO UHVSUnNRJIDJVRPHWLQWHJUHUWO¡S/ UHUHQIRUVWnVVRPn LQQHKD HQ VHQWUDO UROOH L n OHGH O ULQJVSURVHVVHU JMHQQRP K\SSLJH RJ IRUEHUHGWHVDPWDOHUGHUVSUnNHWLWHNVWHQHHUJMHQVWDQGIRUJUDQVNLQJIRU n VW¡WWH EnGH IDJIRUVWnHOVHQ RJ OHVHXWYLNOLQJHQ 'HW HU V UOLJ O UHUHQV VW¡WWHWLOXWYLNOLQJDYHOHYHQHVIDJRYHUJULSHQGHDNDGHPLVNHVSUnNVRPHU LIRUJUXQQHQLGHQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQ(OHYHUSn±WULQQVRPVWUHYHUPHG WHNVWIRUVWnHOVH PDQJOHU RIWH IHUGLJKHWHU L n IRUVWn IDJRYHUJULSHQGH DNDGHPLVN VSUnN VRP IRU HNVHPSHO PRUIRORJLVN NRPSOHNVH RUG NRPSOHNVH VHWQLQJHU RJ KYRUGDQ UHODVMRQHU PHOORP IDJOLJH LGHHU EOLU XWWU\NW -RQHV HW DO 8FFHOOL %DUU HW DO 8FFHOOL 3KLOOLSV

*DOORZD\HWDO

7LOWURVVIRUDWPDQJHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUHUHNVSRQHUWIRUQRUVNLKHOH HOOHU VWRUH GHOHU DY OLYHW IRUWVHWWHU GH VRP JUXSSH n KD ODYHUH VSUnNIHUGLJKHWHUHQQ¡YULJHHOHYHU*XQQHUXG,I¡OJH*XQQHUXG HUGHWHWEHKRYIRUnUHWWHRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQPRWKYRUGDQO UHUH XQGHUYLVHU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU RJ ¡YULJH HOHYHU PHG VYDNH VSUnNIHUGLJKHWHU Sn RSSO ULQJVVSUnNHW / UHUHVIRUVWnHOVH DY VW¡WWH WLO XWYLNOLQJ DY VSUnNHW YLO SnYLUNH SUDNVLV RJ GH YDOJ O UHUQH IRUHWDU L XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ3DMDUHV,GHQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQXQGHUV¡NHVGHUIRU KYD VODJV RSSIDWQLQJ O UHUH KDU DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP NDQ VW¡WWH XWYLNOLQJHQDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnN'HWWHXQGHUV¡NHVYHGnVWXGHUHKYRUGDQ O UHUHIRUVWnUDNDGHPLVNVSUnNRJKYLONHQUROOHGHJLUVDPWDOHURJWHNVWHU LDUEHLGHWPHGnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHVVSUnNXWYLNOLQJ3URVMHNWHWKDUI¡OJHQGH RYHURUGQHGHSUREOHPVWLOOLQJ+YRUGDQIRUVWnUO UHUHXQGHUYLVQLQJVRP VW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNLVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP"

7HVHQHULQVSLUHUWDYDUEHLGHQHWLO:RQJ)LOOPRUHRJ6QRZRJ8FFHOOL3KLOOLSV

*DOORZD\HWDO

(18)

1.3 Avhandlingens tre artikler og hvordan de henger sammen

$YKDQGOLQJHQ EHVWnU DY WUH GHOVWXGLHU VRP KYHU IRU VHJ JLU XOLNH SHUVSHNWLYHUSnGHQRYHURUGQHGHSUREOHPVWLOOLQJHQ

,GHQI¡UVWHDUWLNNHOHQUHWWHVRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQPRWO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN YRNDEXODU , DUWLNNHOHQ XWIRUVNHV KYRUGDQ O UHUQH L HW IRNXVJUXSSHLQWHUYMX UHIOHNWHUWH RYHU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV SU¡YH UHVXOWDWHU Sn HQ YRNDEXODUSU¡YH VRP PnOWH HOHYHQHV DNDGHPLVNH YRNDEXODU'HQQHDUWLNNHOHQELGUDUPHGNXQQVNDSRPO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN YRNDEXODU RJ KYRUGDQ GH SODQOD IUHPWLGLJH WLOWDN IRU n VW\UNHHOHYHQHVXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNYRNDEXODU0HGEDNJUXQQLDW O UHUQHEDUHLEHVNMHGHQJUDGVNLVVHUWHPXOLJHIUHPWLGLJHWLOWDNRSSVWRG GHWHWEHKRYIRUnXQGHUV¡NHKYRUGDQO UHUQHIRUVWRGWHNVWXWIRUGULQJHU XWRYHUDNDGHPLVNYRNDEXODURJKYRUGDQGHIRUVWRGVW¡WWHWLOIOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUVWLOJDQJWLOIDJWHNVWHU

,GHQDQGUHDUWLNNHOHQUHWWHVGHWRSSPHUNVRPKHWPRWO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVH DY WHNVWXWIRUGULQJHU RJ KYLONH XWIRUGULQJHU GH RSSOHYGH QnU GH VNXOOH VW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVWLOJDQJWLOIDJWHNVWHU,DUWLNNHOHQXQGHUV¡NHV KYRUGDQO UHUQHLHQG\EGHLQWHUYMXVWXGLHUHIOHNWHUWHRYHUWHNVWDUEHLG WHNVWXWIRUGULQJHURJNODVVHVDPWDOHU$UWLNNHOHQVIXQNVMRQLDYKDQGOLQJHQ VRPKHOKHWHUnXQGHUV¡NHO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVHDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNXWRYHU YRNDEXODU RJ KYRUGDQ GH IRUVWRG VLQ HJHQ WLOSDVVHGH XQGHUYLVQLQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU,GHQQHVWXGLHQNRPGHWIUDPDWO UHUHDQVnVDPWDOHU RJRUGIRUNODULQJHUVRPQ\WWLJHIRUnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHVIRUVWnHOVHDYWHNVWHU 6DPWLGLJVWLOWHO UHUQHVS¡UVPnOYHGVLQHJHQWLOSDVVHGHXQGHUYLVQLQJ 6WXGLHQ VNDSWH GHUPHG HW EHKRY IRU n XQGHUV¡NH Q UPHUH KYRUGDQ O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVH DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP VW¡WWHU XWYLNOLQJHQ DY DNDGHPLVNVSUnNNRPWLOXWWU\NNLREVHUYHUWXQGHUYLVQLQJ

, GHQ WUHGMH DUWLNNHOHQ XQGHUV¡NHV O UHUQHV VDPWDOHU RP IDJWHNVWHU L VSUnNKHWHURJHQH NODVVHURP , DUWLNNHOHQ XWIRUVNHV KYRUGDQ WR O UHUH L

(19)

VDPIXQQVIDJ IXOJWH RSS HOHY\WULQJHU L VDPWDOHU RP WHNVWHU RJ RUG IRUNODULQJHU NQ\WWHW WLO WHNVWHQH RJ WHPDHW $UWLNNHOHQV ELGUDJ WLO DYKDQGOLQJHQ VRP KHOKHW HU n XQGHUV¡NH KYRUGDQ O UHUQH XW¡YGH VLQ IRUVWnHOVH DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP VW¡WWHW XWYLNOLQJ DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN L VDPWDOHURP IDJWHNVWHU 6WXGLHQYLVHUDWO UHUQH LVWRUJUDGLQNOXGHUWH HOHYLQQVSLOOLVDPWDOHQHRPRUGRJWHNVWHUPHQDWHOHYHQHLOLWHQJUDGEOH RSSIRUGUHWWLOnXWG\SH\WULQJHQHVLQHHOOHUWDLEUXNIRUNODUWHRUG

(20)

(21)

2 Forskningsfeltet: Språkopplæring for flerspråklige elever i et literacy-

perspektiv

'HQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQHUHQVWXGLHDYO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDYXQGHUYLVQLQJ VRPVW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJHQDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNLVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP

$YKDQGOLQJHQ SODVVHUHV L HW NU\VQLQJVSXQNW PHOORP WR IRUVNQLQJVIHOW OLWHUDF\IHOWHW RJ DQGUHVSUnNVIHOWHW %HJJH GLVVH IRUVNQLQJVIHOWHQH KDU VSUnNO ULQJVRPHWIHOOHVLQWHUHVVHRPUnGH'HEULQJHUOLNHYHOPHGVHJ XOLNHSHUVSHNWLYHUSnVSUnNO ULQJ,I¡OJH*ROGHQ HWDOKDUGHQ VHQWUDOH YLWHQVNDSVGLVLSOLQHQ L DQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJHQ Y UW NRJQLWLYW RULHQWHUW RJ RSSPHUNVRPKHWHQ KDU Y UW UHWWHW PRW GHQ I¡UVWH LQQO ULQJVIDVHQ DY DQGUHVSUnNHW /LWHUDF\IHOWHW GHULPRW KDU Y UW IRUDQNUHWLHQVRVLRNXOWXUHOOWUDGLVMRQ*HHRJVSUnNO ULQJIRUVWnV VRPnY UHVLWXHUWRJXWYLNOHVJMHQQRPGHOWDNHOVHLVRVLDOHIHOOHVVNDS/

$.XOEUDQGVWDG 5\HQ9\JRWVNLM

1nU GHWWH DYKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHW SODVVHUHV L HW YLWHQVNDSHOLJ NU\VQLQJVSXQNWHUGHWPHGOLWHUDF\VRPRYHURUGQHWIRUVWnHOVHVUDPPH /LWHUDF\ HU HW NRPSOHNVW EHJUHS PHG HQ ODQJ KLVWRULH/LWHUDWH YDU RSSULQQHOLJIRUVWnWWVRPGHWnY UHVNROHUWHGXFDWHG%DUWRQV ,I¡OJH%DUWRQVGXNNHWOLWHUDF\EHJUHSHWRSSLRJ GDLEHW\GQLQJHQnNXQQHOHVHRJVNULYH/LWHUDF\IHOWHWVOLNYLNMHQQHU GHWLGDJHUHWUHVXOWDWDYDUEHLGHWWLO1HZ/LWHUDF\6WXGLHV1/6*HH 1/6RSSVWRGSnEHJ\QQHOVHQDYWDOOHWVRPHQUHDNVMRQPRW DWOLWHUDF\XWHOXNNHQGHYDUIRUVWnWWVRPHYQHQWLOnNXQQHOHVHRJVNULYH RJGHUPHGUHGXVHUWWLONXQSV\NRORJLVNHSURVHVVHU1/6KHYGHULVWHGHW DW OLWHUDF\ HUVRVLDOW VLWXHUW*HH , VRVLDOW VLWXHUWH NRQWHNVWHU

'HW GDQVNH ORQJLWXGLQHOOH IRUVNQLQJVSURVMHNWHW7HJQ Sn VSURJKDU EDQHW YHL IRU n IRUVNH L HW YLWHQVNDSHOLJ NU\VQLQJVSXQNW PHOORP DQGUHVSUnNV RJ IOHUVSUnNOLJKHWV IRUVNQLQJOLWHUDF\RJVSUnNO ULQJ/DXUVHQV

(22)

XWYLNOHVPnWHUnWHQNHRJVQDNNHRPWHNVWHURJPnWHUnVDPKDQGOHRP WHNVWHQH*HHV'HWnOHVHRJVNULYHHUGHUPHGDNWLYLWHWHU VRPLQQJnULHQVW¡UUHNRQWHNVWRJVRPIRUPHVDYGHPHQQHVNHQHVRP GHOWDU L GH VRVLDOH NRQWHNVWHQH 1LFROD\VHQ V EHVNULYHU OLWHUDF\ VRP WLOJDQJVNRPSHWDQVH GHW KDQGOHU RP n KD WLOJDQJ WLO VDPIXQQHWVWHNVWNXOWXU7LOJDQJVNRPSHWDQVHHUnY UHP\QGLJJMRUWRJ XWUXVWHW WLO n GHOWD L HW GHPRNUDWLVN VNULIWVSUnNOLJ VDPIXQQ 6NDIWXQ 1LFROD\VHQV PRGHOO IRU WLOJDQJVNRPSHWDQVH HU YLGHUHXWYLNOHWDY6NDIWXQVRPHNVSOLVLWWNQ\WWHUWLOJDQJVNRPSHWDQVHWLO OHVLQJ

/HVLQJ KDQGOHU RP WLOJDQJ Sn IOHUH QLYnHU 'HW KDQGOHU RP n NRPPHLQQLVNULIWHQRJSnGHWJUXQQODJHWEOLLVWDQGWLOnNRPPH LQQ L WHNVWHQV PHQLQJVYHUGHQ 1nU PDQ KDU IXQQHW YHLHQ LQQ KDQGOHUGHQYLGHUHXWYLNOLQJHQRJVnRPnNRPPHXWDYWHNVWHQ RJLQQWDHQVHOYVWHQGLJRJP\QGLJKROGQLQJWLOWHNVWHQ/HVLQJ KDQGOHU GHUIRU RP n NRPPHLQQ L HW VNULIWNXOWXUHOW IHOOHVNDS 6NDIWXQV

'HWHUV UOLJGHWDQGUHQLYnHWL6NDIWXQVPRGHOOVRPHULIRUJUXQQHQL GHQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQ,WUnGPHG5$1'5HDGLQJ6WXG\*URXSVLQ GHILQLVMRQ Sn OHVHIRUVWnHOVH NDQ YL VL DW GHW n KD WLOJDQJ WLO WHNVWHUV PHQLQJVYHUGHQEHW\UDWOHVHUHQNDQWUHNNHXWLQIRUPDVMRQRJNRQVWUXHUH PHQLQJIUDWHNVWHQ'HWWHHULNNHQ¡GYHQGLJYLVHQNOHSURVHVVHURJGH IRUXWVHWWHU DW OHVHUHQ KDU WLOJDQJ WLO VSUnNHW L WHNVWHQ , VLQ WLG UHWWHW

&XPPLQV RSSPHUNVRPKHWHQ PRW DW GHW YDU HW VNLOOH PHOORP KYHUGDJVVSUnNRJDNDGHPLVNVSUnNRJDWGHWDNDGHPLVNHVSUnNHWYDUHQ XWIRUGULQJIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU,GDJHUGHWKHOOHUHQGUHLQLQJPRWDW EnGHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHURJHOHYHUPHGRSSO ULQJVVSUnNHWVRPPRUVPnO

&XPPLQVVIRUNODUHUKYRUGDQKDQDGYDUWHPRWHQIRUWLGOLJRYHUI¡ULQJDY DQGUHVSUnNVHOHYHUWLORUGLQ UHQVSUnNOLJXQGHUYLVQLQJEDVHUWSnDWHOHYHQHEHKHUVNHW KYHUGDJVVSUnNHW+DQ¡QVNHWnW\GHOLJJM¡UHDWO UHUHLNNHYDURSSPHUNVRPPHSnGHW DNDGHPLVNH VSUnNNUDYHW L VNROHQ RJ DW HW VOLNW VSUnNNUDY YDU HQ VHQWUDO IDNWRU L DQGUHVSUnNVHOHYHQHVDNDGHPLVNHXWIRUGULQJHU

(23)

NDQKDXWIRUGULQJHUPHGDNDGHPLVNVSUnNQnUGHVNDOOHVHWHNVWHU8FFHOOL HWDO

'HVHQHUHnUHQHKDUGHQVRVLRNXOWXUHOOHE¡OJHQRJVnVN\OOHWLQQRYHU DQGUHVSUnNVIHOWHW)LUWK :DJQHU0\OHV6YHQGVHQ 'HW HU GHQQH UHWQLQJHQ LQQHQ DQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJHQ DYKDQGOLQJV DUEHLGHW SODVVHUHV LQQHQIRU 6RP HQ QDWXUOLJ NRQVHNYHQV DY HQ VRVLRNXOWXUHOOGUHLQLQJL DQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJHQ KDUGHWRJVnY UWHQ

¡NHQGHLQWHUHVVHIRUNODVVHURPVVWXGLHUJHQHUHOW7RQQH 3DOP RJ VWXGLHU VRP DQOHJJHU HW OLWHUDF\SHUVSHNWLY VSHVLHOW 'DQEROW .XOEUDQGVWDG /DXUVHQ 6FKPLGW 6NRRJ

$QGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJ VRP UHODWHUHV WLO NODVVHURPVVWXGLHU YHNWOHJJHU YLGHUHXWYLNOLQJ DY DQGUHVSUnNHW XWRYHU GHQ I¡UVWH LQQO ULQJVIDVHQ 'DXJDDUG HW DO 'HWWH HU HQ SURVHVV VRP NDQ WD PDQJH nU

&XPPLQV'HWEHW\UDWO UHUHPnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHLnXWYLNOHVSUnN RJIDJVRPHWLQWHJUHUWO¡S

2.1 Utdanningspolitisk kontekst

$YKDQGOLQJHQV IRUVNQLQJVLQWHUHVVH JMHQVSHLOHU HQ QDVMRQDO XWGDQQLQJVSROLWLVNNRQWHNVWKYRUEnGHO UHUHVNROHOHGHUHSROLWLNHUHRJ IRUVNHUHHURSSWDWWDYKYRUGDQHQNDQVW\UNH DOOHEDUQVO ULQJVXWE\WWH JHQHUHOW RJ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV O ULQJVXWE\WWH VSHVLHOW 'HQQH XWGDQQLQJVSROLWLVNHLQWHUHVVHQKDUVLQEDNJUXQQLDWIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU VRPJUXSSHSUHVWHUHUV\VWHPDWLVNVYDNHUHHQQ¡YULJHHOHYHUSnQDVMRQDOH

'HQQHUHWQLQJHQLQQHQDQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJHQKDGGHVLWWXWVSULQJL)LUWKRJ:DJQHUV DUWLNNHO2QGLVFRXUVHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGVRPHIXQGDPHQWDOFRQFHSWVLQ6/$

UHVHDUFK'HWHULPLGOHUWLGLNNHULNWLJnVQDNNHRPpQUHWQLQJLQQHQGHQVRVLRNXOWXUHOOH WLOQ UPLQJHQ WLO DQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJ ILQQHV GHW IOHUH WLOQ UPLQJHU RJ L GHQQH DYKDQGOLQJHQHUGHWGHQY\JRWVNLDQVNHUHWQLQJHQVRPIRUI¡OJHV6YHQGVHQ

,*ROGHQHWDOVLQRSSVXPPHULQJDYDQGUHVSUnNVIRUVNQLQJHQL1RUJHLWLGV URPPHW±EOHWUHOLQMHULGHQWLILVHUWLQQO UHUOLQMHQVSUnNRJNXOWXUNRQWDNW OLQMHQRJWLOVOXWWHQGLGDNWLVNOLQMH+RYHGYHNWHQDYIRUVNQLQJHQLGHQDNWXHOOHSHULRGHQ YDU NQ\WWHW WLO LQQO UHUOLQMHQ PHQV GHW YDU PLQVW DY GLGDNWLVNH VWXGLHU ,QQHQ GHQ GLDGDNWLVNHOLQMHQYDUNODVVHURPVWXGLHULJMHQPLQGUHWDOO

(24)

OHVHSU¡YHU $OEHUWVHQ 3HUOLF RJ Sn LQWHUQDVMRQDOH OHVHSU¡YHU VRP3,5/626WUDQGHWDORJ3,6$-HQVHQHWDO'HWWH HULWUnGPHGLQWHUQDVMRQDOHVWXGLHU.LHIIHU6RPHWOHGGLnVW\UNH RSSO ULQJHQ WLO DOOH HOHYHQH RSSUHWWHW .XQQVNDSVGHSDUWHPHQWHW Sn WDOOHWQDVMRQDOHVHQWUHLRSSO ULQJHQVRPVNXOOHELVWnXWGDQQLQJV P\QGLJKHWHQHLnUHDOLVHUHQDVMRQDOXWGDQQLQJVSROLWLNNVHQWUHQHKDGGH IHOOHV RSSJDYHU NQ\WWHW WLO IDJOLJ XWYLNOLQJ IRUPLGOLQJ RJ VW¡WWH WLO NXQQVNDSVEDVHUWSUDNVLV$DPRGWHWDOV6W0HOG±

SUHVLVHUWHDWVHQWUHQHEODQWDQQHWVNXOOHIRUPLGOHIRUVNQLQJVEDVHUW NXQQVNDS JMHQQRP IRU HNVHPSHO JUDWLV QHWWEDVHUWH UHVVXUVHU 'HQ XWGDQQLQJVSROLWLVNH LQWHUHVVHQ IRU n ¡NH V UOLJ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV O ULQJVXWE\WWH JMHQVSHLOHV L RSSUHWWHOVHQ DY HW 1DVMRQDOW VHQWHU IRU IOHUNXOWXUHOORSSO ULQJ1$)2,WLOOHJJEOHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU RJHOOHUHOHYHUVRPVWUHYHUIDJOLJO¡IWHWIUDPVRPHQIRNXVJUXSSHKRV IOHUHDYGHDQGUHQDVMRQDOHVHQWUHQH'HQDVMRQDOHI¡ULQJHQHIRUJRG RSSO ULQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU Sn WYHUV DY VHQWUHQH YLVHU WLO EODQW DQQHW DUEHLG PHG n XWYLNOH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV RUGIRUUnG IUD HW KYHUGDJVVSUnN WLO HW IDJVSUnN DNWLYHUH EDNJUXQQVNXQQVNDSHU JL NRJQLWLYWXWIRUGUHQGHXQGHUYLVQLQJVW¡WWHWLOWHNVWIRUVWnHOVHXWYLNOLQJDY HOHYHQHVPXQWOLJHIHUGLJKHWHUVW¡WWHJMHQQRPWRVSUnNOLJIDJRSSO ULQJ RJEUXNDYHOHYHQVIOHUVSUnNOLJHEDNJUXQQVRPHQUHVVXUV

2.1.1 Språkopplæring i skolen

(OHYHU PHG HW DQQHW PRUVPnO HQQ QRUVN RJ VDPLVN RJ VRP KDU PDQJHOIXOOHQRUVNNXQQVNDSHUKDUUHWWWLOV UVNLOWVSUnNRSSO ULQJLGHQ

3,5/6VWnUIRU3URJUHVVLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HDGLQJ/LWHUDF\6WXG\RJ3,6$VWnUIRU 3URJUDPPH IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WXGHQW $VVHVVPHQW 0HQV 3,6$ PnOHU nULQJHUV DNDGHPLVNHIHUGLJKHWHUPnOHU3,5/6RJWULQQVHOHYHUVIHUGLJKHWHU

)RUHNVHPSHOKDU1DVMRQDOWVHQWHUIRUOHVHRSSO ULQJRJOHVHIRUVNQLQJIOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VRP IRNXVJUXSSH L GHQ GLJLWDOH NRPSHWDQVHXWYLNOLQJVUHVVXUVHQ6SUnNO¡\SHU /HVHVHQWHUHW Xn PHQV 1DVMRQDOW VHQWHU IRU PDWHPDWLNN L RSSO ULQJD KDU XWYLNOHW UHVVXUVHUIRUnVW¡WWHO UHUHVXQGHUYLVQLQJDYHOHYHUVRPSUHVWHUHUVYDNWLPDWHPDWLNN 0DWHPDWLNNVHQWHUHWXn

(25)

QRUVNH VNROHQ 6 UVNLOW VSUnNRSSO ULQJ EHVWnU DY V UVNLOW QRUVN RSSO ULQJ WRVSUnNOLJ IDJRSSO ULQJ RJ PRUVPnOVRSSO ULQJ $QGHO HOHYHU VRP ILNN V UVNLOW QRUVNRSSO ULQJ XWJMRUGH DY GHQ WRWDOH HOHYPDVVHQ VNROHnUHW ± RJ DY GHQQH HOHYJUXSSHQ ILNN DQQHQV UVNLOWVSUnNRSSO ULQJLWLOOHJJ8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHWD ,I¡OJH 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHW D KDU GHW VLGHQ ± Y UW HQ QHGJDQJSnLDQWDOOHOHYHUVRPInUWRVSUnNOLJIDJRSSO ULQJRJHOOHU PRUVPnOVRSSO ULQJ

, GLVNXUVHQ NQ\WWHW WLO ORYYHUNHW RJ VSUnNRSSO ULQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUNDQHQILQQHHQSUREOHPGLVNXUVRJHQUHWWLJKHWVGLVNXUV*DUFLD 3UREOHPGLVNXUVHQ O¡IWHU IUDP HQ IOHUVSUnNOLJ EDNJUXQQ VRP HQ XWIRUGULQJLXWGDQQLQJHQRJHOHYHQHVIOHUVSUnNOLJHEDNJUXQQEOLUDQVHWW VRPHWSUREOHP.RQVHNYHQVHQDYHQVOLNWDQNHJDQJHUDWIRUPnOHWPHG XWGDQQLQJHQEOLUnXWYLNOHDQGUHVSUnNHWRJPRUVPnOHWEOLUNXQEUXNWLHQ RYHUJDQJVIDVH (Q UHWWLJKHWVGLVNXUV GHULPRW YHNWOHJJHU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUVUHWWWLORSSO ULQJEnGHSnPRUVPnOHWRJSnDQGUHVSUnNHW,I¡OJH

*DUFtD HNVLVWHUHU GLVVH GLVNXUVHQH VLGH RP VLGH RJVn L GHW nUKXQGUH,GHWQRUVNHORYYHUNHWJMHQNMHQQHUYLSUREOHPGLVNXUVHQ

(OHYDULJUXQQVNROHQPHGDQQDPRUVPnOHQQQRUVNRJVDPLVNKDU UHWWWLOV UVNLOGQRUVNRSSO ULQJWLOGHLKDUWLOVWUHNNHOHJGXJOHLNL QRUVNWLOnI¡OJMHGHQYDQOHJHRSSO ULQJDLVNROHQ2PQ¡GYHQGLJ KDU VOLNH HOHYDU RJVn UHWW WLO PRUVPnOVRSSO ULQJ WRVSUnNOHJ IDJRSSO ULQJHOOHUEHJJHGHODU2SSO ULQJVORYD†

9LVHUSUREOHPGLVNXUVHQUHIOHNWHUWLRSSO ULQJVORYHQV†WRVSUnNOLJ IDJRSSO ULQJ PRUVPnOVRSSO ULQJ DQVHV NXQ VRP HW YHUNW¡\ L HQ RYHUJDQJVIDVHIRUnVW\UNHXWYLNOLQJHQDYQRUVN5HWWLJKHWVGLVNXUVHQHU V\QOLJ L EUXN DY EHJUHSHU VRP VSUnNOLJH PLQRULWHWHU RJ PLQRULWHWVVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VRP HU EUXNW L HQ MXULGLVN RJ VWDWLVWLVN VDPPHQKHQJ L WLONQ\WQLQJ WLO VSUnNRSSO ULQJHQ 128 V )RUPXOHULQJHQH L RSSO ULQJVORYHQ LQGLNHUHU DW IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV UHWWLJKHWHUHUDYKHQJLJDYQRUVNNXQQVNDSHQHHOHYHUVRPKDUVnVYDNH

(26)

QRUVNIHUGLJKHWHUDWGHLWLOOHJJWLOV UVNLOWQRUVNRSSO ULQJRJVnWUHQJHU VW¡WWH JMHQQRP WRVSUnNOLJ IDJRSSO ULQJ RJ PRUVPnOVXQGHUYLVQLQJ HOHYHUVRPLNNHKDUWLOVWUHNNHOLJHIHUGLJKHWHULQRUVNRJGHUIRUWUHQJHU V UVNLOWQRUVNRSSO ULQJRJHOHYHUVRPKDUWLOVWUHNNHOLJHNXQQVNDSHU WLOnI¡OJHRUGLQ UXQGHUYLVQLQJRJGHUPHGLNNHNYDOLILVHUWWLOV UVNLOW VSUnNRSSO ULQJ 5DQGHQ (OHYHU VRP LNNH KDU WLOVWUHNNHOLJH NXQQVNDSHULQRUVNInUHWHQNHOWYHGWDNKYRUGHWHUGHILQHUWDQWDOOWLPHUL V UVNLOWQRUVNRJHYHQWXHOWKYRUPDQJHWLPHULWRVSUnNOLJIDJRSSO ULQJ RJHOOHUPRUVPnOVRSSO ULQJGHWLOGHOHV'HWHULNNHQDVMRQDOHI¡ULQJHU IRU KYRU PDQJH WLPHU SHU XNH V UVNLOW VSUnNRSSO ULQJ VNDO XWJM¡UH 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHWF

(Q WUHGMH GLVNXUV HU V\QOLJ L O UHSODQHQ *UXQQOHJJHQGH QRUVN IRU VSUnNOLJH PLQRULWHWHU 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHW H / UHSODQHQ VLJQDOLVHUHU HQ UHVVXUVGLVNXUV YHG n YHNWOHJJH IOHUVSUnNOLJKHWV SHUVSHNWLYHW VRP HQ UHVVXUV L RSSO ULQJHQ *DUFtD 5HVVXUVGLVNXUVHQHUEDNWLQQLIOHUHGHOHU DYO UHSODQHQEODQWDQQHWL NRPSHWDQVHPnOHQH KYRU GHW IRU HNVHPSHO EHVNULYHV DW IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VNDO ©EUXNH KHOH VLQ VDPOHGH VSUnNNRPSHWDQVH L HJHW O ULQJVDUEHLGª 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHW G 5HVVXUVGLVNXUVHQ JMHQVSHLOHVRJVnLNMHUQHHOHPHQWHQHKYRUGHWYHNWOHJJHVDWHOHYHUPHG IOHUVSUnNOLJ EDNJUXQQ LQQHKDU HQ NRPSHWDQVH L GHW n NXQQH JL XOLNH SHUVSHNWLYHU Sn VDPPHQKHQJHQ PHOORP VSUnN LGHQWLWHW RJ NXOWXU 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHWE

6HOY RP IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VRP LNNH KDU WLOVWUHNNHOLJH NXQQVNDSHU L QRUVNKDUUHWWSnV UVNLOWVSUnNRSSO ULQJHUGHQQHVW¡WWHQRIWHEHJUHQVHW WLOHWSDUWLPHULXND1HV(OHYHUPHGHQNHOWYHGWDNHWWHU†

WLOEULQJHUGHUIRUPHVWHGHOHQDYWLGHQLQQHQIRUUDPPHQDYRUGLQ UXQGHU YLVQLQJ , WLOOHJJ YLO HOHYHU VRP HU YXUGHUW WLO n NXQQH I¡OJH RUGLQ U XQGHUYLVQLQJXWHQVW¡WWHLV UVNLOWVSUnNRSSO ULQJIUHPGHOHVNXQQHKD EHKRY IRU VW¡WWH WLO XWYLNOLQJ DY VSUnNHW 'HUPHG EOLU XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ LQQHQIRU UDPPHQH DY RUGLQ U XQGHUYLVQLQJ DY VWRU EHW\GQLQJ IRU

(27)

IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV XWYLNOLQJ DY VSUnNHW 6SUnNRSSO ULQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUSHNHUGHUIRUXWRYHUV UVNLOWVSUnNRSSO ULQJ128 V EHVNULYHU EHKRYHW IRU GHQ ODQJYDULJH DQGUHVSUnNVRSSO ULQJHQLVNROHQRJDWO UHUHLDOOHIDJPnDUEHLGHPHG QRUVNVNULIWOLJRJPXQWOLJLWUnGPHGO UHSODQHQ$QEHIDOLQJHQRPn VW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVYLGHUHXWYLNOLQJDYDQGUHVSUnNHWJMHQVSHLOHUHW OLWHUDF\SHUVSHNWLYSnVSUnNO ULQJHQO UHUHPnVW¡WWHXWYLNOLQJDYVSUnN RJ OHVHIHUGLJKHWHU JMHQQRP KHOH VNROHO¡SHW L WDNW PHG VWDGLJ PHU DYDQVHUWH WHNVWHU 6NDIWXQ , HW VOLNW SHUVSHNWLY EOLU DOOH O UHUH VSUnNO UHUH&XPPLQVV'HQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQWHPDWLVHUHU GHQ ODQJYDULJH DQGUHVSUnNVRSSO ULQJHQ LQQHQIRU UDPPHQH DY RUGLQ U XQGHUYLVQLQJ

2.1.2 Fagfornyelsen: En videreføring av literacy- reformen

)DJIRUQ\HOVHQVRPWUnGWHLNUDIWK¡VWHQHUHQYLGHUHI¡ULQJDY .XQQVNDSVO¡IWHW VLQ OLWHUDF\IRUDQNULQJ 6NDIWXQ , .XQQVNDSVO¡IWHW EOH O ULQJV RJ XWYLNOLQJVSURVHVVHU HNVSOLVLWW NQ\WWHW WLO PHQLQJVVNDSHQGH DNWLYLWHWHU UXQGW DUEHLG PHG WHNVWHU RJ KYRUGDQVNULIWN\QGLJKHWKDULQQIO\WHOVHSnYnUPnWHnWHQNHSn%HUJH V9LGHUHI¡ULQJHQDYGHIHPJUXQQOHJJHQGHIHUGLJKHWHQH±

OHVH VNULYH UHJQLQJ PXQWOLJH RJ GLJLWDOH IHUGLJKHWHU ± IUD .XQQVNDSVO¡IWHWWLOIDJIRUQ\HOVHQ±YLVHUDWRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQIUHPGHOHV HU UHWWHW PRW VSUnN RJ VNULIWVSUnNHW VRP UHGVNDSHU L IDJHQH 6NDIWXQ 'HJUXQQOHJJHQGHIHUGLJKHWHQHDQVHVGHUPHGnY UHKHOW Q¡GYHQGLJHIRUXWVHWQLQJHUIRUO ULQJRJXWYLNOLQJLVNROHQRJIRUVHQHUH GHOWDNHOVHLHWVNULIWEDVHUWVDPIXQQ%HUJH6NDIWXQ'HIHP

6RP HQ GHO DY GHQ ODQJYDULJH DQGUHVSUnNVRSSO ULQJHQ DQEHIDOHV GHW DW V UVNLOW VSUnNRSSO ULQJYHGYDUHUHWWHUDWHOHYHQHHURYHUI¡UWWLORUGLQ UXQGHUYLVQLQJ

/ UHSODQYHUNHW.XQQVNDSVO¡IWHWHUIRUQ\HWIUDRJPHGDXJXVW3URVHVVHQ PHG n IRUQ\H O UHSODQHQH .XQQVNDSVO¡IWHW NDOOHV IDJIRUQ\HOVHQ 8WGDQQLQJVGLUHNWRUDWHWI

(28)

JUXQQOHJJHQGHIHUGLJKHWHQHHUEnGHIDJVSHVLILNNHRJIDJRYHUJULSHQGH 6OLNVHWWILQQHVGHJUXQQOHJJHQGHIHUGLJKHWHQHEnGHLIDJHWRJSnWYHUV DYIDJHQH%HUJHV'HWWHNDQIRUVWnVVRPHWNRQWLQXXPGH I¡UVWHnUHQHLVNROHQDUEHLGHUHQLVW¡UVWJUDGPHGnXWYLNOHNRPSHWDQVH L JUXQQOHJJHQGH IHUGLJKHWHU VRP HU IHOOHV Sn WYHUV DY IDJ ± RSSRYHU L WULQQHQH YLO GHW IDJVSHVLILNNH L ¡NHQGH JUDG EOL IUHPWUHGHQGH 'H JUXQQOHJJHQGH IHUGLJKHWHQH HU GHUPHG QRH VRP HU L NRQWLQXHUOLJ XWYLNOLQJLO¡SHWDYVNROHO¡SHW6NDIWXQ

2.1.3 Systematiske forskjeller mellom elevgrupper

6\VWHPDWLVNH SUHVWDVMRQVIRUVNMHOOHU PHOORP XOLNH HOHYJUXSSHU HU HQ XWGDQQLQJVSROLWLVN EHN\PULQJ 6W 0HOG ± 6HOY RP QRUVNH HOHYHU JHQHUHOW KDU KDWW IUDPJDQJ Sn LQWHUQDVMRQDOH OHVHSU¡YHU KDUDQWDOOHWHOHYHUVRPSUHVWHUHUSnGHODYHVWHQLYnHQHY UWNRQVWDQW )U¡QHV GRJ PHG HQ ¡NQLQJ DY HOHYHU Sn GH ODYHVWH WULQQHQH L 3,6$-HQVHQHWDO'HWNDQEHW\DWGHQQRUVNHVNROHQNODUHU nO¡IWHHOHYHUVRPSUHVWHUHUIUDJMHQQRPVQLWWHWRJRSSPHQDWGHWHUPHU XWIRUGUHQGHnO¡IWHHOHYHUVRPSUHVWHUHUVYDNHVW)U¡QHVV 1nUGHWJMHOGHUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVSHVLHOWHUGHWQ\DQVHULUHVXOWDWHUSn OHVHWHVWHUHOHYHUVRPHUI¡GWLXWODQGHWRJVHQHUHLQQYDQGUHWWLO1RUJH SUHVWHUHUVYDNHUHHQQHOHYHUVRPHUI¡GWL1RUJHDYXWHQODQGVNHIRUHOGUH

$OEHUWVHQ 3HUOLF )U¡QHV 5HVXOWDWHQH IUD EnGH 3,6$

RJYLVHULPLGOHUWLGDWGHWHUVWRUHVWDQGDUGDYYLNLIOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV UHVXOWDWHU QRH VRP LQGLNHUHU DW GHW HU VWRU VSUHGQLQJ )U¡QHV -HQVHQ HW DO 6RP JUXSSH HU GHW OLNHYHO HQ VW¡UUH DQGHO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VRP HU VYDNWSUHVWHUHQGH 0HQV DY GH

'HWWH HU HQ VDPPHQVDWW JUXSSH HOHYHU IRU HNVHPSHO HOHYHU PHG OHVH VNULYH RJ VSUnNYDQVNHU HOHYHU PHG EHJUHQVHW YRNDEXODU ODY OHVHKDVWLJKHW RJHOOHU EHJUHQVHW XWKROGHQKHWWLOnOHVHODQJHWHNVWHU)U¡QHVV

(29)

IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHQH UHJQHV VRP VYDNWSUHVWHUHQGH HU GHW WLOVYDUHQGH WDOOHWIRUHOHYHUPHGQRUVNVRPPRUVPnO-HQVHQHWDO (OHYHUV VRVLR¡NRQRPLVNH EDNJUXQQ HU RIWH O¡IWHW IUDP VRP HQ IRUNODULQJVPRGHOOIRUnEHVNULYHHOHYHUVO UHIRUXWVHWQLQJHULP¡WHPHG VNROHQ%DNNHQ +\JJHQ+DOOHHWDO.LHIIHU2 6WUDQG 6FKZLSSHUW6HOYRPGHWLHQQRUVNNRQWHNVWHUPLQGUH SUHVWDVMRQVIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPHOHYHUPHGXOLNVRVLR¡NRQRPLVNEDNJUXQQ

%DNNHQ +\JJHQ -RKQVHQ HW DO HU GHW OLNHYHO XWVODJVJLYHQGHIRUHOHYHQHVUHVXOWDWHU%DNNHQ +\JJH,WUnG PHGLQWHUQDVMRQDOHVWXGLHU+HSSWHWDO.LHIIHUYLVHUIOHUH QRUVNH VWXGLHU DW QnU HQ NRQWUROOHUHU IRU HOHYHQHV VRVLR¡NRQRPLVNH EDNJUXQQ HU GHW PLQGUH IRUVNMHOOHU L O ULQJVXWE\WWHW PHOORP IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU RJ HOHYHU PHG QRUVN VRP PRUVPnO %DNNHQ +\JJHQ*U¡JDDUGHWDO26WUDQG 6FKZLSSHUW, RJ PHG DW HQ VW¡UUH DQGHO DY IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU HQQ GHQ ¡YULJH EHIRONQLQJHQNRPPHUIUDODYHUHVRVLR¡NRQRPLVNEDNJUXQQ%DNNHQ +\JJHQ+HUXG 1DSHUNDQPDQJHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU Y UHLHQVnUEDUVLWXDVMRQLNNHEDUHVNDOGHO UHSnDQGUHVSUnNHWGHNDQ RJVnKDPHGVHJVSUnNOLJHEHJUHQVQLQJHUVRPHUDVVRVLHUWPHGODYHUH VRVLR¡NRQRPLVN EDNJUXQQ +HSSW HW DO 6DPWLGLJ YLVHU EnGH QDVMRQDOH -RKQVHQ HW DO RJ LQWHUQDVMRQDOH 6 6WUDQG VWXGLHUDWVRVLR¡NRQRPLVNEDNJUXQQKDUVW¡UUHEHW\GQLQJIRUHOHYHUPHG RSSO ULQJVVSUnNHW VRP PRUVPnO HQQ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV VNROHSUHVWDVMRQHU,WUnGPHGGHWWHSHNHU%DNNHQRJ+\JJHSnDW GHWILQQHVIRUVNQLQJVRPXWIRUGUHUVRVLDOHUHSURGXNVMRQVWHRULHUPDQJH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUKDU HWXWGDQQLQJVGULYRJHQVW¡UUHVRVLDOPRELOLWHW HQQHWQLVNQRUVNHHOHYHUIUDVDPPHVRVLR¡NRQRPLVNHEDNJUXQQ

3UHVWDVMRQVIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPHOHYHUNDQRJVnKDQGOHRPLKYLONHQJUDG XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ KDU VW¡WWHW VnUEDUH HOHYHUV XWYLNOLQJ DY OLWHUDF\

IHUGLJKHWHU &XPPLQV &XPPLQV NULWLVHUHU WLGOLJHUH IRUVNQLQJIRULNNHnKDUHWWHWQRNRSSPHUNVRPKHWPRWDNDGHPLVNVSUnN

(30)

VOLNGHWHUUHSUHVHQWHUWLVNUHYQHWHNVWHURJVSUnNOLJLQWHUDNVMRQLVNROHQ

&XPPLQVKHYGHUDWVNROHUVRPLNNHHURSSPHUNVRPPHSnHOHYHUVEHKRY IRUnXWYLNOHOLWHUDF\IHUGLJKHWHUSURGXVHUHUPDUJLQDOLVHUWHHOHYHU,WUnG PHG&XPPLQVKHYGHU8FFHOOL3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\HWDODW HOHYHUV IHUGLJKHWHU L DNDGHPLVN VSUnN L HQGD VW¡UUH JUDG HQQ VRVLR¡NRQRPLVN EDNJUXQQ SUHGLNHUHU HOHYHQHV OHVHIRUVWnHOVH (Q NDQ GHUPHGDQWDDWHOHYHQHVSUHVWDVMRQHURJVnHUDYKHQJLJDYKYRUYLGWGHKDU KDWW PXOLJKHWHQ WLOn EOL NMHQW PHG RJ O UH GHW DNDGHPLVNH VSUnNHW L WHNVWHU

2.2 Tilgang til fagtekster

)DJWHNVWHUEOLURIWHO¡IWHWIUDPVRPHQV UOLJXWIRUGULQJIRUPDQJHHOHYHU

&OLQWRQHWDO*UDHVVHUHWDO+HSSWHWDO5RH -HQVHQ/ UHUHQVUROOHHUDYJM¡UHQGHIRUnVW¡WWHXWYLNOLQJDYGH VSUnNOLJHIHUGLJKHWHQHHOHYHQHWUHQJHUIRUnInWLOJDQJWLOVOLNHIDJWHNVWHU :RQJ)LOOPRUH 6QRZ

2.2.1 Hva lærere trenger å vite om språk i tekster

17

$NDGHPLVN VSUnN VNLOOHU VHJ IUD GHW PXQWOLJH VSUnNHW YL EUXNHU L KYHUGDJHQ&XPPLQV$NDGHPLVNVSUnNHUV UOLJUHSUHVHQWHUWL DNDGHPLVNHWHNVWHU0HQVDNDGHPLVNVSUnNWUDGLVMRQHOWKDUY UWIRUVWnWW VRPYRNDEXODUKDUGHWGHVLVWHnUHQHY UWHQGUHLQLQJLIRUVNQLQJVIHOWHW PRWDWDNDGHPLVNVSUnNLQQHE UHUXWIRUGULQJHUSnDOOHWHNVWOLJHQLYnGHW YLOVLSnRUGVHWQLQJVRJWHNVWQLYn0HVPHUHWDO6DPWLGLJKDU GHW RJVn Y UW HQ GUHLQLQJ PRW DW LNNH EDUH GHW IDJVSHVLILNNH VSUnNHW UHSUHVHQWHUHU HQ XWIRUGULQJ IRU HOHYHQHV WHNVWIRUVWnHOVH PHQ DW RJVn V UOLJ GHW IDJRYHUJULSHQGH DNDGHPLVNH VSUnNHW HU HQ XWIRUGULQJ IRU

7LWWHOHQHULQVSLUHUWDY$GJHU6QRZRJ&KULVWLDQVLQERN:KDWWHDFKHUVQHHG WRNQRZDERXWODQJXDJH

(31)

PDQJHHOHYHUVWHNVWIRUVWnHOVH6QRZ8FFHOOL%DUUHWDO 8FFHOOL3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\HWDO

Ordnivå

/ UHUH WUHQJHU NXQQVNDS RP KYLONH RUG VRP XWJM¡U HQ XWIRUGULQJ IRU PDQJH HOHYHU JHQHUHOW RJ IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VSHVLHOW 0DQJOHQGH RUGNXQQVNDS KDU OHQJH Y UW KROGW IUHP VRP HQ nUVDN WLO PDQJH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV ODYH O ULQJVXWE\WWH Sn DQGUHVSUnNHW PnOW L OHVHIRUVWnHOVH $QVWURP HW DO &DUOR HW DO / , .XOEUDQGVWDG/HUYnJ $XNUXVW0HOE\/HUYnJ /HUYnJ 7RZQVHQGHWDO,WLOOHJJWLODNDGHPLVNHRUGHURJVn PHWDIRULVNH XWWU\NN *ROGHQ VDPPHQVDWWH RUG *ROGHQ .XOEUDQGVWDG RJ IOHUEHW\GQLQJVRUG 9DGDV\ 1HOVRQ O¡IWHWIUDPVRPHQXWIRUGULQJIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVOHVHIRUVWnHOVH'HW HUVHQWUDOWDWO UHUHLWLOOHJJWLOIDJRUGNMHQQHUWLOGHWIDJRYHUJULSHQGH YRNDEXODUHW6QRZ(NVHPSOHUSnIDJRYHUJULSHQGHYRNDEXODUNDQ Y UHSURVHVVUHSURGXVHUHRJUHGXVHUH 6OLNH RUG HU RIWH PRUIRORJLVN NRPSOHNVH1DJ\ 7RZQVHQGRJNXQQVNDSRPDNDGHPLVNHRUG LQQHE UHUGHUPHGRJVnIHUGLJKHWHULnSDNNHXWGHXOLNHGHOHQHDYRUGHW IRUHNVHPSHOYHGnXQGHUV¡NHSUHILNVHUIRUnVHKYLONHQEHW\GQLQJGHW OHJJHUWLORUGHW8FFHOOL3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\HWDO)LVKHU )UH\

/ UHUHWUHQJHUnNMHQQHWLODWHQVOLNG\EGHNXQQVNDSRPRUGKDU EHW\GQLQJIRUHOHYHQHVOHVHIRUVWnHOVHQ8FFHOOL3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\HWDO 5\GODQGHWDOIDQWIRUHNVHPSHODWHOHYHUPHGRYHUIODWLVN RUGNXQQVNDSLOLWHQJUDGNODUWHnQ\WWLJJM¡UHVHJIRUNXQQVNDSHQHVLQHIRU nVW¡WWHIRUVWnHOVHQDYHQIDJWHNVW

8FFHOOL%DUUHWDOKDUXWYLNOHWHWNRQVWUXNWIRUDNDGHPLVNVSUnNVRPSHNHU XWRYHUYRNDEXODU'HEHVNULYHUNRQVWUXNWHWVRP&RUHDFDGHPLFODQJXDJHVNLOOV&$/6 RJ SHNHU SnKYLONH IHUGLJKHWHU HOHYHU WUHQJHU IRU nNXQQH IRUVWn DNDGHPLVNH WHNVWHU 8FFHOOLPHGNROOHJDHUKDUVLGHQSXEOLVHUWRJQ\DQVHUW&$/6NRQVWUXNWHWIOHUHJDQJHU IRUHNVHPSHO8FFHOOLRJ3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\HWDORJ 8FFHOOLHWDO

(32)

0DQJH LQWHUYHQVMRQVVWXGLHU KDU EOLWW JMHQQRPI¡UW PHG GHW PnO n ¡NH HOHYHQHVRUGIRUUnG&DUORHWDO+DOOHWDO.LPHWDO :ULJKW &HUYHWWL6HOYRPLQWHUYHQVMRQVVWXGLHUYLVHUDWHOHYHU GHULEODQWIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUO UHURUGRJ¡NHUOHVHIRUVWnHOVHQDYWHNVWHQ RUGHQHHUKHQWHWIUDHUGHWOLNHYHOLNNH¡NQLQJLHOHYHQHVOHVHIRUVWnHOVH JHQHUHOW5RJGHHWDO:ULJKW &HUYHWWL'HWKDUGHUPHG Y UWHWEHKRYIRUnVHXWRYHURUGQLYnHWIRUnLGHQWLILVHUHDQGUHVSUnNOLJH WHNVWXWIRUGULQJHUVRPKDUEHW\GQLQJIRUHOHYHQHVOHVHIRUVWnHOVH-RQHVHW DO 8FFHOOL %DUU HW DO 8FFHOOL 3KLOOLSV *DOORZD\ HW DO

Setningsnivå

/ UHUHWUHQJHUNXQQVNDSRPKYDVRPJM¡UVHWQLQJHUNRPSOHNVH/DQJH RJNRPSOHNVHVHWQLQJHUUHSUHVHQWHUHUHQXWIRUGULQJIRUHOHYHUJHQHUHOW 8FFHOOL 3KLOOLSV *DOORZD\ HW DO RJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU VSHVLHOW+HSSWHWDO+DDJHWDO,IDJWHNVWHUP¡WHUHOHYHQH XOLNH YDULDQWHU DY NRPSOHNVH VHWQLQJHU 6QRZ 8FFHOOL 6HWQLQJHU NDQ Y UH NRPSOHNVH YHG DW GH LQQHKROGHU WR OLNHVWLOWH KHOVHWQLQJHU HOOHU HQ KHOVHWQLQJ PHG HQ HOOHU IOHUH OHGGVHWQLQJHU 6FDUFHOOD6QRZ 8FFHOOL(WNMHQQHWHJQPHGDNDGHPLVN VSUnN HU XWVWUDNW EUXN DY LQQVNXWWH OHGGVHWQLQJHU +DOOLGD\

0DWWKLHVVHQ (Q NDQ DQWD DW VOLNH LQQVNXWWH OHGGVHWQLQJHU NDQ XWJM¡UH HQ XWIRUGULQJ IRU OHVHIRUVWnHOVHQ IRUGL GH JLU HQ WLOOHJJVRSSO\VQLQJ'HUPHGEOLUGHWYDQVNHOLJHUHIRUOHVHUHQnNRQVWUXHUH PHQLQJIUDKHOVHWQLQJHQ,I¡OJH6FDUFHOODNDQYLONnUVVHWQLQJHURJ SDVVLYNRQVWUXNVMRQHU RJVn Y UH HQ XWIRUGULQJ L DNDGHPLVNH WHNVWHU 9LGHUH WUHQJHU O UHUH NXQQVNDS RP DW GHW HU XWVWUDNW EUXN DY QRPLQDOLVHULQJHULDNDGHPLVNHWHNVWHU1DJ\ 7RZQVHQG0HQV LQIRUPDVMRQ L PXQWOLJ VSUnN EOLU SDNNHW PHU XW YLO EUXN DY QRPLQDOLVHULQJHU L DNDGHPLVNH WHNVWHU KMHOSH IRUIDWWHUHQ WLO n VDPPHQIDWWH WLGOLJHUH LQIRUPDVMRQ 6FKOHSSHJUHOO ,I¡OJH 6FKOHSSHJUHOO V EOLU QRPLQDOLVHULQJHU RJ VXEVWDQWLYIUDVHU

(33)

RIWH VHWQLQJHQV VXEMHNW L DNDGHPLVNH WHNVWHU PHQV PXQWOLJ VSUnN HU SUHJHWDYSURQRPHQVRPVXEMHNW

Tekstnivå

/ UHUHWUHQJHUNXQQVNDSRPKYDVRPNDQJM¡UHGHWYDQVNHOLJnVNM¡QQH VDPPHQKHQJHQLHQWHNVW)RUnVNM¡QQHVDPPHQKHQJHQLHQWHNVWPn OHVHUHQIRUHNVHPSHOIRUHWDWHNVWLQIHUHQVHU'HWnXWI¡UHVOLNHLQIHUHQVHU NDQY UHHQXWIRUGULQJLOHVLQJDYIDJWHNVWHUIRUHOHYHUJHQHUHOW&OLQWRQ HWDORJIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVSHVLHOW+YLVWHQGDO/, .XOEUDQGVWDG (Q W\SH WHNVWLQIHUHQVHU VRP HU V UOLJ XWEUHGW L DNDGHPLVNHWHNVWHUHUEUXNHQDYUHIHUDQVHUVRPRIWHHUUHDOLVHUWJMHQQRP GHWHUPLQDWLYHU VRP IRU HNVHPSHOGHQQHSURVHVVHQ 8FFHOOL 3KLOOLSV

*DOORZD\HWDO9LGHUHUHSUHVHQWHUHUELQGHRUGHQXWIRUGULQJIRU WHNVWIRUVWnHOVHRJVnIRUIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU'HJDQG 6DQGHUV 5\GODQGHWDO5\GODQG *U¡YHU,DNDGHPLVNHWHNVWHUYLO HOHYHU P¡WH ELQGHRUG VRP XWWU\NNHU SUHVLVH UHODVMRQHU PHOORP XOLNH WHNVWGHOHU IRU HNVHPSHOGHVVXWHQRJSn WURVV DY 6OLNH ELQGHRUG HU PLQGUH UHSUHVHQWHUW L GHW PXQWOLJH VSUnNHW KYRU QRHQ ELQGHRUG UHSUHVHQWHUHU IOHUH IXQNVMRQHU IRU n ELQGH VHWQLQJHU VDPPHQ IRU HNVHPSHORJRJVn6FKOHSSHJUHOOV%LQGHRUGELGUDUWLOn JM¡UHWHNVWHUNRPSOHNVHEnGHIRUGLPDQJHHOHYHULNNHYHWKYDRUGHQH EHW\U PHQ RJVn IRUGL ELQGHRUGHQH NDQ Y UH XWHODWW L WHNVWHU 6 UOLJ L IDJWHNVWHU IRU EDUQ NDQ GHW KHQGH DW IRUIDWWHUH XWHODWHU ELQGHRUG VRP VNDSHU VDPPHQKHQJ PHOORP XOLNH VHWQLQJHUWHNVWGHOHU ± PHG GHQ KHQVLNW n ODJH NRUWH RJ HQNOH VHWQLQJHU /HH 6SUDWOH\

.RQVHNYHQVHQ HU LPLGOHUWLG DW WHNVWHQH NDQ EOL IUDJPHQWDULVNH RJ DW OHVHUHQ VHOY Pn I\OOH XW PHG EnGH NXQQVNDSVLQIHUHQVHU RJ WHNVWLQIHUHQVHU 7LO VOXWW WUHQJHU O UHUH NXQQVNDS RP KYRUGDQ GH NDQ VW¡WWH HOHYHQH L n NMHQQH LJMHQ VWUXNWXUHU L WHNVWHU IRU HNVHPSHO NMHQQHWHJQ Sn DUJXPHQWHUHQGH WHNVWHU VDPW NMHQQH LJMHQ RUG VRP PDUNHUHU IRUIDWWHUHQV V\QVSXQNWHU WHQNQLQJ RJHOOHU EHJUXQQHOVH 8FFHOOL 3KLOOLSV*DOORZD\

(34)

2.2.2 Språk og fag som integrerte prosesser

/ ULQJLIDJVRPIRUHNVHPSHOKLVWRULHRJVDPIXQQVNXQQVNDSEDVHUHVL VWRUJUDGSnVNULIWOLJHWHNVWHUWHNVWOHVLQJEOLUGHUPHGHQKHOWHVVHQVLHOO GHO DY GHW n O UH $FKXJDU &DUSHQWHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO HW DO )RUnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHVO ULQJIUDDNDGHPLVNHWHNVWHUWDUIOHUHWLO RUGH IRU HQ VSUnNRULHQWHUW XQGHUYLVQLQJ $FKXJDU &DUSHQWHU 0DQFLOOD0DUWLQH]6FKOHSSHJUHOOHWDO:RQJ)LOOPRUH 6QRZ9HGnDQOHJJHHQVSUnNRULHQWHUWXQGHUYLVQLQJYLOHOHYHQH P¡WHVSUnNHWLHQIDJOLJRJPHQLQJVIXOONRQWHNVWGHUVSUnNHWXQGHUE\JJHU IDJOLJO ULQJ$FKXJDU &DUSHQWHU6FKOHSSHJUHOOHWDO :RQJ)LOOPRUH 6QRZ

)OHUHWDUWLORUGHIRUnMREEHJUXQGLJPHGNRUWHXWYDOJWHWHNVWXWGUDJIRU nVW¡WWHHOHYHQVXWYLNOLQJDYVSUnNRJIDJIRUVWnHOVH)LVKHU )UH\

.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO :RQJ )LOOPRUH 6QRZ 6DPPHQGHNRQVWUXHUHUO UHUHQRJHOHYHQHVSUnNHWLWHNVWXWGUDJHWIRUn VHKYRUGDQVSUnNHWELGUDUWLOWHNVWHQVPHQLQJ)RUHNVHPSHOVWnUGHWL O UHERND0LGJDUG L VDPIXQQVIDJ Sn WULQQ XQGHU WHPDHW RP NRUVIDUHUQH L PLGGHODOGHUHQ ©+ UHQ IRU IU\NWHOLJ IUDP 'D GHQ NRP IUDPWLO-HUXVDOHPVWRUPHWNRUVIDUHUQHE\HQRJWXVHQHUDYPHQQHVNHU EOH GUHSWª $DUUH HW DO V )RU n VW¡WWH HOHYHQ L n I¡OJH UHIHUDQVHULWHNVWHQNDQO UHUHQUHWWHHOHYHQVRSSPHUNVRPKHWPRWKYHP VRPJM¡UKYDLGHWRVHWQLQJHQHLGHQI¡UVWHVHWQLQJHQHU©K UHQªEUXNW PHQV L VHWQLQJ WR YLVHU I¡UVW ©GHQª WLOEDNH Sn K UHQ GHUHWWHU HU GHW

©NRUVIDUHUQHª VRP YLVHU WLOEDNH WLO EnGH ©GHQª RJ LQGLUHNWH ©K UHQª 'HQ WHWWH NREOLQJHQ PHOORP WHNVWHU RJ VSUnN JLU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU PXOLJKHWHUWLOn¡YHSnDNDGHPLVNVSUnNGHUGHWHU±LWHNVWHQH0RRUHHW DO$FKXJDURJ&DUSHQWHUVLQHVWXGLHUGHUO UHUQH KDGGHInWWRSSO ULQJRJLQWHJUHUWHWUHWHNVWDQDO\VH¡NWHUDYKLVWRULHWHNVWHU LO¡SHWDYHWVHPHVWHUILQQHUDWIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU¡NWHHYQHQWLOnXWI¡UH

(WWHULGHIUD:RQJ)LOOPRUHRJ6QRZV±

/ UHUQHLGHOVWXGLH,,,EUXNWHO UHERND0LGJDUGLVDPIXQQVIDJ

(35)

LQIHUHQVHURJILQQHEHYLVLWHNVWHQ$FKXJDU &DUSHQWHU,WLOOHJJ XWYLNOHW GH HYQHQ WLO n EHJUXQQH RJ DUJXPHQWHUH W\SLVN L KLVWRULHIDJHW

$FKXJDU &DUSHQWHU

,HWVOLNWDUEHLGVRPHUVNLVVHUWRYHUHUGHWDYJM¡UHQGHDWO UHUQHEUXNHU WHNVWHUVRPHUNRPSOHNVHQRNWLODWGHLQQHKDUHWVSUnNVRPJLUHOHYHQ PXOLJKHW WLO n XWYLNOH VSUnNIHUGLJKHWHU .OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO )DQJ 7LGOLJHUH YHNWOD PDQ DW HOHYHU LNNH VNXOOH In IRU YDQVNHOLJHWHNVWHUPHQKHOOHUOHVHWHNVWHUVRPYDUUHWWRYHUGHUHVIDNWLVNH IHUGLJKHWVQLYn/XSRHWDO'HWHULPLGOHUWLGYDQVNHOLJnXWYLNOH OHVHIHUGLJKHWHUKYLVHQLNNHInUP¡WHNRPSOHNVHWHNVWHU0DQKDUGHUIRU GHVLVWHnUHQHHQGUHWPnWHQnWHQNHVW¡WWHWLOXWYLNOLQJDYOHVHIHUGLJKHWHU YHG n ¡NH JUDGHQ DY O UHUVW¡WWH L DUEHLG PHG VWDGLJ PHU NRPSOHNVH WHNVWHU/XSRHWDO6KDQDKDQHWDO

2.2.3 Lærerstyrte samtaler

/ UHUVW\UWH VDPWDOHU HU HQ DUHQD GHU O UHUHQ KDU PXOLJKHW WLO n OHGH HOHYHQHVO ULQJVSURVHVVHU6OLNHVDPWDOHUEOLURIWHEHVNUHYHWVRPnKDHQ ,5(HOOHU,5)VWUXNWXU(Q,5(VWUXNWXUYLOVLDWO UHUHQLQLWLHUHU,RIWH PHGHWVS¡UVPnOHOHYHQUHVSRQGHUHU5RJWLOVOXWWHYDOXHUHUO UHUHQ NRUW HOHYHQV VYDU ( 0HKDQ 6LQFODLU RJ &RXOWKDUG LGHQWLILVHUWHRJVnDWO UHUHnSQHWGHWWUHGMHVWHJHWLHQ,5(VWUXNWXURJ LQYLWHUWHHOHYHQWLOnELGUD\WWHUOLJHUH)IRUIROORZXS0HQV,5(,5) VWUXNWXUHQKDUEOLWWP\HNULWLVHUWIRULNNHnJLURPIRUHOHYHQHVWDQNHURJ IRUVWnHOVHU+¡HJKHUGHWLGDJHQLQWHUHVVHIRUKYRUGDQO UHUHQ NDQIUHPPHHOHYHQHVO ULQJLRSSI¡OJLQJHQ)RUHNVHPSHOKHYGHU+¡HJK VDW©-HJNDOGHU,5(IRUPHQIRU'HQIDJOLJHVWLIRUGLGHQ LV UHUJRGWLODWPRGHOOHUHHQPnGHDWW QNHVS¡UJHRJVYDUHIDJOLJWSn IRUEHJ\QGHUHSnHWIHOWª'HWEHW\UDWO UHUHQNDQOHGHHOHYHQHVIDJOLJH XWYLNOLQJ JMHQQRP n VWLOOH VS¡UVPnO VRP PRGHOOHUHU HQ WDQNHUHNNH

+¡HJK V EUXNHU ,5(EHWHJQHOVHQ IRUGL KXQ RSSOHYHU GHQ VRP PHVW DQYHQGW

(36)

+¡HJK 0F1HLO 6OLNH VS¡UVPnO HU JMHUQH IRUEHUHGWH RJ PnOUHWWHWPRWnE\JJHHOHYHQHVIRUVWnHOVH.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO ,I¡OJH +DPPRQG RJ *LEERQV Pn RSSI¡OJLQJ L NODVVHURPPHWY UHEDVHUWSnO UHUHQVSODQODJWHDNWLYLWHWHUIRUnNXQQH XWQ\WWHV IXOOW XW 6OLNH O UHUVW\UWH VDPWDOHU PHG ,5)VWUXNWXU LQQHKDU OLNHYHOGLDORJLVNHWUHNNGHUO UHUHQVWLOOHUVS¡UVPnORPEHJUXQQHOVHURJ XWG\SQLQJHURJGHUO UHUHQE\JJHUSnHOHYHQHVLQQVSLOO)LVKHU )UH\

*LEERQV+DPPRQG *LEERQV+DXJOL ,GGLQJVHWDO.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO0F1HLO 3DOP 6WRNNH6WXGLHUIUDSUDNVLVIHOWHWYLVHULPLGOHUWLGDWO UHUH VWLOOHUInRSSI¡OJLQJVVS¡UVPnO3DOP 6WRNNH,I¡OJH$OH[DQGHU VHURJVnNXPXODWLYHVDPWDOHUNUHYHQGHnOHGHO UHUHQPn EnGHKDRYHUVLNWRYHUIDJVWRIIHWVRPGHWXQGHUYLVHVLRJRJVnWHQNHRYHU KYRUGDQ HOHYHQV LQQVSLOO UHODWHUHU WLO IDJVWRIIHW 6DPWLGLJ Pn O UHUHQ YXUGHUHKYLONHQRSSI¡OJLQJVRPPnJLVIRUnVW¡WWHHOHYHQVWHQNQLQJ±

IUDGHQIRUVWnHOVHQGHKDUSnHWJLWWWLGVSXQNWPRWGHQIDJOLJHIRUVWnHOVHQ O UHUHQKDUVRPPnODWHOHYHQHVNDOXWYLNOH

, WLOOHJJ WLO DW O UHUH OHGHU HOHYHQHV O ULQJVSURVHVVHU L VDPWDOHU YHNWOHJJHV GHW RJVn L OLWWHUDWXUHQ DW VDPWDOHQH Pn Y UH NRJQLWLYW NUHYHQGH+DPPRQG *LEERQV.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO /DXUVHQ0XUSK\ 7RUII'HWDWXQGHUYLVQLQJHQNDQ EHVNULYHV VRP NRJQLWLYW NUHYHQGH EHW\U DW HQ EHYHJHU VHJ IUD UHQ JMHQIRUWHOOLQJ RJ UXWLQHRSSJDYHU WLO XWIRUGUHQGH VDPWDOHU KYRU SUREOHPO¡VQLQJRJGHWnIRUPXOHUHLQIHUHQVHUEHJUXQQHRJDUJXPHQWHUH PHGWHNVWOLJEHYLVI¡ULQJHUVHQWUDOW ,VOLNHVDPWDOHUHUGHWDYJM¡UHQGH PHGK¡\O UHUVW¡WWHRJLQWHQVLYRSSI¡OJLQJ)LVKHU )UH\

-RQHVHWDO.LPHWDO.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO 7RUII 0XUSK\ :RQJ )LOOPRUH 6QRZ -RQHV HW DO IDQW DW HOHYHU VRP KDGGH WHWWHVW RSSI¡OJLQJ DY O UHUQH KDGGH

(37)

VW¡UUHXWYLNOLQJLOHVHIRUVWnHOVHHQQHOHYHUPHGO UHUHVRPKDGGHHQ PLQGUHLQWHQVLYXQGHUYLVQLQJ

)RUVNQLQJ YLVHU WLO HQ VDPPHQKHQJ PHOORP IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV PXQWOLJHIHUGLJKHWHUSnDQGUHVSUnNHWRJOHVHIRUVWnHOVHSnDQGUHVSUnNHW RJDWGHQQHVDPPHQKHQJHQEOLUVW¡UUHMRHOGUHHOHYHQHEOLU+DOOHHW DO .LHIIHU /HVDX[ HW DO 0HOE\ဨ/HUYnJ /HUYnJ 3UHYRR HW DO 'HW EOLU GHUIRU VHQWUDOW n VW¡WWH IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVXWYLNOLQJDYGHWPXQWOLJHDQGUHVSUnNHW)RUnVW¡WWH HOHYHQHVPXQWOLJHVSUnNXWYLNOLQJPnGHWDNDGHPLVNHVSUnNHWY UHLEUXN LVDPWDOHULNODVVHQ±EnGHDYHOHYHQHRJO UHUQH)RUHNVHPSHOYLVHUHQ VWXGLHDWGHUO UHUHQKDGGHHWVW¡UUHRUGIRUUnGRJEUXNWHPHUNRPSOHNVH VHWQLQJHU KDGGH HOHYHQH K¡\HUH VSUnNIHUGLJKHWHU HQQ L NODVVHU GHU O UHUHQEUXNWHHWHQNOHUHVSUnN*iPH] /HVDX['DXJDDUGHW DO YLVHU KYRUGDQ O UHUQH MREEHW V\VWHPDWLVN PHGn VWUHNNH VSUnNHW WLO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU L VDPWDOHU RP IDJ )RU DW HOHYHQH VNDO XWYLNOH HW DNDGHPLVN PXQWOLJ VSUnN IRU n IRUPLGOH SUHVLVW RJ Q\DQVHUW KYRUGDQHQIRUVWnUHWIDJOLJSRHQJNDQO UHUHQVW¡WWHHOHYHQHYHGDWGH InU WD L EUXN VHWQLQJVUDPPHU IRU HNVHPSHO IRU n VDPPHQOLJQH RJ NRQWUDVWHUH HOOHU DUJXPHQWHUH IRU RJ LPRW )LVKHU )UH\

.OLQJHOKRIHU 6FKOHSSHJUHOO.DQJHWDOIDQWDWEUXNDY VHWQLQJVUDPPHULQDWXUIDJVW¡WWHWHOHYHQHLnODJHnUVDNVIRUNODULQJHUSn HWJLWWIHQRPHQVDPWnNQ\WWHEHYLVWLOVLQHEHJUXQQHOVHU

*LWW O UHUQHV VHQWUDOH UROOH IRU n VW¡WWH VnUEDUH HOHYHUV XWYLNOLQJ DY OLWHUDF\IHUGLJKHWHU EOLU GHW YLNWLJ n XQGHUV¡NH KYRUGDQ O UHUQH VHOY IRUVWnU GHQQH UROOHQ / UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVH YLO VW\UH GH SHGDJRJLVNH YDOJHQHGHJM¡ULXQGHUYLVQLQJHQ3DMDUHV

,QWHUYHQVMRQHQ E\JJHW Sn HW XWYLGHW :RUG *HQHUDWLRQSURJUDP VRP LQNOXGHUWH DNDGHPLVNVSUnN

(QVOLNVDPPHQKHQJJMHQVSHLOHURJVnHQXWYLNOLQJSnI¡UVWHVSUnNHW/HVDX[HWDO

(38)

2.3 Læreres forståelse av støtte til utvikling av språk i samtaler om tekster

, GHQQH DYKDQGOLQJHQ WHPDWLVHUHUV O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRPVW¡WWHUXWYLNOLQJDYDNDGHPLVNVSUnNLVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP

%HJUHSHWIRUVWnHOVHHUEUXNWIRUGLGHWHUHWUHODWLYWQ¡\WUDOWRUG'HWHU EUXNWLHQYLGIRUVWDQGRJLQNOXGHUHUHUIDULQJHUKROGQLQJHURJNXQQVNDS 3HWWLW,OLWWHUDWXUHQEUXNHVLPLGOHUWLGPDQJHXOLNHEHJUHSHURJ GHILQLVMRQHU IRU n EHVNULYH O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH RJ GHW HU RIWH EnGH RYHUODSSHQGHEHW\GQLQJHUQnUXOLNHEHJUHSHUEUXNHVVDPWLGLJVRPGHW NDQY UHXOLNHIRUVWnHOVHUQnUGHWVDPPHEHJUHSHWEUXNHV6%RUJ 3DMDUHV (W DY GH PHVW EUXNWH EHJUHSHQH HUO UHUQHV WHQNQLQJ WHDFKHU¶V EHOLHIV ,I¡OJH 0 %RUJ V HU ©D EHOLHI >«@ D SURSRVLWLRQ ZKLFK PD\ EH FRQVFLRXVO\ RU XQFRQVFLRXVO\ KHOG LV HYDOXDWLYHLQWKDWLWLVDFFHSWHGDVWUXHE\WKHLQGLYLGXDO>«@IXUWKHULW VHUYHVDVDJXLGHWRWKRXJKWDQGEHKDYLRXUª/ UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVHUNDQ LNNH PnOHV RJ REVHUYHUHV PHQ Pn EOL WRONHW XWLIUD KYD O UHUQH VLHU KYLONHLQWHQVMRQHUGHKDURJKYDGHJM¡U3DMDUHVV3DMDUHV V KHYGHU RJVn DW EHOLHIEHJUHSHW HU IRU YLGW RJ DW HQ Pn VQDNNHRP©HGXFDWLRQDOEHOLHIVDERXWªXOLNHIHOWLQQHQXQGHUYLVQLQJ )RUVNQLQJVIHOWHWVRPXQGHUV¡NHUO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHKDUY UWUHWWHWPRW IOHUHVLGHUYHGO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHIRUHNVHPSHOPRWnGHILQHUHEHJUHSHW 3DMDUHV RJ RJVn UHWWHW PRW O UHUHV IDJIRUVWnHOVH V UOLJ PDWHPDWLNN RJ QDWXUIDJ 0RVYROG )DXVNDQJHU 0HQ RJVn OLWHUDF\6%RUJRJVSHVLILNWO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHDYXQGHUYLVQLQJ DY IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU )DUUHOO <DQJ 3HWWLW KDU Y UW JMHQVWDQGIRUIRUVNQLQJ)RUVNQLQJVIHOWHWKDUEHYHJHWVHJIUDnVWXGHUH O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH VRP XWHOXNNHQGH n Y UH HW NRJQLWLYW DQOLJJHQGH WLO RJVn n VH Sn O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY XQGHUYLVQLQJ VRP HQ GHO DY HQ NRPSOHNVYLUNHOLJKHW%XUQVHWDOV2SSPHUNVRPKHWHQKDU OLNHYHOLVWRUJUDGY UWUHWWHWPRWnIRUVNHSnO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHVRPHW

)RUHNVHPSHORSSIDWQLQJHUSHUVSHNWLYHUPHQLQJHU

(39)

LQGLYLGXHOW DQOLJJHQGH RJ GHW HU OLWH HPSLULVN IRUVNQLQJ Sn O UHUHV NROOHNWLYHIRUVWnHOVHU6%RUJV

)RUVNQLQJVLQWHUHVVHQ IRU O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH KDU VLQ EDNJUXQQ L HQ DQWDNHOVHRPDWGHWHUHQVDPPHQKHQJPHOORPO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVHRJGH YDOJ O UHUQH JM¡U L XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ %DVWXUNPHQ 3DMDUHV 5LFKDUGVRQ 'HWWH IRUKROGHW HU LPLGOHUWLG NRPSOHNVW 'HU IOHUH VWXGLHUILQQHUDWGHWHUVWRUJUDGDYVDPVYDUPHOORPO UHUHVXQGHUYLVQLQJ RJGHUHVIRUVWnHOVH&XQGDOH)DUUHOO <DQJ5LFKDUGVRQHW DO ILQQHU DQGUH VWXGLHU PLQGUH VDPVYDU PHOORP O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVHURJGHUHVXQGHUYLVQLQJ%DVWXUNPHQ%DVWXUNPHQHWDO 6DKLQHWDO$QGUHVWXGLHUILQQHUDWO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHLVWRU JUDGHUIRUDQNUHWLHJHQHUIDULQJRJLNNHLIRUVNQLQJVEDVHUWNXQQVNDSRP KYD VRP HU JRG XQGHUYLVQLQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU )DUUHOO *X]

0XFKPRUH

(W VHQWUDOW VS¡UVPnO HU KYRUYLGW O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH NDQ HQGUHV 3DMDUHV VHUSHVVLPLVWLVN©WKHHDUOLHUDEHOLHILVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWR WKHEHOLHIVWUXFWXUHWKHPRUHGLIILFXOWLWLVWRDOWHUª(PSLULVNHVWXGLHU YLVHULPLGOHUWLGDWYLGHUHXWGDQQHOVHNDQSnYLUNHO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHUDYIRU HNVHPSHO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU RJ XQGHUYLVQLQJ IRU GHQQH HOHYJUXSSHQ 3HWWLW,WUnGPHGGHWWHYLVHUVWXGLHUDWGHUO UHUQHILNN¡NWIDJOLJ NXQQVNDS I¡UWH GHW WLO HQGULQJHU L XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ 0F&XWFKHQ HW DO 3LDVWD HW DO ,I¡OJH 6 %RUJ HU VDPPHQKHQJHQ PHOORP O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH RJ HOHYHQV O ULQJVXWE\WWH XQGHUVWXGHUW 6WXGLHUVRPKDUXQGHUV¡NWGHQQHVDPPHQKHQJHQILQQHUDWQnUO UHUH KDUInWW¡NWIDJOLJNXQQVNDS¡NHUHOHYHQVO ULQJVXWE\WWH0F&XWFKHQHW DO3LDVWDHWDO3LDVWDHWDOKHYGHUDWO UHUHVVSUnN RJOLWHUDF\NXQQVNDSHUHUDYJM¡UHQGHIRUNYDOLWHWHQSnXQGHUYLVQLQJHQ 6WXGLHUVRPSHNHUSnDWO UHUHVIRUVWnHOVHUNDQHQGUHVDUJXPHQWHUHUIRU

)RUnOHWWHOHVEDUKHWHQHUGHWLGHQQHRYHUVLNWHQEHKROGWEHJUHSHWIRUVWnHOVHLRPWDOHQ DYXOLNHVWXGLHUXDYKHQJLJDYKYLONHWEHJUHSVRPHUEUXNWLGLVVHVWXGLHQH8OLNHVWXGLHU EUXNHUXOLNHEHJUHSHURJRIWHHUEHJUHSHQHLNNHRSHUDVMRQDOLVHUW3HWWLW

(40)

DWIRUKROGHWPHOORPIRUVWnHOVHRJXQGHUYLVQLQJHUHQLQWHUDNWLYSURVHVV VHOYRPYnUIRUVWnHOVHVW\UHUKDQGOLQJHQHYnUHYLORJVnUHIOHNVMRQRYHU KDQGOLQJHQHNXQQHI¡UHWLOHQGULQJHULYnUIRUVWnHOVH%DVWXUNPHQ 5LFKDUGVRQ ,I¡OJH 5LFKDUGVRQ HW DO HQGUHV O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVHIRUXWIRUHQGULQJHULXQGHUYLVQLQJHQ

,GHWI¡OJHQGHUHGHJM¡UHVGHWIRUWLGOLJHUHIRUVNQLQJSnO UHUHVIDJOLJH IRUYHQWQLQJHU WLO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU GHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN RJ IRUVWnHOVH DY KYRUGDQ GH NDQ VW¡WWH WLOJDQJ WLO IDJWHNVWHU L VSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP,WUnGPHG3DMDUHVUHGHJM¡UHVGHWIRU O UHUQHV IRUVWnHOVHU VOLN GHW HU NRPPHW WLO XWWU\NN L VDPWDOHU VS¡UUHVNMHPDRJLREVHUYHUWXQGHUYLVQLQJ

2.3.1 Faglige forventninger til flerspråklige elever

/ UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVHDYLKYLONHQJUDGHOHYHQHKDUPXOLJKHWWLOnO\NNHVL LXQGHUYLVQLQJHQYLONRPPHWLOXWWU\NNLKYLONHIRUYHQWQLQJHUGHVWLOOHU WLO HOHYHQH +¡\H IDJOLJH IRUYHQWQLQJHU WLO HOHYHQHV SUHVWDVMRQHU HU DY DYJM¡UHQGH EHW\GQLQJ IRU PDQJH HOHYHUV O ULQJVXWE\WWH 5XWWHU HW DO 6FKRILHOG'HWWHVHVEODQWDQQHWL3,5/6GHUHOHYHQHV OHVHIHUGLJKHWHU YDU EHGUH MR PHU VNROHQH YHNWOD K¡\H IRUYHQWQLQJHU WLO VNROHIDJOLJHSUHVWDVMRQHU0XOOLVHWDO)OHUHVWXGLHUJMHQVSHLOHU VDPPHQKHQJHQPHOORPIRUYHQWQLQJHUVRPVWLOOHVWLOHOHYHQHRJHOHYHQV O ULQJVXWE\WWH L VWXGLHU GHU O UHUQH KDGGH HNVSOLVLWWH K¡\H IRUYHQWQLQJHU ¡NWH DOOH HOHYHUV OHVHIRUVWnHOVH XDYKHQJLJ DY VSUnNEDNJUXQQ 'DPEHU 3HWHUVRQ HW DO 'HW HU GHUPHG EHN\PULQJVIXOOWDWPDQJHVWXGLHUILQQHUDWO UHUHKDUODYHIRUYHQWQLQJHU WLO IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUV DNDGHPLVNH PXOLJKHWHU GH $UDXMR 0F*LOOLFXGG\ 'HYLQH0XUSK\ 7RUII1HV6 6WUDQG:ROG6DPWLGLJYLVHUQRUGLVNHVWXGLHUDWO UHUQH KDGGHSRVLWLYHKROGQLQJHUWLOIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHU$OLVDDULHWDO 6DQGEHUJ 1RUOLQJ

(41)

/DYH IRUYHQWQLQJHU NDQ JL VHJ XWVODJ L IRUHQNOLQJ DY IDJVWRII )RU HNVHPSHO IDQW 7RUII DW O UHUH PHQWH DW ODYWSUHVWHUHQGH HOHYHU JHQHUHOWLNNHKDGGHXWE\WWHDYNRJQLWLYWNUHYHQGHXQGHUYLVQLQJ6WXGLHU VRP HU VSHVLILNW UHWWHW LQQ PRW O UHUHV XQGHUYLVQLQJ IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU ILQQHU RJVn DW O UHUH JLU HQ IRUHQNOHW XQGHUYLVQLQJ WLO HOHYHQH 0XUSK\ 7RUII 7RUII 0XUSK\ 6HOY RP O UHUH KDU JRGH LQWHQVMRQHU PHG n IRUHQNOH XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ NDQ HOHYHQH PLVWH PXOLJKHWHUWLOn¡YHSnGHIHUGLJKHWHQHGHWUHQJHUnXWYLNOHQRHVRPLJMHQ KHPPHUDNDGHPLVNXWYLNOLQJ7RUII'HUPHGNDQHQIRUHQNOLQJ DY XQGHUYLVQLQJHQ ELGUD WLO n RSSUHWWKROGH XOLNKHWHU L O ULQJVXWE\WWHW PHOORPHOHYHU0XUSK\ 7RUII6FKRILHOG7RUII 3HQQH EHVNULYHU ODYH IRUYHQWQLQJHU RJ IRUHQNOLQJ DY XQGHUYLVQLQJVRSSOHJJVRPHQRPVRUJVGLVNXUVO UHUHSnYLGHUHJnHQGH VNROHUXWWU\NWHDWGHNXQQHOHVHWHNVWHUK¡\WIRUHOHYHUVRPVWUHYGHPHG nIRUVWnWHNVWHQHRJDWGHYDURSSWDWWDYDWWHNVWHQHGHEUXNWHLNNHVNXOOH Y UH IRU XWIRUGUHQGH RJ IUHPPHGH IRU HOHYHQH 0HQV 3HQQHV RPVRUJVGLVNXUVJMDOGWHOHYHUJHQHUHOWVRPVWUHYGHPHGWHNVWIRUVWnHOVH LGHQWLILVHUWH+lJHUIHOWK 6NDUVWHLQEODQWDQQHWHQOLNKHWVGLVNXUV GHUO UHUQHLNNHXWWU\NWHQRHQIRUVNMHOOHUPHOORPIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHURJ GH ¡YULJH HOHYHQH GHW YDU YDULDVMRQ PHOORP HOHYHQH XDYKHQJLJ DY VSUnNEDNJUXQQ

2.3.2 Akademisk språk

/ UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY DNDGHPLVN VSUnN HU YLNWLJ IRUGL GHW KDU LPSOLNDVMRQHUIRUKYDGHUHWWHURSSPHUNVRPKHWHQPRWXQGHUDUEHLGPHG WHNVWHU)LW]JHUDOGHWDO)OHUHVWXGLHUYLVHUDWO UHUHKDUNXQQVNDS RPDWPDQJHIOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUWUHQJHUVW¡WWHWLOnXWYLNOHYRNDEXODUHW SnDQGUHVSUnNHW'HWWHNRPPHUWLOXWWU\NNLVS¡UUHVNMHPD+HOOJUHQHW DOLLQWHUYMXHU6WHYHQVLUHIOHNVMRQVORJJHU'DQEROWRJ .XOEUDQGVWDG RJ L REVHUYDVMRQVVWXGLHU :HGLQ $KR 2EVHUYDVMRQVVWXGLHQH YLVHU DW O UHUHV RSSPHUNVRPKHW L VW¡UVW JUDG HU

(42)

UHWWHWPRWIDJRUG$[HOVVRQ -DFREVHQ :HGLQ $KR ,I¡OJH6QRZHUO UHUHVNXQQVNDSRPJHQHUHOOHDNDGHPLVNHRUG PLQGUH NMHQW RJ GH NDQ WD IRU JLWW DW HOHYHQH PHVWUHU GLVVH RUGHQH 6LOYHUPDQ +DUWUDQIW VLQ VWXGLH YLVHU LPLGOHUWLG DW O UHUH KDU PRUIRV\QWDNWLVNNXQQVNDSRPRUGGHUHWWHWRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQPRWIRU HNVHPSHO SUHILNV VXIILNV E¡\QLQJVV\VWHP RJHOOHU VDPPHQVDWWH RUG 6DPWLGLJNDQGHWVHXWWLODWO UHUQHVIRUVWnHOVHDYDNDGHPLVNYRNDEXODU YDULHUHU RJ DW O UHUH PDQJOHU NRPSHWDQVH L n DYGHNNH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUVVSUnNXWIRUGULQJHU%LULQJYDG :ROG7XYHQJ :ROG :ROG (Q DQQHQ XWIRUGULQJ HU DW O UHUHV IRUVWnHOVH DY YRNDEXODU VRP GHQ HQHVWH VSUnNXWIRUGULQJHQ JM¡U DW HOHYHU LNNH InU XWYLNOHWDQGUHVSUnNIHUGLJKHWHU%UXQDHWDO:HGLQ $KR 1RHQ In VWXGLHU KDU XQGHUV¡NW O UHUHV NXQQVNDS RP DNDGHPLVN VSUnN XWRYHUYRNDEXODU)LW]JHUDOGHWDOILQQHUDWO UHUHIRUGH\QJVWH HOHYHQHYXUGHUWHWHNVWNRPSOHNVLWHWVRPnY UHSnRUGRJVHWQLQJVQLYn LQJHQ DY O UHUQH QHYQWH XWIRUGULQJHU PHG VDPPHQKHQJ L WHNVW , +RGJNLQVRQRJ6PDOOVLQVWXGLHXQGHUV¡NHVO UHUHVNXQQVNDSRP WHNVWNRPSOHNVLWHWSnK¡\HUHWULQQRJGHILQQHUDWInO UHUHKDUIXOOWXW IRUVWnWW WHNVWNRPSOHNVLWHWVEHJUHSHW / UHUQH YDU LPLGOHUWLG REVHUYDQWH SnEHW\GQLQJHQDYDWWHNVWHUPnWWHKDJRGVDPPHQKHQJPHQVEDUHOLWW RYHUKDOYSDUWHQUDSSRUWHUWHDWGHYXUGHUWHVSUnNYRNDEXODULWHNVWHU / UHUHV KHQVLNW PHG VSUnNDUEHLG NDQ Y UH PHU UHWWHW PRW n VW¡WWH HOHYHQHV IRUVWnHOVH DY HW JLWW HPQH HQQ n VW\UNH VSUnNRSSO ULQJHQ

©7HDFKHUVVKRZHGPRUHW\SHVRIEHKDYLRUDLPHGDWVWXGHQWV¶>DFDGHPLF ODQJXDJH@XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDQDWSURGXFWLRQª'RNWHUHWDOEV )RU HNVHPSHO IRUNODUWH O UHUQH PDQJH IDJRUG PHQ EUXNWH OLNHYHO HW HQNHOW VSUnN 'RNWHU HW DO D HOOHU HQNOH KYHUGDJVUHIHUDQVHU :DOOGpQ

7HNVWNRPSOHNVLWHW HU HW YLGHUH EHJUHS HQQ DNDGHPLVN VSUnN RJ LQQHKROGHU XOLNH NYDOLWDWLYHRJNYDQWLWDWLYHWUHNNYHGWHNVWHU

(43)

0DQJH VWXGLHU EnGH LQWHUQDVMRQDOW RJ QDVMRQDOW SHNHU Sn DW O UHUH KDU EHJUHQVHGH PXOLJKHWHU IRU n XWYLNOH NXQQVNDS RP KYRUGDQ EHVW VW¡WWH IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHULO UHUXWGDQQLQJHQ3HWWLW7KRPDVVHQ 9LOOHJDV HW DO )RU HNVHPSHO KHYGHU 3HWLWW DW GHW HU HW IUDY U DY VSUnNRSSO ULQJ L O UHUXWGDQQLQJHU (Q QRUVN VWXGLH YLVHU DW O UHUVWXGHQWHU VDYQHU RSSO ULQJ L SHGDJRJLNN IRU IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU 7KRPDVVHQ )OHUH VWXGLHU ILQQHU GRJ DW O UHUH PHG YLGHUHXWGDQQHOVHRSSO ULQJ LQQHQ OLWHUDF\ KDU HQ ¡NW RSSPHUNVRPKHW PRW VSUnN $OLVDDUL HW DO +DXJOL +RGJNLQVRQ 6PDOO /,.XOEUDQGVWDG/DXUVHQ6KRUW

2.3.3 Å støtte tilgang til fagtekster

/ UHUHKDUXWWU\NWXVLNNHUKHWRPKYRUGDQGHEHVWNDQVW¡WWHIOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHUVDNDGHPLVNHXWYLNOLQJ*DQGDUDHWDO+DQVHQ7KRPDVHW DO/LQGDKO)RUHNVHPSHORSSOHYHUO UHUHO UHE¡NHUVRP XWIRUGUHQGH IRU PDQJH HOHYHU V UOLJ HU YRNDEXODU O¡IWHW IUDP VRP HQ XWIRUGULQJ'DQEROW .XOEUDQGVWDG+DUULV)RUnVW¡WWH IOHUVSUnNOLJHHOHYHUVWLOJDQJWLOIDJWHNVWHURSSJLUO UHUHDWGHEUXNHUWLG SnRUGIRUNODULQJHU'DQEROW .XOEUDQGVWDG+DUULV+DXJOL +HOOJUHQHWDO6WHYHQV/ UHUHKDUXWWU\NWHWEHKRY IRU n IRUNODUH RUG L IRUNDQW DY WHNVWOHVLQJ +DUULV RJ REVHUYDVMRQVVWXGLHU YLVHU DW RUG RJVn NDQ EOL IRUNODUW WLOIHOGLJ XQGHU K¡\WOHVLQJ%H]HPHUHWDO3DOP0HQVNRQNUHWHRUGNDQ Y UHHQNHOWnIRUNODUHIRUHOHYHQHKDUO UHUHXWWU\NWDWDEVWUDNWHRUGNDQ Y UHHQVW¡UUHXWIRUGULQJ/,.XOEUDQGVWDG

)RUnVW¡WWHHOHYHQHVWHNVWIRUVWnHOVHILQQHUHQVWRUQRUVNVWXGLHDWO UHUH EUXNWHWLGSnnVHWWHWHNVWHULQQLHQVDPPHQKHQJPHQDWVHOYHWHNVWHQ EOHOLWHEUXNW6NMHOEUHGW $DPRWVEDNNHQ'HWWHVDPPHQIDOOHU PHG IXQQ IUD LQWHUQDVMRQDOH VWXGLHU 6ZDQVRQ HW DO IDQW IRU HNVHPSHODWNXQDYXQGHUYLVQLQJVWLGHQEOHEUXNWWLOnOHVHWHNVWHU PHQDWGHWYDUOLWHDUEHLGPHGWHNVWHQHHWWHUOHVLQJ/ UHUHXQQJLNNRJVn

(44)

WHNVWHU YHG n SUHVHQWHUH EHDUEHLGHW IDJVWRII JMHQQRP SRZHUSRLQWSUHVHQWDVMRQHU*UHHQOHDI 9DOHQFLDHOOHUDWGHWEOH EUXNWIRUHQNOHGHWHNVWHU:DOOGpQ$QGUHVWXGLHUILQQHUDWO UHUH OHVHUWHNVWHUK¡\WLNODVVHQPHGLQQODJWHVDPWDOHVWRSS/LQGKROP 7HQJEHUJ9HUNHQ7HQJEHUJHOOHU/LQGKROPIDQW DWO UHUQHJUDQVNHWWHNVWHQH'HWDWWHNVWHQLVHJVHOYLNNHHUJMHQVWDQG IRU JUDQVNLQJ YLVHV RJVn L DW O UHUH L OLWHQ JUDG VWLOOHU VS¡UVPnO VRP NUHYHU LQIHUHQVHU 0DJQXVVRQ HW DO 7HQJEHUJ 'HW HU V UOLJEHN\PULQJVIXOOWIRUGLGHWnXWI¡UHLQIHUHQVHUHUHQIHUGLJKHWPDQJH HOHYHUWUHQJHUnXWYLNOH5\HQ )U¡QHV

+HOOJUHQHWDOV±ILQQHUHWVWRUWVSULNLKYRUYLGWO UHUHL IRUNDQWDYXQGHUYLVQLQJHQLVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURPIRUEHUHGWHVHJ Sn PXOLJH VSUnNOLJH XWIRUGULQJHU L WHNVWHQH RJ KYRUYLGW GH SODQOD VSUnNOLJVW¡WWHWLOHOHYHQHDYO UHUQHRSSJDDWGHDOGULHOOHUVMHOGHQ IRUEHUHGWHVHJSnnLGHQWLILVHUHPXOLJHWHNVWXWIRUGULQJHURJRSSJD DW GH VMHOGHQW HOOHU DOGUL IRUEHUHGWH VHJ Sn KYRUGDQ GH NXQQH JL VSUnNVW¡WWH6DPWLGLJUDSSRUWHUWHDWGHPLQVWXNHQWOLJEUXNWHWLG Sn n RSSPXQWUH HOHYHQH WLO n DQYHQGH OHVHVWUDWHJLHU RJ ILQQH XW DY XNODUKHWHULWHNVWHQ

'HWNDQV\QHVVRPDWO UHUHDQVHUVDPWDOHURPWHNVWHUVRPHQPnWHn VW¡WWH HOHYHQHV WHNVWIRUVWnHOVH /LQGKROP 7HQJEHUJ 7LGOLJHUH IRUVNQLQJ YLVHU LPLGOHUWLG HW VSULN L KYD VRP NMHQQHWHJQHU VDPWDOHULVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP'HUQRHQVWXGLHUILQQHUDWO UHUQH IRUHQNOHU VSUnNHW VOLN DW IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU L OLWHQ JUDG InU P¡WH GHW VSUnNHWGHWUHQJHUnXWYLNOH(UQVW6ODYLW 0DVRQ:HGLQ ILQQHU DQGUH DW VDPWDOHQH HU IRU VSUnNOLJ DYDQVHUWH IRU PDQJH IOHUVSUnNOLJH HOHYHU 7XYHQJ :ROG (Q XWEUHGW RSSIDWQLQJ EODQW O UHUH V\QHV n Y UH DW EDUH HOHYHQH InU WDOHWLG JLU GHW

,7HQJEHUJVLQVWXGLHXQGHUV¡NHVEUXNDYVNM¡QQOLWWHU UHWHNVWHU

6WXGLHQHULNNHVSHVLHOWUHWWHWLQQPRWVSUnNKHWHURJHQHNODVVHURP

6MHOGQHUHHQQDQQHQKYHUPnQHG

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

«omfatter gjensidig støtte og samarbeid mellom Forsvaret og det sivile samfunn.» Dersom krigen kommer til Norge, skal sivilsamfunnet bidra med forsyning og lagring av

Man starter vel ikke på toppidre sgymnas uten å ha det, men jeg nådde ikke opp til landslagsnivå.. Da fant jeg ut at det var større sjanse for å lykkes på skolebenken,

En fin bieffekt av at vi nå tilbyr elektronisk rekvirering, er en lavere frekvens av behov for assistanse fra de andre legene i å tolke ulike håndskrifter.. Ryktene om legers

Hvilket treff løfter treklossen til største høyde h. m Demonstrert og forklart

'HW V\QHV RJVn VRP RP GHW HU HQ YLVV VDPPHQKHQJ PHOORP DQWDOO WLPHU Sn

“Hvis jeg hadde fått lov til å gjøre noen endringer, eller snakke, eller fått lov til å ha noen styring på det med kvinner i Forsvaret, så ville jeg sagt til alle sammen som

Resultatene fra denne studien viser dermed at den organiske fasen som analyseres med tanke på kjemiske stridsmidler i en ukjent prøve, ikke vil ha innhold av Cs-137. Som en følge

I årene som kommer vil vi trolig se at myndighetene vil finne det påkrevet å legge fram langsiktige perspektiver for norsk økonomi hyppigere enn det som hittil har vært tilfellet