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Table 1. Ingredients used in the composition of the two diet supplements (g.kg ^-1)

Diet supplement¹

SW C

Barley 409 881

Seaweed meal 546 0

Molasses 30.7 39.6

Vitamin E 0 0

CaCO3 0 15.2

Ca(H2PO4)2 x H2O 12.8 7.8

MgHPO4 x 3H2O 0 16.2

NaCl 0 36.8

Na2SeO3 0.05 0.06

ZnSO4 x H2O 0.90 1.20

MnSO4 x H2O 0.78 0.99

Ca(IO3)2 0 0,03

2CoCO3 x 3Co(OH)2 x H2O 0.01 0.01

Vitamin A, 500000 IU/g 0 0.13

Vitamin D3, 500000 IU/g 0 0.04

1SW = seaweed meal; C = control.

Table 2. Changes in fecal bacteria counts (colony forming units, CFU) during the experimental period in ewes supplement with seaweed meal (SW) or without (C)¹.

Supplement^a Enterococcus spp.

Lactic acid bacteria

Aerobic blood agar counts

Escherichia coli

Clostridium perfringens

SW -0.4

(8, 0.47)

-0.5 (10, 0.34)

-0.5 (6, 0.46)

0.4 (9, 0.25)

0.4 (8, 0.36)

C -0.4

(7, 0.50)

0.7 (7, 0.40)

-0.7 (5, 0.47)

-0.5 (7, 0.29)

-0.7 (3, 0.59)

P-value 0.97 0.04 0.77 0.04 0.16

1 Least Squares Means (n, ± standard error of the mean) of the difference in fecal bacterial counts (Log10 CFU g^-1) between mean of the two values observed three and six months into the feeding trial and the pre-treatment period.

a n = number of ewes included in the computation. Two replicated pens per treatment.

Table 3. Fecal bacteria counts (colony forming units, CFU) at the end of the experimental period in lambs after ewes fed supplement with seaweed meal (SW) or without (C) ¹.

Supplement Enterococcus spp.

Lactic acid bacteria

Aerobic blood agar

counts

Escherichia coli

Clostridium perfringens SW^a 5.7 (0.64) 8.0 (0.41) 8.0 (0.48) 7.6 (0.46) 5.6 (0.76)

C^b 6.7 (0.59) 8.5 (0.38) 8.6 (0.44) 8.1 (0.41) 5.7 (0.71)

P-value 0.37 0.53 0.46 0.51 0.89

1 Least Squares Means (n, ± standard error of the mean) for the response variable (Log10 CFU g^-1) was calculated.

a Two replicated pens. Number of lambs = 7

b Two replicated pens. Number of lambs = 9

Table 4. In vitro bactericidal (negative values), bacteriostatic (0) or bacterial growth stimulating effects (positive values) of methanolic extracts from two brown and four red seaweed species. Effect is shown as the difference in optical density (OD^a) measurements^b between the starting culture with a cell concentration of about 5 X 10⁵ cells per well and the OD value resulting in no change in optical density after incubation for 24 h at 37 ˚C.

Brown seaweeds Red seaweeds

A. nodosum L. hyperborea M. stellatus P. palmata C. officinalis P. lanosa

E. faecalis -3^* -3 +1^* -2 -3^* -4^*

E. faecium -4^* -3^* -3^* -3^* -3^* -3^*

Hemolytic E. coli -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2

Biofilm forming E. coli

+3 0 -1 -1 -1 +1

E. coli +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3^*

a OD 600

b 0 = no change in OD, -1 = OD reduction from -0.01 to -0.05, -2 = OD reduction from - 0.06 to -0.10, -3 = OD reduction from -0.11 to -0.20, -4 = OD reduction > -0.21, +1 = OD increase from 0.01 to 0.05, +2 = OD increase from 0.06 to 0.10, +3 = OD increase from 0.11 to 0.20, +4 = OD increase > 0.21

* p ≤ 0.05

Table 5. In vitro bactericidal (negative values), bacteriostatic (0) or bacterial growth

stimulating effects (positive values) of aqueous extracts from two brown and four red seaweed species. Effect is shown as the difference in optical density (OD^a) measurements^b between the starting culture with a cell concentration of about 5 X 10⁵ cells per well and the OD value resulting in no change in optical density after incubation for 24 h at 37 ˚C.

Brown seaweeds Red seaweeds

A. nodosum L. hyperborea M. stellatus P. palmata C. officinalis P. lanosa

E. faecalis -4^* -1 -3 -3 -2 -3

E. faecium -3^* -2 -2 -3 -3 -3

Hemolytic E. coli -2 +3^* +2^* +1 +1 +2^*

Biofilm forming E. coli

-2 +2 0 +1 -1 +1

E. coli -3 +2^* +2 +1 +1 +1

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b 0 = no change in OD, -1 = OD reduction from -0.01 to -0.05, -2 = OD reduction from - 0.06 to -0.10, -3 = OD reduction from -0.11 to -0.20, -4 = OD reduction > -0.21, +1 = OD increase from 0.01 to 0.05, +2 = OD increase from 0.06 to 0.10, +3 = OD increase from 0.11 to 0.20

* p ≤ 0.05