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Sowing the seeds of ROSE : background, rationale, questionnaire development and data collection for ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education) : a comparative study of students’ views of science and science education

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Acta Didactica 4/2004

Camilla Schreiner Svein Sjøberg

S

OWING THE

S

EEDS OF

ROSE

Background, rationale, questionnaire development and

data collection for ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education) – a comparative study of students’ views of

science and science education

DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION AND SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT

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(3)

Camilla Schreiner Svein Sjøberg

S OWING THE SEEDS OF ROSE

Background, rationale, questionnaire development and data collection for ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education)

– a comparative study of students' views of science and science education

Oslo 2004

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© ILS og forfatterne, Oslo, 2004 ISSN: 1502-2013

ISBN: 82-90904-79-7 Utgiver: Unipub AS

Trykk og innbinding: AiT e-dit AS, Oslo 2004

Rapportserien distribueres av Unipub AS

Henvendelser om denne boka kan rettes til Unipub AS:

Telefon: 22 85 33 00 Telefaks: 22 85 30 39 E-post: [email protected]

Det må ikke kopieres fra denne boka i strid med åndsverkloven eller avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk.

Unipub AS er et heleid datterselskap av Akademika AS, som eies av Studentsamskipnaden i Oslo.

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Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technol- ogy , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,

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Since there is no general formula that predicts the sensitivity accurately for the different classes of energetic materials it is more convenient to look for trends between the

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Functional scientific (and technological) literacy in the service of citizens (to engage them in science or to help them on daily life decision making), which is currently the aim