01-2008-DAM-BS-HCMC-rapport.pdf (5.292Mb)

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Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE)

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

Vo Thanh Dam and Bjarne Sivertsen

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NILU: TR 1/2008 REFERENCE: E-107016

DATE: JANUARY 2008

ISBN: 978-82-425-1933-7 (printed) 978-82-425-1934-4 (electronic)

Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

Vo Thanh Dam and Bjarne Sivertsen

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Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

1. Introduction

A total of 9 measurement sites using automatic monitors have been established in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Four of the sites were supported by Danida and installed in 2000, while the remaining five sites have been supported by NORAD and were installed with the support from Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) in 2002. The stations, site characteristics and locations are given in the Table 1 below.

Table 1: Air pollution measurement sites in HCMC, site characteristics and positions.

Stations Indicators UTM 84 N

ID Code Name Charact. PM10 NO2 SO2 O3 CO

X coordin (m)

Y coordin (m)

1 DO DOSTE Traffic X X X X 684,430 1,192,220

2 HB Hong Bang Traffic X X X 681,620 1,189,460

3 TD Thu duc Res/Ind X X 693,640 1,199,790

4 TS Tan Son Hoa Urb Bkg X X X X 682,830 1,193,930 5 TN Thong Nhat Traffic X X X X 680,690 1,193,530 6 BC Binh Chanh Traffic X X X 674,500 1,183,000

7 ZO Zoo Urb Bkg X X X 686,420 1,193,370

8 D2 District 2 Res/ind X X X X 691,160 1,193,510 9 QT Quang Trung Urb Bkg X X X X 677,940 1,200,080

Hourly air quality data have been processed and transformed to 24-hour average concentrations for all stations and parameters during the period 2002 to 2007.

This report presents analyses of data and data quality for 2007.’

2. Data quality control, QA/QC procedures

Quality assurance and quality control procedures implemented in HCMC follows international standards. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) have been prepared for DONRE/HEPA including station manuals for instrument installations, maintenance, calibrations and controls. All sites are visited and checked every week.

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validation manual. Whenever errors or strange data are identified from the database, the field operators will have to be notified, so that errors in calibrations or in instrument performance can be checked and corrected as soon as possible.

The analyses performed on the data after five years of data collections still indicate that QA/QC in practical applications still need to be intensified and improved.

The operations are generally well taken care of but many of the instruments have reached a operational time that normally require maintenance, repair and in some cases total renewal.

We have noted that:

A few errors on some of the instruments will have to be corrected.

Some stations experienced power failures, which may damage some of the components

The station history logbooks are well filled in

The instrument logbooks are not adequately used as prescribed Some intake structures will have to be cleaned

At two shelters water leakages were reported, which need repair The weekly (or bi-weekly) calibrations have been followed up

3. Data availability

The data availability is presented in Figure 1 for all stations and all parameters measured automatically in HCMC for 2007.

The colours in the figure indicate:

Red = > 70 % of the data are available, Orange = > 30% and < 70 %,

Green = < 30% data availability,

Blue = missing or no data and Grey = not updated yet.

The general picture shows that most of the instrumentation at the oldest Danida installed stations such as Hong Bang, Thu Duc, Tan Son Hoa, and Doste does not work properly any more. Some of the instruments have reached their life expectancy, but some of them may be repaired and set in operation again as indicated in the next chapters.

Problems at the Quang Trung station have been prevailing throughout the last years. Both monitors and infrastructures at this station will have to be upgraded.

The new meteorological station that was installed at Doste in 2004 is operating well.

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Figure 1: Data availability for one hour average concentrations available in the AirQUIS raw database.

The colours do not indicate anything of the quality of the data. To arrive at a

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4. Monthly average values by station

The monthly average values of all available parameters measured by the automatic network in HCMC during 2007 are presented below. A discussion of the different concentrations relative to expected long term averages and what should be expected in HCMC will also indicate the quality of calibrations and instrument performances.

Doste

The Doste station measures both air quality and meteorology.

Component Station

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1h_DOSTE-NOx DOSTE 157.1 129.5 94.6 96.4 107.3 - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE-NO DOSTE - - 7.5 10.1 7.3 - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE-NO2 DOSTE - - 82.9 85.1 87.9 - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE-SO2 DOSTE - - 29.6 - - - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE-O3 DOSTE 28.8 26.9 19.1 32.6 17.0 13.6 14.6 10.9 8.4 16.4 - 1h_DOSTE-CO DOSTE 6.8 9.8 15.4 16.2 - 7.6 5.6 3.2 4.4 - -

1h_DOSTE-PM10 DOSTE - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE-Temp Upper DOSTE 26.5 26.1 27.5 28.9 28.0 28.2 27.2 26.9 26.9 26.7 26.2 1h_DOSTE-WD DOSTE 162.7 127.8 121.8 122.0 164.0 184.3 210.2 211.8 215.2 205.5 233.2 1h_DOSTE-WS DOSTE 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.2 2.5 1h_DOSTE-RH DOSTE 60.2 62.0 64.6 61.4 71.6 70.7 72.4 73.6 74.0 73.0 67.6 1h_DOSTE-Pressure DOSTE 1 008.7 1 008.3 1 006.6 1 006.5 1 005.1 1 003.5 1 004.5 1 003.8 1 004.3 1 005.4 1 006.1

1h_DOSTE-Radiation DOSTE - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_DOSTE- Lower Temp DOSTE 27.9 28.0 27.2 30.5 - - - - - - 27.3

Average

We see from the data that the NO concentrations are low compared to NO₂. This feature can also be seen also at Binh Chanh, Thong Nhat and Zoo stations. The NOx levels at Doste and Binh Chanh (road side) seem to be consistently higher than at Zoo and D2. Ozone, on the other hand, is lower at Doste than at Zoo and D2, which should be expected. The CO concentrations at Doste are relatively high, and within ranges that should be expected.

Hong Bang

The Hong Bang station did not produce any data in 2007.

Thu Duc

The Thu Duc stations did not produce any valuable data in 2007.

Tan son hoa

Tan son hoa is an urban background station, and the ozone concentrations are higher than at road stations. The monthly average concentrations ranging from 22 µg/m³ in the rainy season to 50 µg/m³ in the dry season is within expected ranges.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1h_TS-NOx (NOx) TAN SON HOA - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_TS-NO (NO) TAN SON HOA - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_TS-NO2 (NO2) TAN SON HOA - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_TS-SO2 (SO2) TAN SON HOA - - 17.5 11.5 - - 13.4 - - - -

1h_TS-O3 (O3) TAN SON HOA 50.3 41.3 36.1 45.7 30.0 28.3 26.7 22.8 22.4 24.2 25.7

1h_TS-CO (CO) TAN SON HOA - - - - - - - - - - -

1h_TS-PM10 (PM10) TAN SON HOA - - - - - - - - - - -

The measured monthly average SO2 concentrations seem to be ranging between 20 and 50 µg/m³ at all stations reporting SO2 concentrations in HCMC.

ThongNhat

The air quality monitoring station at Thong Nhat hospital is located close to a main road, but is somewhat sheltered by large trees and some branched growing too close to the intake of air.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1h_TN-NOx (NOx) THONG NHAT 36.6 16.3 15.0 19.1 21.7 29.0 27.6 27.1 - 36.5 36.6 1h_TN-NO (NO) THONG NHAT 10.4 5.8 4.2 4.3 5.7 9.2 9.6 9.7 11.9 14.6 12.2 1h_TN-NO2 (NO2) THONG NHAT 22.5 12.1 10.9 11.4 13.4 15.2 12.9 13.7 14.6 15.5 18.9 1h_TN-SO2 (SO2) THONG NHAT 22.2 20.8 18.2 19.7 21.8 23.7 11.6 19.0 24.7 13.6 18.2 1h_TN-CO (CO) THONG NHAT 3.2 4.0 3.2 3.6 3.6 4.6 3.7 3.2 4.5 4.8 5.4

1h_TN-PM10 (PM10) THONG NHAT - - 76.0 55.6 45.9 - - - - - -

Average

This may be reflected by the relatively low concentrations of NOx and PM₁₀ measured at this site. The seasonal variation with higher concentrations in the dry season than during the rainy season is well reflected in the data.

BinhChanh

The Binh Chanh station is located close to a main traffic artery leading out of HCMC to the south. This road has a high ration of heavy vehicles, which is reflected in the relatively high monthly average concentrations of NOx and PM10.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1h_BC-NOx (NOx) BINH CHANH 107.1 75.3 63.4 60.1 70.1 73.7 59.3 47.5 40.2 49.0 45.6 1h_BC-NO (NO) BINH CHANH 28.6 23.3 20.0 18.5 25.7 29.4 24.2 19.2 18.0 20.7 18.2 1h_BC-NO2 (NO2) BINH CHANH 63.3 39.6 32.4 31.8 31.1 29.0 22.5 18.3 14.4 21.2 20.1 1h_BC-CO (CO) BINH CHANH 7.1 6.4 6.6 7.0 8.1 9.2 9.1 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.5 1h_BC-PM10 (PM10) BINH CHANH 113.9 74.6 64.1 74.4 75.3 89.6 76.7 69.1 63.0 77.7 105.2

Average

Monthly average PM10 concentrations exceeded 100 µg/m³ in the dry season months of January and November 2007. These are the highest average PM₁₀ concentrations measured in HCMC.

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Zoo

The Zoo station is located in a park. A main road is running about 20 m from the station. The NO₂ concentrations are still very low, which may be due to a filtering effect from the trees surrounding the station.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1h_ZO-NOx (NOx) ZOO 33.4 26.6 27.3 25.8 31.7 40.1 34.4 - - - 38.6 1h_ZO-NO (NO) ZOO 8.5 7.9 8.3 8.7 14.0 17.3 12.2 - - - 6.7 1h_ZO-NO2 (NO2) ZOO 18.9 12.9 11.8 10.9 13.5 16.7 24.9 - - - 29.0 1h_ZO-O3 (O3) ZOO 53.6 41.6 37.2 47.6 30.4 30.0 26.1 30.2 21.8 26.1 33.6

1h_ZO-PM10 (PM10) ZOO 50.7 47.9 - - - - - - - - -

Average

The average NO2 and ozone concentration levels are similar to the levels measured at the urban and regional background stations.

District 2

The station is located at a roof top about 6 km east of the HCMC city centre.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1h_D2-NOx (NOx) DISTRICT 2 33.0 23.5 21.2 20.3 25.1 31.3 26.9 20.3 30.1 37.9 26.4 1h_D2-NO (NO) DISTRICT 2 4.3 4.5 3.8 3.1 8.7 8.2 7.5 4.7 8.8 13.4 5.6 1h_D2-NO2 (NO2) DISTRICT 2 26.5 17.2 15.6 17.1 12.6 19.2 17.5 14.3 19.2 20.7 19.0 1h_D2-SO2 (SO2) DISTRICT 2 29.3 14.0 16.6 12.2 7.2 13.2 16.8 14.2 18.4 - 16.4 1h_D2-O3 (O3) DISTRICT 2 48.3 44.8 39.7 54.7 31.2 33.2 32.3 40.9 34.0 34.7 47.3 1h_D2-PM10 (PM10) DISTRICT 2 89.0 63.4 58.1 76.7 57.5 71.9 68.1 50.2 - - -

Average

The concentration level seems to be representative for the regional impact of air pollution in the area. However, the station may be occasionally impacted from plumes emitted at industries and a power plant located north of the station.

The seasonal variation of all compounds seems to follow the expected pattern due to dry season and rainy season characteristics.

QuangTrung

The Quang Trung station is located in a technology park 12 km north of the city centre. Problems with instruments, data loggers, power failures and infra structures has lead to that there is no data available from this site in 2007.

5. Station Operation Status

An audit to the air quality monitoring system in HCMC was performed in December 2007. The whole monitoring system was audited and evaluated. Status of the instruments was presented including the spare parts suggestion and some indicated method indicated in order to fix some problems.

The situation at each of the stations is presented in the following based on technical status reporting and evaluations.

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STATION NAME: ZOO (ZO)

LOCATION: THE ZOO IN HCMC, 02 NGUYEN BINH KHIEM ST., DISTRICT 1

COORDINATE: 686420 1193370

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 18A398330

TELEPHONE: 9104691

STARTING DATE: 18/11/2002

AUTDITING TIME: Dec-07

MONITORS

COMPONENT S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES SUGGESTION

NOX 2233 GOOD

SO2 CO

O3 807 GOOD

PM10 237 OFF OFFSET=100 Dirty Rcell or low source clean the reaction cell

ZERO AIR 1137 GOOD

CYLINDERS

COMPONENT NO. BEGINING CONC. STANDARD CONC. REMAIN PRESSURE SUGGESTION

NOX BN22981F 1120 1120 100

SO2 CO DATALOGGER

EQUIPMENTS S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES SUGGESTION

DATALOGGER E206 GOOD

MODEM D-link GOOD

TELEPHONE, LINE Panasonic GOOD

DATA COMMUNICATION GOOD

POWER SUPPLY AND OTHERS

AUTOVOLT. STABL. GOOD

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

AIR CONDITIONER GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

CON TAINER - SHELTER Water leaking and worm-eaten repair the roof and remove termites

MANIFOLD, AIR INTAKE GOOD

Zoo

The urban background station was located inside the city park of HCMC Zoo in the northeastern part of District 1. It is surrounded by park areas and located about 20m from a large main road leading out the city toward northeast. The station was funded by NORAD and the station started measuring in November 2002. It is measuring three main air pollution components NOx (NO + NO₂), O3 and PM₁₀ which is representative for this area.

The operations of equipments in this station are performed satisfactorily and follow the QA/QC procedures.

The only problem at this station as is the case also at other stations is the operation of the PM₁₀ monitors. The HEPA staff is lacking the knowledge of how to fix the problem and will need the support from NILU in order to repair and operate these instruments. The PM10 monitor in this station stopped working from March 2007.

The error message is OFFSET=100.

Due to the failures of PM10 which prevailed almost for the whole year 2007 as well as for problems with the NOx monitor from July to October 2007, the data availability of this station is rather low; average about 53% for the year 2007.

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BinhChanh

The BinhChanh station is a Roadside – traffic station. It is located about 15km southwest of the city centre. The station shelter is located right at the fence next to the main road leading out the city to Mekong Delta area. This is one of the busiest roads in the city.

After 5 years operation continuously, the station proved to be the most stable station due the very good performances of instruments in the station. The monitors at this site include parameters such as NOx (NO and NO2), CO, and PM₁₀. Most of the monitors are still working well. The PM₁₀ monitor has the same problem as already mentioned above for the other stations. At BinhChanh it has just stopped working in the middle of November 2007.

The highest data availability among the nine HEPA operated automatic air quality monitoring stations in HCMC has been recorded at BinhChanh and it is on the average 82% for the year 2007.

LOCATION: EDUCAITON OFFICE OF DISTRICT BINH TAN, 462 KINH DUONG VUONG ST., DISTRICT BINH TAN

COORDINATE: 674500 1183000

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 18L722250

MONITORS

NOX 2231 GOOD

SO2

CO 1777 GOOD

O3

PM10 231 FAIL OFFSET -75% Dirty in Rcell , low source Clean the reaction cell

ZERO AIR 1138 GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX BN22984F 1050 895.9 110

SO2

CO 129989 50 46.4 140

DATALOGGER

MODEM D-link FAIL Change new modem

DATA COMMUNICATION FAIL

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

CON TAINER - SHELTER The shelter is worm-eaten Use chemical to remove the termites

STATION NAME: BINH CHANH (BC)

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LOCATION: PEOPLE COMMEETE OF DISTRICT 2, 249 LUONG DINH CUA ST., DISTRICT2, HCMC

COORDINATE: 691160 1193510

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 04X921712

MONITORS

COMPONENT S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES

NOX 2232 GOOD

SO2 1635 GOOD

CO

O3 806 GOOD

PM10 236 FAIL

Temperature sensor error, the data can't transfer to DL

ZERO AIR 690 GOOD

CYLINDERS

COMPONENT NO. BEGINING CONC. STANDARD CONC. REMAIN PRESSURE

NOX 121906 971 110

SO2 133657 958.02 100

CO DATALOGGER

EQUIPMENTS S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES

MODEM GOOD

TELEPHONE, LINE GOOD

EQUIPMENTS S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES

UPS YS0208210833 GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

CON TAINER - SHELTER The shelter is worm-eaten

STATION NAME: DISTRICT 2 (D2)

District2

The regional background station is on the roof of the People Committee building of District 2. The site is located about 6 km east of the City Centre of HCMC. The area is under development. Open areas is surrounding the site. The main road to Hanoi passes less than 2 km north of the site and small industries are located about 3km to the south and to the northeast. This area is planned to be a new city of HCMC.

This station is measuring NOx (NO and NO₂), SO₂, O₃ and PM₁₀. This is the station where power breaks have been occurring most often. The power supply company in this area has strictly rules to the customers who are late in paying the electricity bill in time. The problem has been that on the way to HEPA the bill has to go through many people. The procedures take time and the time limit has been missing many times. To recover the power supply, it takes more than a week to complete the paper procedures. The PM₁₀ at this station stopped working from September 2007. Those two reasons make the data availability of this station is only average 73% for the year 2007.

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ThongNhat

This is the roadside station standing inside the hospital in Tan Binh District. The area is located in the northwest part of the city centre of HCMC, about 2 km south of the airport. The shelter is located in side the fence, 5 m from the roadside.

This station is measuring NOx (NO and NO₂), SO₂, CO and PM₁₀. At the auditing time, the NOx has a problem with the PMT temperature sensor. The spare part needed to repair this failure was not available at HEPA, so the instrument had to be stopped and wait for at least 4 months.

The PM10 monitor was working only for 2 months (April and May) of the year 2007. It stopped working due to the same error with other PM₁₀. Thus, the average data availability of this station is only 59% for the year 2007.

LOCATION: THONG NHAT HOSPITAL, 01 LY THUONG KIET, DISTRICT TAN BINH

COORDINATE: 680690 1193530

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 15P985040

MONITORS

NOX 2234 FAIL PMT temp warning

PMT temperature sensor

error change new HVPS

SO2 1634 GOOD

CO 1776 GOOD

O3

PM10 233 OFF OFFSET=100 Dirty Rcell or low source clean the reaction cell

ZERO AIR 1135 GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX BN22983F 0 BUY NEW CYLINDER

SO2 XF004050B 900 815 100

CO BD58537F 50.9 34.1 140

DATALOGGER

MODEM D-link GOOD

AUTOVOLT. STABL. YZ0208211011 GOOD

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

STATION NAME: THONG NHAT (TN)

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LOCATION: QUANGTRUNG SOFTWARE CITY, DISTRICT 12, HCMC

COORDINATE: 677940 1200080

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. Use the electricity of the software city

MONITORS

NOX 1407 GOOD

SO2 1633 GOOD

CO

O3 337 GOOD Samp flow warning Internal pump fail change the new pump PM10 237 OFF OFFSET=100 Dirty Rcell or low source clean the reaction cell

ZERO AIR 1139 GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX BN22973F 1050 860 115 The valve is failed, change new

SO2 BN22979F 910 806 110

CO DATALOGGER

DATALOGGER GOOD??

MODEM internal GOOD??

DATA COMMUNICATION FAIL

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP FAIL Too old change the new one

TABLE, DESK GOOD

DUST INTAKE FAIL Check temp. Sensors

STATION NAME: QUANGTRUNG (QT)

QuangTrung

This is the residential/urban background station. The site is inside a large technology park with open areas. It is located in District 12. The area is located about 12 km north-northwest of the city centre of HCMC, about 5 km north of the international airport. The site is located about 100 m from Highway no.1.

This station measures NOx (NO and NO2), SO2, O3 and PM10.

Problems at the Quang Trung station have been prevailing throughout the last years. Both monitors and infrastructures at this station will have to be upgraded.

The O3 monitor has a problem with the internal pump and it also has to wait for the spare parts. PM₁₀ showed the message error is Offset=100 and stopped working. The data logger and data communication system within the station also have problems.

During 2007, the station totally does not work at all, so there is no data at Quang Trung in 2007.

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Doste

The Doste station is characterised as a roadside station. The station is inside a government office area (Department of Science and Technology) close to the fence and about 4m from the main road of the city. It is located about 2 km west of the city centre of HCMC, about 5 km east-southeast of the international airport.

The station was intended to measure NOx (NO and NO2), SO2, CO, O3 and PM10. The PM10 sampler that was installed with the Danida part of the programme in 2000 has not been operating since the end of 2003 after 3 years of unstable operations. At the moment, there are NOx and O₃ monitors that stopped working at this station due to lack of spare parts.

A brand new instrument with modern technology should replace the PM10.

The data availability of this station is low, average 20% for the year 2007.

LOCATION: DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 244 DIEN BIEN PHU ST., DISTRICT 3

COORDINATE: 684430 1192220

MONITORS

NOX 1404 FAIL PMT 5000 PMT ERROR Change new PMT

SO2 1127 GOOD

CO 1268 GOOD

O3 336 FAIL Display screen fail No suggestion

PM10 264 OFF Change new

ZERO AIR 1136 GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX Buy new

SO2 Buy new

CO Buy new

DATALOGGER

DATALOGGER GOOD

MODEM D-link GOOD

TELEPHONE, LINE Trend Tek GOOD

UPS FAIL Mainboard burned Change new

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

CON TAINER - SHELTER GOOD Paint outside of station

MANIFOLD, DUST INTAKE FAIL New dust intake

STATION NAME: DOSTE (DO)

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TanSonHoa

This station is located in a residential area in Phu Nhuan District, 2 km east from the international airport. The Air Quality Monitoring station was set up here from 2000 that measure O3, NOx, SO2 and PM10. But only O3 monitor still in good operation condition.

As other DANIDA sponsor stations, a modern technology instrument should replace PM10.

While CO, NOx, SO2, they are all waiting for spare parts.

The data availability is low, average 26% for the year 2007.

HongBang

This site is belonging to the Hong Bang Junior High School in District 5, about 5 km southwest from the city centre. This position is used by Hochiminh City Protection Agency (HEPA) as an air quality monitoring site to measure the effect of urban transportation to the air quality. This is the roadside station that measure O3, NOx, CO, PM10.

The only working monitor is CO. The other are waiting for spare part, some need be replaced by new instrument. The Datalogger has problem from September 2006, so there is no data at all at this station for the year 2007.

STATION NAME: TANSONHOA (TSH)

LOCATION: TROPICAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE, 57 TRUONG QUOC DUNG, PHU NHUAN DISTRICT, HCMC

COORDINATE: 682830 1193930

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. Use the electricity line of the Institute

MONITORS

NOX 1403 FAIL (HEPA) PMT 5000 PMT FAIL Change PMT

SO2 1126 GOOD

CO 1267 GOOD Too high conc. >25 Calibration

O3 338 GOOD

PM10 254 OFF Buy new

ZERO AIR 693 GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX Buy new

SO2 Buy new

CO DATALOGGER

MODEM Pro link GOOD

TELEPHONE, LINE Trend Tek GOOD Buy new

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

CON TAINER - SHELTER GOOD

MANIFOLD, DUST INTAKE FAIL Change new

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LOCATION: HONGBANG JUNIOR SCHOOL, 123 HUNG VUONG ST., DISTRICT 5, HCMC

COORDINATE: 681620 1189460

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 17E285400

MONITORS

NOX 1402 FAIL PMT 5000 PMT fail Change PMT

SO2

CO 1266 GOOD

O3 806 FAIL O3 meas, ref low Detector Optical fail Change detector Block Quartz Window

PM10 OFF Buy new PM10

ZERO AIR 691 FAIL Press <10 Pump fail Change the pump

CYLINDERS

NOX Buy new

SO2

CO Buy new

DATALOGGER

MODEM D-link GOOD Buy new

TELEPHONE, LINE Trend Tek GOOD Buy new

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP GOOD

TABLE, DESK GOOD

STATION NAME: HONG BANG (HB)

ThuDuc

This is industrial area station. It is located in a government office area, and in the industrial area. There are many big industry plans like Steel, Power, Cement, Food Processing within 2 km surrouding. This station measures NOx, SO2, PM10. But the whole station is dead from 2004. There is no data from 2004 to now

LOCATION: URBAN MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF THUDUC DISTRICT, HCMC

COORDINATE: 693640 1199790

ELECTRICITY LINE NO. 18T840500

MONITORS

NOX 1407 FAIL (HEPA) PMT 5000 PMT FAIL Change PMT

SO2 1125 FAIL (HEPA) Kicker FAIL Change kicker

CO O3

PM10 OFF Buy new

ZERO AIR GOOD

CYLINDERS

NOX Buy new

SO2 Buy new

CO DATALOGGER

DATALOGGER FAIL Comm. Card missing use for other DL Buy new

MODEM N/A Buy new

TELEPHONE, LINE GOOD Buy new

DATA COMMUNICATION FAIL

UPS GOOD

GENERAL PUMP FAIL Change new

TABLE, DESK GOOD

STATION NAME: THUDUC (TD)

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The meteorological station

The meteorological tower is 25 meters high and was established as part of the DANIDA project from 2000. It is located at the Doste station. A new set of sensors was installed by NILU in 2005 based on the new Vaisala weather station.

All the sensors are working very well.

6. Concentration levels

When evaluating the monthly average concentration levels as well as the spatial and seasonal variations the data accepted from the automatic monitoring stations during 2007 seem to be of reasonable quality.

The most important pollutants in HCMC are PM10, O3, and NO2. We have in the following figures presented the monthly average concentration levels for these parameters for all stations that reported data in 2007.

Monthly average PM10 concentrations

The monthly average PM₁₀ concentrations varied from 50 to 110 µg/m³ at the 4 stations where data were available.

LOCATION: DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 244 DIEN BIEN PHU ST., DISTRICT 3

COORDINATE: 684430 1192220

SENSORS

SENSORS S/N CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING CAUSES SUGGESTION

UPER TEMP GOOD

WIND DIRECTION GOOD

WIND SPEED GOOD

RADIATION SENSOR GOOD

LOWER TEMP GOOD

POWER SUPPLY GOOD

THE TOWER OLD Need painting and maintenance

STATION NAME: METEOROLOGY

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Figure 2: Monthly average PM10 concentrations from four stations in HCMC 2007.

The highest concentrations were recorded at the traffic site at Binh Chanh.

Concentrations during the dry season were recorded at more than 100µg/m³. The new updated World Health Organisation guideline (WHO, 2005) value for annual average concentrations of PM10 is 20 µg/m³. At all sites in HCMC the concentrations seem to be between 2 and 4 times that value. The annual limit value for Vietnam is set at 50 µg/m³ (TCVN, 2005).

Monthly average NO₂ concentrations

The monthly average NO2 concentrations measured at urban background and regional background stations was between 10 and 25 µg/m³. The concentrations were slightly higher during the dry season than during the wet season.

The NO₂ concentrations measured at the road side stations were higher that at the background stations. The NO₂ concentrations as measured at the Binh Chanh station from January till June were 2 to 3 times higher than at the urban background stations. From August 2007 the concentration levels seem to have equalised.

(23)

Figure 3: Monthly average NO2 concentrations from five stations in HCMC 2007.

The proposed Vietnamese air quality standard for NO2 is 40 µg/m³ as an annual average and 200 µg/m³ as hourly average. None of these standards seem to have been violated during 2007.

Monthly average ozone concentrations

The measured ozone concentrations show considerable diurnal and seasonal variations. The monthly average concentrations also indicated that concentrations may be 2 to 3 times higher in the dry season than during the wet season.

Figure 4: Monthly average ozone concentrations from three stations in HCMC

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background station District 2. Ozone concentrations were highest in Aprils 2007.

The hourly max concentrations during this month at D2 ranged between 100 and 225 µg/m³ (see Appendix A). The Vietnamese standard for hourly ozone concentration is 120 µg/m³.

7. Summary station status and actions

Based on the analyses of air quality monitoring data and instrument performances as presented in this report the status, errors and suggested actions are presented in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Status, errors and suggested actions presented for each station and for instruments that need repair or replacements.

STATION EQUIPMENT CURRENT STATUS ERRORS WARNING SUGGESTION DISTRICT2 PM10 Fail Temperature sensor error, the data

can't transfer to DL

THONGNHAT NOX Need spare part PMT temperature sensor error Change new HVPS PM10 Need repair Dirty Rcell or low source Clean the reaction cell ZOO PM10 Need repair Dirty Rcell or low source Clean the reaction cell BINHCHANH PM10 Need repair Dirty in Rcell , low source Clean the reaction cell

MODEM Fail Change new modem

QUANGTRUNG O3 Need spare part Internal pump Fail change the new pump PM10 Need repair Dirty Rcell or low source clean the reaction cell

Dust intake Fail Buy new

DOSTE NOX Need spare part PMT Error Change new PMT

O3 Need spare part Screen display Fail Change new display board

PM10 Off Change new

UPS Fail Mainboard burned Change new

Dust intake Fail New Dust intake

HONGBANG NOX Need spare part PMT Fail Change PMT

O3 Need spare part Detector Optical Fail Change detector Block Quartz Window

PM10 Off Buy new PM10

ZERO AIR Need spare part Pump Fail Change the pump

Dust intake Fail Change new

TANSONHOA NOX Need spare part PMT Fail Change PMT

PM10 Off Buy new

THUDUC NOX Need spare part PMT Fail Change PMT

SO2 Need spare part Kicker Fail Change kicker

PM10 Off Buy new

Data logger Fail Mainboard, HDD, IM module Fail Buy new

MODEM N/A Buy new

Data communication Need change Setup new channel

General Pump Fail Buy new

METEOROLOGYThe tower Old Need painting and maintenance

SHELTER NILU style stations Shelters worm-eaten Use chemical to remove the termites

A draft proposal for an upgrading of the monitoring programme was prepared by NILU in 2007 (Sivertsen, 2007).In this proposal it was stated that the air quality monitoring programme has been operated for a total of more than 7 years, and some of the instruments have already met their life expectancy. Some of the monitors are out of order and cannot be repaired, and the measurements of particulate matter (PM) installed as part of the Danida project broke down already after 2 years.

01-2008-DAM-BS-HCMC-rapport.pdf (5.292Mb)

Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

Vo Thanh Dam and Bjarne Sivertsen

Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

Contents

Ho Chi Minh City

Air Quality Monitoring Programme Data evaluation report, 2007

1. Introduction

2. Data quality control, QA/QC procedures

3. Data availability

4. Monthly average values by station

5. Station Operation Status

6. Concentration levels

7. Summary station status and actions