NIFU ST EP
Norsk institutt for studier av for skning og utdanning/
Senter for innovasjonsforskning
Hegdehaugsveien 31, N-0352 Oslo
Telefon: 22 59 51 00 Telefaks: 22 59 51 01 E-mail: post@nifustep.no
ISBN 82-7218-496-6 ISSN 0805-8393 NIFU STEP
Norwegian Institute for Studies in Research and Education/
Centre for Innovation Research
Hegdehaugsveien 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway Telephone: +47 22 59 51 00
Fax: +47 22 59 51 01 E-mail: post@nifustep.no
ISBN 82-7218-496-6 ISSN 0805-8393
Introduction
This booklet containing tables and fi gures on R&D statistics and other science and technology indicators has been published annually since 1997. The booklets are also available on http://english.nifustep.no/english/con- tent/statistics. A broader coverage of S&T input and output fi gures is contained in the publication Report on Sci- ence and Technology Indicators for Norway 2003, NIFU STEP, Oslo, April 2004. Below, we describe the R&D statistics and their data sources more in detail. All expenditures are given in current prices, unless otherwise indicated. 1.00 PPP US$ = 9.48 NOK in 2003 (Main Science and Technology Indicators 2004-2, OECD).
Who prepares the R&D statistics?
R&D statistics in Norway are prepared every second year on commission from the Research Council of Norway.
NIFU STEP Studies in Innovation, Research and Education, is responsible for the statistics on the Higher educa- tion sector and the Institute sector, while Statistics Norway does the statistics on the Industrial sector. NIFU STEP is also responsible for aggregating total national R&D statistics. Further information may be obtained on the World Wide Web at NIFU STEP’s home page: http://WWW.nifustep.no, with links to the report mentioned above and the home pages of the Research Council of Norway and Statistics Norway.
How are R&D statistics compiled?
Norwegian R&D statistics are compiled in accordance with the international guidelines issued by the OECD.
These guidelines are contained in the “Frascati Manual” (The Measurement of Scientifi c and Technological ac- tivities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development “Frascati Manual 2002”, OECD 2002). The sections of this manual dealing with basic defi nitions and conventions of R&D have been issued in Norwegian by NIFU STEP (2004).
Total R&D fi gures for Norway are available every year through administrative registers and questionnaires sent to the concerning units in the three performing sectors.
The survey of R&D activity in the Industrial sector contains all companies with 50 or more employees. In ad-
dition, the survey includes a number of selected companies with a minimum of 10 employees. Before 1995, the survey included only companies with 50 or more employees. The statistics on the Industrial sector from 1995 are therefore not comparable with those of the previous years.
The Higher education sector is thoroughly surveyed. Each individual department or corresponding equivalent unit is surveyed. University hospitals are also included in this sector. Supplementary sources of information include surveys on staff members’ time usage, information on personnel and expenditure from the institutions’
central administration, the Research Council of Norway, and medical foundations.
The Institute sector is also covered by complete surveys. Questionnaires are sent to research institutes and other institutions that are expected to perform R&D activities. In addition, this sector includes estimates of R&D resources at museums and non-university hospitals that are not included in the Higher education sector.
Other data sources:
Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD) are estimated annually by NIFU STEP.
Statistics on R&D personnel in the Higher education and Institute sectors are based on NIFU STEP’s register on Research personnel, scientists, and engineers. The register is updated every second year. Data on international R&D statistics are extracted from the OECD’s Main Science and Technology Indicators, and national sources for the Nordic countries. The doctoral degree statistics are based on NIFU STEP’s Norwegian doctoral degree reg- ister, which is updated biannually. Information on patent applications is collected by NIFU STEP from Norwegian Patent Offi ce. Bibliometric data are extracted from the database National Citation Report for Norway prepared by the Institute for Scientifi c Information in the U.S. This database contains publication and citation statistics on articles from Norway.
Basic defi nitions of Research and Experimental Development (R&D)
Research and experimental development comprises work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to in- crease the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
Three types of R&D may be distinguished:
● Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
● Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specifi c practical aim or objective.
● Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, which is directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing new pro- cesses, systems and services, or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.
Sector classifi cation
In Norwegian R&D statistics, resources are classifi ed in three performing sectors: The Industrial sector, the Higher education sector, and the Institute sector. The Norwegian classifi cation somewhat differs from the OECD’s: For international comparisons Business enterprise sector includes industry as well as non-profi t institutes serving fi rms in Norwegian R&D statistics (these business-oriented institutes are included in the Institute sector in Norway). OECD’s Higher education sector corresponds to the Norwegian classifi cation, while its Government sector and Private Non-Profi t sector (PNP) together cover the rest of the Institute sector in Norway. The PNP sector is rather small in Norway, and it is therefore included in the Government sector of OECD’s statistics.
Highlights
● In 2003 the expenditure on R&D in Norway amounted to 27.3 billion NOK. As a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the R&D expenditure accounted for 1.75% in 2003 compared to 1.60% in 2001.
● Norwegian R&D expenditure as a share of GDP and R&D expenditure per capita in 2003 were lower than in the other Nordic countries.
● In 2003, 47% of total R&D expenditure in Norway was funded by industry, 42% was funded by government, 4% by other national sources and 7% from abroad.
● Total R&D expenditure in fi xed prices had an annual increase by 4% from 2001 to 2003. In the Industry sector the growth rate was 2% per year, while R&D expenditure in the Higher education sector increased by more than 7% per year. The Institute sector had a real annual increase of 5% in the period.
● Total public expenditure in 2003 was 11.4 billion NOK, of which 27% were canalised through the Research Council of Norway to the three performing sectors.
● Basic research as a share of total R&D expenditure was 18% in 2003, compared to 17% in 2001.
● Current R&D expenditure in the Higher education sector amounted to 6.7 billion NOK in 2003, while in the Institute sector the current R&D expenditure amounted to 6.1 billion NOK.
● Engineering and technology was the largest fi eld of science and technology in the Higher education sector and the Institute sector, with current R&D expenditure amounting to 3 billion NOK.
● The share of total R&D personnel over 50 years of age in the Higher education sector in 2003 was 41%, while in the Institute sector it was 28%.
● Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D were estimated to 14 billion NOK in 2005.
● In 2004 the number of awarded doctorates in Norway was 782, the highest number of awarded doctorates in Norway in one year.
● The number of Norwegian co-authorships with other countries published in international scientifi c journals in 2003 was for the fi rst time larger than for those without international co-authorship.
16
Source: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway
Figure 1 R&D expenditure in Norway by sector of performance: 1970-2003.
Fixed 2000-prices
0 , 0 0 , 2 0 , 4 0 , 6 0 , 8 0 , 0 1
0 , 2 1
0 , 4 1
0 2 1 0 9 9 7 9 5 9 3 9 1 9 9 8 7 8 5 8 3 8 1 8 9 7 7 7 4 7 2 7 0 7
Institute sector
0 7 9
1 2003
Billion NOK
Extended data coverage
Industrial sector
Higher education sector
17 Table 1 Total R&D expenditure in Norway by sector of performance and source of funds: 2003
Total Industry Government Other*
Total Of which:
Oil com- panies
Total Of which:
The Research Council of Norway
national sources
Total Of which:
EU- comm.
Industrial sector 13 477.1 11 062.4 875.1 794.5 155.8 531.5 1 088.7 106.7
Institute sector 6 360.0 1 377.0 301.2 4 035.3 1 568.6 212.2 735.5 217.7
Of which: Research institutes
serving enterprises 2 208.2 961.5 234.9 842.7 510.2 100.8 303.2 101.1
Government sector 4 151.8 415.5 66.3 3 192.6 1 058.4 111.4 432.3 116.6
Higher education sector 7 495.1 373.5 101.4 6 531.3 1 370.2 372.1 218.1 137.8 Of which: Universities and
Spec. University Inst. 6 599.4 349.6 96.7 5 703.4 1 303.3 336.7 210.2 131.9
State University Colleges 895.7 23.9 4.7 827.9 66.9 36.0 7.9 5.9
Total 27 332.2 12 812.9 1 277.7 11 361.1 3 094.6 1 115.8 2 042.3 462.2
Source: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway Million NOK
* Includes private funding, own funds and tax deduction (SkatteFUNN) in industrial sector.
Source of funds
Abroad Sector of performance
18 Figure 2 R&D expenditure in Norway by financing and performance: 2003
Sources: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway
Total expenditure: 27.3 billion NOK
Who
finances?
Who performs?
Industry 12.8
Public sources
11.4 Abroad 2.0
Industrial sector
13.4 Higher education sector
7.5
Institute sector 6.4
1.11.1
11.111.1
0.2
0.2 0.70.7 0.40.4 0.20.2
1.4 1.4
0.4 0.4
0.8 0.8
6.5
6.5 4.04.0
NFR 3.1
Other national sources 1.1 1.1
0.5 0.5
Other national
sources
19 Source: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway
155.8 (8%)
Figure 3 Flow chart of government-financed R&D to performing sectors in Norway: 2003
Total public R&D expenditure in Norway in 2003: 11 361.1 million NOK
Higher education
sector Institute sector Industrial sector
The Research Council of Norway 5 161.1 (45%)
1 370.2 (44%)
3 094.6(27%) 2 466.7 (22%) 638.7 (6%)
1 568.6 (51%)
10 0
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 4
0 0 0 6
0 0 0 8
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 2 1
5 , 4 0 , 4 5 , 3 0 , 3 5 , 2 0 , 2 5 , 1 0 , 1 5 , 0 0 , 0
)
% ( P D G f o e g a t n e c r e p s a e r u t i d n e p x e D
&
R
R&D expenditure per capita (NOK)
a d a n a C
y l a t I (2001)
n a p a J (2002)
y a w r o N
s d n a l r e h t e
N (2001)
n e d e w S
k r a m n e D
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e c n a r
F (2002)
d n a l n i d F n a l e c I A S U
) 2 0 0 2 ( K O N 5 8 1 5 e g a r e v A D C E O
OECD Average 2,26 (2002)
n i a p S (2002)
m o d g n i K d e t i n
U (2002)
a i r t s u A
Kilde: OECD-Main Science and Technology Indicators 2004-2/ Nordic R&D statistics
Figure 4 R&D expenditure per capita (NOK) and as percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in selected OECD-countries: 2003 or latest available year
11 Table 2 R&D expenditure by source of finance and as percentage of GDP
and per capita (NOK) for selected OECD-countries: 2001*
Country
Total
Public funding
Industrial funding
Abroad/
Others
Austria 2.07 0.79 0.86 0.41 5 312
Canada 2.03 0.62 0.98 0.43 5 438
Denmark 2.40 0.67 1.48 0.25 6 354
Finland 3.41 0.87 2.41 0.13 8 074
France 2.23 0.82 1.21 0.20 5 375
Germany 2.51 0.79 1.65 0.07 5 824
Iceland 3.06 1.04 1.41 0.61 7 464
Japan 3.07 0.57 2.24 0.26 7 655
Netherlands 1.88 0.68 0.97 0.23 4 755
Norway 2001 1.60 0.64 0.82 0.14 5 238
Norway 2003 1.75 0.73 0.82 0.20 5 980
Sweden 4.27 0.90 3.07 0.30 10 381
United Kingdom 1.86 0.53 0.88 0.45 4 472
USA 2.73 0.76 1.84 0.13 8 683
Total OECD 2.28 0.66 1.45 0.17 5 048
EU-15 1.92 0.68 1.08 0.19 4 409
* For Norway: 2003
Source: OECD - Main Science and Technology Indicators 2004-2
R&D expenditure as percentage of BNP
R&D expenditure
per capita NOK
12 0
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 4
0 0 0 6
0 0 0 8
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 2 1
K O N n o il li M
r o t c e s n o i t a c u d e r e h g i H
r o t c e s e t u t i t s n I
r o t c e s l a i r t s u d n I
h c r a e s e r c i s a
B Appiledresearch Experimental t n e m p o l e v e d
Figure 5 Current R&D expenditure in Norway by sector of performance and type of R&D: 1993 and 2003. Current prices
Source: NIFU STEP/ Statistics Norway
13 0
0 0 2 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0
0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2
K O N n o il li M s
e s i r p r e t n e g n i v r e s s e t u t i t s n i h c r a e s e R
r o t c e s t n e m n r e v o G
. t s n I . v i n U . c e p S d n a s e i t i s r e v i n U
s e g e ll o C y t i s r e v i n U e t a t S
o t c e s n o i t a c u d e r e h g i H r
o t c e s e t u t i t s n
I r
s e c n e i c s l a i c o S
s e c n e i c s l a r u t a N
a g n i r e e n i g n
E ndtechnology
s e c n e i c s l a c i d e M
u c i r g
A lturalsciences s
e i t i n a m u H
Source: NIFU STEP
Figure 6 Current R&D expenditure in the Institute sector and the Higher education sector in Norway by field of science and technology: 2003
14 0
0 0 5
0 0 0 1
0 0 5 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 5 2
0 0 0 3
0 0 5 3
l a r u t a N s e c n e i c s l a i c o S s e i t i n a m u H
s e c n e i c s
g n i r e e n i g n E
y g o l o n h c e t d n a
l a c i d e M
s e c n e i c s
l a r u t l u c i r g A
s e c n e i c s 5
9 9
1 2003 K
O N n o il li M
Source: NIFU STEP
Figure 6.b Current R&D expenditure in the Institute sector and the Higher education sector in Norway by field of science and technology: 1995 and 2003. Fixed
2003-prices
15 0
0 0 5
0 0 0 1
0 0 5 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 5 2
0 0 0 3
3 0 0 2 5 9 9 1 3
0 0 2 5 9 9 1 3
0 0 2 5 9 9 1 3
0 0 2 5 9 9 1 3
0 0 2 5 9 9 1
s e i t i n a m u
H Socialsciences Naturalsciences Engineeringandtechnology Medicalsciences Agriculturalsciences y
r t s u d n
I ResearchCouncli Otherpubilcsources Othernationalsources Abroad K
O N n o il li M
Source: NIFU STEP
Figure 7 Current R&D expenditure in the Institute sector and the Higher education sector in Norway by field of science and technology and source of finance: 1995 and 2003.
Fixed 2003-prices
16 Table 3 R&D personnel (head count and FTE) in Norway by sector of performance: 2003
R&D personnel as of 01.10.2003 R&D person years (FTE)
Total
Researchers/
university graduates
Technicians
& support
staff Total
Of which:
Researchers/
university graduates Industrial sector 19 856 13 174 6 682 13 901 9 810 Institute sector 9 411 6 350 3 061 7 238 4 962 Of which: Research institutes
serving enterprises 2 716 1 980 736 2 225 1 670 Government sector 6 695 4 370 2 325 5 013 3 292 Higher education sector 21 961 16 216 5 745 7 918 6 251 Of which: Universities 13 352 9 436 3 916 6 165 4 795 Specialised University Inst. 2 205 1 653 552 857 689 State University Colleges 6 404 5 127 1 277 896 767 Total 51 228 35 740 15 488 29 057 21 023 Source: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway
Sector of performance
17 0
0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
r e b m u N s n o i t i s o p d e r u n e T
l e n n o s r e p r e h t O
l e n n o s r e p t n e m t i u r c e R
Figure 8 Researchers in the Higher education sector (R&D person years and head count) in Norway by institution: 2003
o l s fO o y t i s r e v i n U )
E T F ( s r a e y n o s r e p D
&
R Headcount
s n o i t u t i t s n I y t i s r e v i n U d e s il a i c e p S
t i s r e v i n U e t a t
S yColleg se n e g r e B f o y t i s r e v i n U
d n a e c n e i c S f o y t i s r e v i n U n a i g e w r o N
o l o n h c e
T gy,Trondheim ø
s m o r T f o y t i s r e v i n U
Source: NIFU STEP/ Register of Research Personnel
18 Table 4 Researchers/university graduates (head count) in Norway by sector of performance: 2003.
Doctorates and share of women
Total
Number % Number % Number %
Industrial sector 13 174 2 381 18.1 1 092 8.3 218 20.0
Institute sector 6 350 2 049 32.3 2 046 32.2 557 27.2
Of which: Research institutes serving enterprises 1 980 485 24.5 640 32.3 127 19.8
Government sector 4 370 1 564 35.8 1 406 32.2 430 30.6
Higher education sector 16 216 6 099 37.6 5 526 34.1 1 489 26.9
Of which: Universities 9 436 3 271 34.7 4 173 44.2 1 145 27.4
Specialised University Inst. 1 653 563 34.1 641 38.8 156 24.3
State University Colleges 5 127 2 265 44.2 712 13.9 185 26.0
Total 35 921 10 613 29.5 8 664 24.2 2 264 26.1
Source: NIFU STEP/Statistics Norway Sector of performance
Total Doctorates
Women Total Women
19 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 4
0 0 0 5
0 0 0 6
0 0 0 7
0 0 0 8
0 0 0 9
0 0 0 0 1
d e r u n e T
s n o i t i s o p
s n a i c i s y h P
y t i s r e v i n u (
) s l a t i p s o h
d i a p y ll a n r e t x E
l e n n o s r e p
t n e m t i u r c e R . c o d . t s o P
l e n n o s r e p
t n u o c d a e H
s r a e y n o s r e p D
&
R r
e b m u N
Source: NIFU STEP/ Register of Research Personnel
Figure 9 Researchers in the Higher education sector (R&D person years and head count) in Norway by position: 2003
20 0
0 0 2
0 0 4
0 0 6
0 0 8
0 0 0 1
0 0 2 1
0 0 4 1
0 0 6 1
0 0 8 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 2 2
0 0 4 2
4 6
>
4 6 - 0 6 9 5 - 5 5 4 5 - 0 5 9 4 - 5 4 4 4 - 0 4 9 3 - 6 3 4 3 - 0 3 9 2 - 5 2 5 2
<
r o t c e s n o i t a c u d e r e h g i H
r o t c e s e t u t i t s n I
r e b m u N
A eg
Source: NIFU STEP/ Register of Research Personnel
Figure 10 Researchers (head count) in Norway by age in the Higher education- and Institute sector: 1.10.2003
21 Table 5 R&D expenditure and R&D person years (FTE) performed in the Industrial sector
in Norway by industry: 2003
2001 2003 2001 2003
Mil. NOK Mil. NOK Number Number Fishing, operations of fish hatcheries and fish farms (5) 288.9 332.3 210 173 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (11) 736.3 860.0 375 513 Total industry and mining (13-37) 6 660.1 7 152.8 6 415 7 088 Of which: Chemicals and chemical products (23-24) 1 039.0 1 012.9 1 104 1 003
Machinery and equipment (29) 870.6 1 048.3 1 177 1 363
Electrical and optical equipment (30-33) 2 691.3 2 088.6 2 310 2 125 Transport equipment, furniture and other (34-37) 796.6 895.3 592 729
Other industry and mining 1 262.6 2 107.7 1 232 1 868
Electricity, gas and water supply (40-41) 84.4 59.5 76 60
Construction (45) 260.8 250.4 236 275
Total services (50-99) 4 583.2 4 822.1 4 855 5 793
Of which: Transport and telecommunication (60-64.2) 795.7 664.9 856 591
Financial intermediation (65-67) 449.8 431.4 172 598
Computer and related activities (72) 1941.6 2 109.0 2 193 2 751 Other business activities and consultant services (74) 768.5 922.9 924 1 057
Other services 627.6 693.9 710 796
Total 12 613.7 13 477.1 12 167 13 902
Source: Statistics Norway
R&D expenditure
R&D person years (FTE) Industry (SN 94)
22 Table 6 Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD) in Norway
by Socio-economic objectives. Includes resources for R&D performed in Norway and abroad. Final budget: 2004 and 2005. Million NOK
Socio-economic objectives 2004 2005
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 1 145 1 158
Of which: fishery 655 662
Industrial development 1 008 1 058
Production and distribution of energy 311 401
Transport and telecommunications 245 254
Living conditions and physical planning 18 16
Environment 286 280
Health 987 1 038
Social conditions 190 241
Culture, mass media and leisure 130 136
Education 85 122
Working conditions 78 38
Economic planning and public administration 364 337
Exploration and exploitation of the earth and atmosphere 251 256
General advancement of knowledge 6 945 6 976
Space research 259 303
Defence 865 877
EU contingent 570 525
Total 13 737 14 016
Source: NIFU STEP
23 0
0 0 1
0 0 2
0 0 3
0 0 4
0 0 5
0 0 6
0 0 7
0 0 8
4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 8 9 6 9 4 9 2 9 0 9 8 8 6 8 4 8 2 8 0 8 9 1
n e M
n e m o W r
e b m u N
Source: NIFU STEP/ The Doctoral Degree Register
Figure 11 Earned doctoral degrees in Norway by gender: 1980-2004
24 0
0 0 5
0 0 0 1
0 0 5 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 5 2
0 0 0 3
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
p i h s r o h t u a - o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i t u o h t i W
p i h s r o h t u a - o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i h t i W r e b m u N
Source: National Citation Report for Norway, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)
Figure 12 Norwegian articles with and without international co-authorship: 1981-2003
