Science and Technology Indicators
2004 N O RWAY
This booklet containing tables and fi gures on R&D statistics and other science and technology indicators has been published annually since 1997. The last fi ve issues of the booklet are also available on http://www.nifu.
no/foustat/startside_eng.html. A broader coverage of S&T input and output factors is contained in the publica- tion Report on Science and Technology Indicators for Norway 2003, NIFU, Oslo, May/June 2004. Below, we describe the R&D statistics and their data sources more in detail. All expenditures are given in current prices, unless otherwise indicated. 1.00 PPP US$ = 9.11 NOK in 2003 (Main Science and Technology Indicators 2003- 2, OECD).
Who prepares the R&D statistics?
R&D statistics in Norway are prepared every second year on commission from the Research Council of Norway.
The Norwegian Institute for Studies in Research and Higher Education, NIFU, is responsible for the statistics on the Higher education sector and the Institute sector, while Statistics Norway does the statistics on the In- dustrial sector. NIFU is also responsible for aggregating total national R&D statistics. Further information may be obtained on the World Wide Web at NIFU’s home page: http://www.nifu.no/foustat/, with links to the report mentioned above and the home pages of the Norwegian Research Council and Statistics Norway.
How are R&D statistics compiled?
Norwegian R&D statistics are compiled in accordance with the international guidelines issued by the OECD.
These guidelines are contained in the “Frascati Manual” (The Measurement of Scientifi c and Technological ac- tivities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development “Frascati Manual 1993”, OECD 1994, reprinted with revisions in 2002). The sections of this manual dealing with basic defi nitions and conven- tions have been issued in Norwegian by NIFU.
Norwegian R&D statistics are compiled every second year through administrative registers and questionnaires sent to the concerning units in the three performing sectors.
Introduction
The survey of R&D activity in the Industrial sector contains all companies with 50 or more employees. In ad- dition, the survey includes a number of selected companies with a minimum of 10 employees. Before 1995, the survey included only companies with 50 or more employees. The statistics on the Industrial sector from 1995 are therefore not comparable with those of the previous years.
The Higher education sector is thoroughly surveyed. Each individual department or corresponding equivalent unit is surveyed. University hospitals are also included in this sector. Supplementary sources of information include surveys on staff members’ time usage, information on personnel and expenditure from the institutions’
central administration, the Research Council of Norway, and medical foundations.
The Institute sector is also covered by complete surveys. Questionnaires are sent to research institutes and other institutions that are expected to perform R&D activities. In addition, this sector includes estimates of R&D resources at museums and non-university hospitals that are not included in the Higher education sector.
Other data sources:
The “Frascati Manual” also includes guidelines for government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD). GBAORD are estimated annually by NIFU. Statistics on R&D personnel in the Higher education and Institute sectors are based on NIFU’s register on research personnel, scientists, and engineers. The register is updated every second year. Data on international R&D statistics are extracted from the OECD’s Main Science and Technology Indicators. Information on the Innovation survey comes from Statistics Norway. The doctoral de- gree statistics are based on NIFU’s Norwegian doctoral degree register, which is updated biannually. Informa- tion on patent applications is collected by STEP from Norwegian Patent Offi ce. Bibliometric data are extracted from the database National Citation Report for Norway prepared by the Institute for Scientifi c Information in the U.S. This database contains publication and citation statistics on articles from Norway.
● In 2001 the expenditure for R&D in Norway amounted to 24.5 billion NOK. As a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the R&D expenditure was 1.60% in 2001 compared to 1.65% in 1999.
● Norwegian R&D expenditure as a share of GDP and R&D expenditure per capita in 2001 were lower than in the other Nordic countries.
● In 2001, 51% of total R&D expenditure in Norway was funded by industry, 40% was funded by government, 2%
by other national sources and 7% from abroad.
● Total R&D expenditure in fi xed prices had an annual increase by more than 5% from 1999 to 2001. In the Industrial sector the growth rate was more than 10% per year, while R&D expenditure in the Higher education sector had no increase. The Institute sector had a real annual increase of 2% in the period.
● The R&D expenditure per capita was higher in Norway than in Denmark in 2001, but lower than in Sweden, Iceland and Finland.
● By county, Oslo and Sør-Trøndelag were the most R&D intensive areas in Norway in 2001, per capita.
● Basic research as a share of total R&D expenditure was 17% in 2001, the same as in 1999.
● Women as a share of total researchers in the Higher education sector was 36% in 2001, in the Institute sector 31% and Industrial sector 19%. The share of female researchers among full professors increased from 13% in 2001 to 16% in 2003.
● In the period 1999–2001, 40% of the fi rms in the Industrial sector collaborated with research institutes on innovation activities. Approximately the same share as those collaborating with universities and colleges.
● Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D were estimated to 13.9 billion NOK in 2004.
● The number of awarded doctorates in Norway was lower in 2003 than in 2002, but higher than in 2001.
● In the period 1991–2002, the number of patent applications increased.
● The number of Norwegian co-authorships with other countries published in international scientifi c journals in 2002 is approximately the same as those without.
Highlights
Research and experimental development comprises work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
Three types of R&D may be distinguished:
● Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
● Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specifi c practical aim or objective.
● Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, that is directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing new pro- cesses, systems and services, or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.
Sector classifi cation
In Norwegian R&D statistics, resources are classifi ed in three performing sectors: The Industrial sector, the Higher education sector, and the Institute sector. The Norwegian classifi cation somewhat differs from the OECD’s: OECD’s Business enterprise sector includes both industry and private institutes that are busi- ness-oriented (however, these institutes are included in the Institute sector in Norway). OECD’s Higher educa- tion sector corresponds to the Norwegian classifi cation, while its Government sector and Private Non-Profi t sector (PNP) together cover the rest of the Institute sector in Norway. The PNP sector is rather small in Norway, and it is therefore included in the Government sector of OECD’s statistics.
Basic defi nitions of Research and Experimental Development (R&D)
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s r o ti t e p m o C
t n a tl u s n o C
e s ir p er t n e
/ . b a l l a i c r e m m o
CR&Denterpirse
n o it a c u d e r e h g i
H sector
h c r a e s e r . v ir p /.
b u P
s e t u ti t s n i
19
0 0 1 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0
s e c i v r e S
g n i n i m d n a g n i r u t c a f u n a M
: y r t n u o c d n a y r t s u d n i n i a m y b s e s i r p r e t n e g n i t a v o n n i r o f s r e n t r a p n o i t a r e p o o C 0 1 e r u g i F
n o i t a r e p o o c h t i w s e s i r p r e t n e f o e g a t n e c r e P . 1 0 0 2 – 9 9 9 1
y a w r o N s c it s it a t S : e c r u o S
y a w r o N
c i d r o N r e h t O
s e i r t n u o c
e v i s u l c x e U E
c i d r o N
s e i r t n u o c
A S U
n a p a J
e g a t n e c r e P
y b y a w r o N n i ) D R O A B G ( D
&
R r o f s y a l t u o r o s n o i t a i r p o r p p a t e g d u b t n e m n r e v o G 6 e l b a T
d n a y a w r o N n i d e m r o f r e p D
&
R r o f s e c r u o s e r s e d u l c n I . s e v i t c e j b o c i m o n o c e - o i c o S
K O N n o i l l i M . 4 0 0 2 d n a 3 0 0 2 : t e g d u b l a n i F . d a o r b a
4 0 0 2 3
0 0 2 s
e v it c e j b o c i m o n o c e - o i c o
SAgircutlure,f oresrtyand ifshery 1150 1135 r
e h s if : h c i h w f O
y 6 27 6 54
n e m p o l e v e d l a ir t s u d n
I t 944 998
g r e n e f o n o it u b ir t s i d d n a n o it c u d o r
P y 282 311
s n o it a c i n u m m o c e l e t d n a t r o p s n a r
T 249 245
g n i n n a l p l a c i s y h p d n a s n o it i d n o c g n i v i
L 18 18
n e m n o ri v n
E t 300 286
h tl a e
H 920 987
s n o it i d n o c l a i c o
S 176 190
e r u s i e l d n a a i d e m s s a m , e r u tl u
C 130 130
n o it a c u d
E 81 85
s n o it i d n o c g n i k r o
W 82 78
n o it a rt s i n i m d a c il b u p d n a g n i n n a l p c i m o n o c
E 361 375
r e h p s o m t a d n a h tr a e e h t f o n o it a ti o l p x e d n a n o it a r o l p x
E e 243 270
e g d e l w o n k f o t n e m e c n a v d a l a r e n e
G 6398 7048
h c r a e s e r e c a p
S 240 259
e c n e f e
D 850 865
0 7 5 0
1 3 t
n e g n it n o c U E
l a t o
T 12734 13850
U F I N : e c r u o S
21
3 0 0 2 0 8 9 1 : r e d n e g y b y a w r o N n i s e e r g e d l a r o t c o d d e d r a w A 1 1 e r u g i F
0 0 0 1
0 0 2
0 0 3
0 0 4
0 0 5
0 0 6
0 0 7
0 0 8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
r e b m u N
: e c r u o S
n e M
n e m o W
NIFU/ The Doctoral Degree register
2 0 0 2 – 1 9 9 1 : y r t n u o c
‘s t n a c i l p p a e h t y b y a w r o N n i s t n a c i l p p a t n e t a P 7 e l b a T
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rt n u o C
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7 8 2 y
a w r o N
1 6 3 6
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1 3 9
8 2 k
r a m n e
D i n l a n d 3 7 4 4 6 6 5 8 0 4 8 1
F w e d e n 8 1 9 1 0 0 9 1 2 4 3 1 1 0 5
S n ti e d K i n g d o m 9 3 8 8 6 7 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 1
U e r m a n y 1 7 2 8 1 8 5 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 9 8
G r a n c e 1 0 5 8 1 0 2 9 1 2 1 6 1 0 4 3
F e t h e lr a n d s 4 4 4 4 0 9 5 4 3 7 5 3
N w ti z e lr a n d 6 7 9 6 1 8 7 6 7 8 0 0
S h e r e s t o f E u r o p e 7 4 8 8 4 7 9 1 7 1 0 5 1
T S A 4 2 4 7 4 1 4 7 5 0 1 8 5 1 7 1
U a n a d a 1 3 5 2 0 1 2 4 9 2 3 5
C a p a n 5 2 7 5 5 6 7 1 1 8 6 5
J t h e r c o u n t ir e s 2 5 6 3 0 3 4 3 4 5 7 2 O o t a l a p p il c a it o n s 1 5 1 1 5 1 6 1 5 2 1 9 0 3 4 1 9 4 9 4 T
ource :NorwegianPaten tOfifceandSTEPS
23
0 0 0 5
0 0 0 1
0 0 5 1
0 0 0 2
0 0 5 2
0 0 0 3
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
p i h s r o h t u a - o c l a n o it a n r e t n i t u o h ti W
p i h s r o h t u a - o c l a n o it a n r e t n i h ti W
2 0 0 2 – 1 8 9 1 : p i h s r o h t u a - o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i t u o h t i w d n a h t i w s e l c i t r a n a i g e w r o N 2 1 e r u g i F
r e b m u N
)I S I(
n o it a m r o f n I c if it n e i c S r o f e t u ti t s n I , y a w r o N r o f tr o p e R n o it a ti C l a n o it a N : e c r u o S
