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"Menneskeåndens universalitet" : Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning 1917-1940. Ideene, institusjonen og forskningen

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© Jon Røyne Kyllingstad, 2008

Doktoravhandlinger forsvart ved

Det humanistiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo.

Nr. 371

ISSN 0806-3222

Det må ikke kopieres fra denne boka i strid med åndsverkloven eller med avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk.

Omslag: Inger Sandved Anfinsen.

Trykk og innbinding: AiT e-dit AS, Oslo, 2008.

Produsert i samarbeid med Unipub AS, Oslo.

Avhandlingen blir kun produsert av Unipub AS i forbindelse med disputas.

Alle henvendelser vedrørende avhandlingen skal rettes til rettighetshaver eller enheten der doktorgrad er forsvart.

Unipub AS er et heleid datterselskap av

Akademika AS, som eies av Studentsamskipnaden i Oslo.

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