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I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l f o r t h e E x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e Sea

C.M. 1 9 9 0 / G : 2 2

-'?*.ea. S e s s . O

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T H E C O N S U M P T I O N R A T E O F N O R T H E A S T A R C T I C C O D - A C O M P A R I S O N OF G A S T R I C E V A C U A T I O N M O D E L S

B j a r t e B o g s t a d a n d S i g b j ø r n M e h l I n s t i t u t e o f M a r i n e R e s e a r c h

P.O. B o x 1870

-

N o r d n e s N - 5 0 2 4 B e r g e n , N o r w a y

A B S T R A C T

T h e c o n s u m p t i o n r a r e s i n f i s h a r e i m p o r t a n t b u t a l s o o f t e n w e a k p o i n t s i n m u l t i s p e c i e s m o d e l s . In t h e B a r e n t s S e a m u l t i s p e c i e s m o d e l ( M U L T S P E C I , a s i n m a n y o t h e r m o d e l s , q u a n t l t a t i v e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t d a t a a r e c o m b i n e d w i t h g a s t r i c e v a c u a t l o n d a t a o r m o d e l s t o p r o d u c e c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s o f i m p o r t a n t p r e y s p e c i e s . T o e v a l u a t e t h e e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l p r e s e n t l y u s e d f o r c o d i n t h e B a r e n t s S e a a n d t h e d e r i v e d c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s , w e h a v e c o m b i n e d s t o m a c h d a t a f r o m 1984 w i t h f i v e o t h e r e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s f o r c o d . T h e r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a r e d and j u d g e d a g a i n s t d a t a o n p r e y s t o c k s i z e s , i n d i v i d u a l c o d g r o w t h , d a i l y r a t i o n s a n d f o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y . T h e r a t i o n s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s r a n g e d f r o m 0.5 t o 1.22 o f t h e B W d a i l y o n a v e r a g e f o r a l l a g e g r o u p s o f c o d o r f r o m 2.1 t o 4 . 4 t i m e s t h e b i o m a s s o f t h e t o t a l c o d s t o c k a n n u a l l y . F o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y v a r i e d b e t w e e n 6 a n d 5 9 1 f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s a n d a g e g r o u p s .

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

O n e e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t f o r m u l t i s p e c i e s m c d e l s a r e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n by t h e m a i n p r e d a t o r s t o c k s o v e r t h e a r e a o f d i s i r i b u t i o n . In a d d i t i o n t o d a t a o n t h e n u m b e r a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t p r e d a t o r a g e g r o u p s , g o o d e s t i m a t e s o f t h e a n n u a 1 f o o d r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e n e e d e d . T h e l a t t e r c a n b e e s t i m a t e d in t w o w a y s :

- f r o m q u a n t i t a t i v e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t d a t a and d a t a on g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s ( m o d e l s )

- f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s

T h e f i r s t m e t h o d - h a s b e e n c h o s e n i n s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , m a y - b e b e c a u s e it c o n s i s t s o f m o r e o r l e s s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d m e a s u r e m e n t s . But t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s w h i c h r e s u l t s i n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s b y / o f t h e a c t u a l p r e d a t o r j p r e y s t o c k s a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d p e r h a p s s o m e t i m e s w e a k p o i n t s in t h e m o d e l s t h e y a r e u s e d i n .

T h i s is t h e s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e M S V P A m o d e l s b o t h i n t h e N o r t h S e a a n d

I t h e B a l t i c , a n d lt h a s t h e s a m e r m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e m u l t i s p e c l e s r e s e a r c h in t h e B a r e n t s S e a ( s e e B o g s t a d a n d T j e l m e l a n d , 1 9 9 0 , w h e r e t h e f i r s t r e s u l t s o f t h e m u l t i s p e c i e s m o d e l i n g w o r k i n t h i s a r e a i s p r e s e n t e d . ) In t h e l a t t e r a r e a s t o m a c h d a t a w e r e p r e v i o u s l y c o m b i n e d w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e - c o r r e l a t e d e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s f r o m t h e N o r t h S e a t o

c a l c u l a t e t h e c o d ' s c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s ! M e h l , 1 9 8 9 1 . But t h e e s t i m a t e d c o n s u m p t i o n 'er cod w a s m u c h l o w e r t h a n t h a t f o u n d i n o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d t o o l o w t o e x p l a i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r o w t h . L a t e r e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s b a s e d o n f e e d i n g e x p e r i m e n t s i n N o r t h e r n N o r w a y h a v e b e e n t a k e n i n t o u s e ( M e h l , 1 9 8 9 ; M e h l a n d ~ u n n a n a , 1990).

T o e v a l u a t e t h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e n e w e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s and t h e i r e f f e c t o n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s , w e h a v e c h o s e n t o t e s t t h e m a g a i n s t f i v e o t h e r e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s ( d a t a ) o n a s e t o f s t o m a c h d a t a f o r o n e y e a r .

T h e r e s u l t i n g c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s a n d t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h p r e y s t o c k s i z e s , i n d i v i d u a l g r o w t h d a t a f o r t h e c o d s t o c k , d a i l y r a t i o n d a t a f r o m o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d f o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

S t o m a c h d a t a f r o m 1984 h a v e b e e n u s e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s , b e c a u s e e a c h q u a r t e r w a s c o v e r e d f a i r l y w e l l w i t h s a m p l e s a n d t h e m a i n p r e y s t o c k s w e r e s t i l l at an a l m o s t n o r m a l l e v e l . D e t a i l s a b o u t s t o m a c h s a m p l i n g , a n a l y s i s a n d a g g r e g a t i o n o f d a t a a r e g i v e n in M e h l ( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 8 9 ) .

V P A - d a t a f r o m t h e N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c W o r k i n g G r o u p ( A n o n . , l 9 9 0 ! a r e u s e d w h e n t h e t o t a l c o d s t o c k ' s c o n s u m p t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d . F o r d e t a i l s , s e e M e h l ( 1 9 8 9 ) .

T h e g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t c o d a g e g r o u p s a r e based o n s u r v e y d a t a , b o t h a c o u s t i c and b o t t o m t r a w l d a t a ( H y l e n

et u.,

1 9 0 9 ; J a k o b s e n ?t a l . , 1 9 8 9 a n d u n p u b l . d a t a ) . T h e t a b l e b e l o w p r e s e n t s t h e m e a n l e n g t h ( c m ) a n d w e i g h t ( g r a m s l a t J a n u a r y 1 a n d a n n u a 1 w e i g h t i n c r e m e n t ( g r a m s i o f cod i n 1 9 8 4 by a g e g r o u p ( A n o n . , 1 9 9 0 a n d u n p u b l . d a t a ) :

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Cod a g e g r o u p

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Length at -

January 1 12.7 22.5 3 4 . 4 5 0 . 4 6 0 . 0 70.2 85.0

Weight at

January t 2 5 21 1 5 3 0 1200 1900 29 10 3 9 7 O

Weight

i n c r e m e n t 9 8 2 5 0 3 8 O 5 10 1 0 4 0 1260 1070

We d e n o t e t h e d a i l y r a t i o n f o r e a c h cod a g e g r o u p by R , t h e a v e r a g e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t by 5 . t h e a v e r a g e p r e d a t o r w e i g h t by W lali in g r a m s ) , and t h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h by L ( c m ) . T is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e in C.

The six g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s , d a t a and w a y s t o c a l c u l a t e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s w e r e :

1 . SANMOD. E x p o n e n t i a l m o d e l based o n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t prey s p e c i e s and t e m p e r a t u r e s d o n e in N o r t h e r n N o r w a y ( d o s S a n t o s , pers.

comm.; M e h l , 1 9 8 9 ; B o g s t a d and T j e l m e l a n d , 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e a c t u a l e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s used r e r e :

a m p h i p o d s and c a p e l i n E

=

0.0077 + 0.0072T a l l o t h e r prey s p e c i e s E = -0.0011 + 0.0066T

w h e r e

E

is r a t e o f e v a c u a t i o n per hour. T h e c o n s u m p t i o n per d a y i s then given by :

R = E - S . 24

2. NORMOD. L i n e a r m o d e l f r o m t h e N o r t h S e a w l t h c o n s t a n t d l g e s t i o n time f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t p r e d a t o r l e n g t h g r o u p s ( D a a n , 1 9 7 3 ) . 2 5 is taken to be t h e i n i t i a l m e a l s i z e , and t h e d a i l y r a t i o n is c a l c u l a t e d as:

R = 2 S l D

w h e r e D is t h e d i g e s t i o n t i m e in d a y s . T h e d i g e s t i o n t i m e s for t h e different cod a g e g r o u p s a r e f o u n d by D = 5 . L , w h e r e t h e d i g e s t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t B is e s t i m a t e d t o 0.06 ( D a a n , 1 9 7 3 ) .

3. NORTEMP. T h e North S e a m o d e l , a p p l y i n g t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r correlation f o r t h e d i g e s t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a s u s e d by t h e M u l t i s p e c i e s Assessment W o r k i n g G r o u p in t h e N o r t h Sea ( A n o n . , 1 9 8 7 ; M e h l , 1989):

w h e r e 6 is t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b t a i n e d d i g e s t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t at t e m p e r a ? u r e T O . T h e d i g e s t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s o f D a a n 119731 w e r e carried out. at 12' C.

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C . I C E M O D . I c e l a n d i c m o d e l f o r d a i l y c o n s u m p t i o n ( M a g n u s s o n a n d P a l s s o n , 1 9 8 9 , 1 9 9 0 ) , b a s e d o n d a t a o b t a i n e d by J o n e s ( 1 9 7 4 ) :

5 . B O D M O D . F o o d c o n s u m p t i o n d e p e n d e n t o n b o d y s i z e ( w e i g h t ) and p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s t o m a c h w e i g h t ( f r o m U r s i n

g a.,

1 9 8 4 ) :

6 . B R O M O D . L i n e a r m o d e l w i t h c o n s t a n t a m o u n t o f f o o d d i g e s t e d p e r h o u r , d e r i v e d f r o m B r o m l e y ( 1 9 8 9 ) .

w h e r e 2 - S i s t a k e n t o be t h e i n l t i a l m e a l s i z e . B r o m l e y f o u n d a n a v e r a g e e v a c u a t i o n r a t e o f 1 . 5 9 1 o f t h e i n i t i a l m e a l s i z e p e r h o u r f o r N e ~ h r o ~ s a n d 1.762 f o r s p r a t . W @ h a v e c h o s e n t o u s e 1.762 f o r all p r e y s p e c i e s , b e c a u s e w e b e l i e v e m o s t s p e c i e s e a t e n by N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d , i n c l u d e d c r u s t a c e a n s a s P a n d a l u s b o r e a l i s , a r e m o r e d i g e s t i b l e t h a n N e p h r o p s .

W e s e e t h a t i n S A N M O D , N O R T E M P a n d

I C E M O D

t h e e v a c u a t i o n r a t e , a n d t h u s t h e c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e , i n c r e a s e s w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e , w h i l e it i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e o t h e r m o d e l s . W e a l s o s e e t h a t i n N O R M O D a n d 8 0 D M O D t h e c o n s u m p t i o n , g i v e n a n a v e r a g e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t , d e c r e a s e s w i t h f i s h s i z e , w h i l e it i n I C E M O D i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y w i t h

f i s h s i z e . I C E M O D a l s 0 d i f f e r s f r o m t h e o t h e r m o d e l s b e c a u s e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n i n I C E M O D i s p r o p o r t i o n a l w i t h t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t , w h i l e it i n a l l t h e o t h e r m o d e l s i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t i t s e l f . It s h o u l d a l c o be n o t e d t h a t S A N M O D i s t h e o n l y m o d e l w i t h a p r e y - d e p e n d e n t e v a c u a t i o n r a t e .

T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s u s e d i n S A N M O D , N O R T E M P a n d I C E M O D a r e c a l c u l a t e d by a t e m p e r a t u r e m o d e l w h i c h i s a l s 0 u s e d by t h e m u l t i s p e c i e s m o d e l f o r t h e B a r e n t c S e a . Data f r o m s t a n d a r d h y d r o g r a p h i c s e c t i o n s ( F u g l ø y a - B j ~ r n ø y a , V a r d 0 N , Kola s e c t i o n ) a r e u s e d . At d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s a n d o v e r d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e s e c t i o n s F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s i s u s e d o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s t h e n i n t e g r a t e d o v e r t i m e a n d a r e a t o g i v e o n e t e m p e r a t u r e f o r e a c h y e a r , a r e a a n d m o n t h . T h e p r o c e d u r e i s d o c u m e n t e d in A l v a r e z and T j e l m e l a n d ( 1 9 8 9 ) . W @ h a v e u s e d a d e p t h o f 1 0 0 m i n o u r c a l c u l a t i o n s .

T h e c o d s t o c k ' s t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n

- - - e - - -

T a b l e 1 p r e s e n t s t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e m a i n prey s p e c i e s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s .

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T a b l e 1. T h e N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d s t o c k ' s c o n s u m p t i o n in 1 0 0 0 t o n n e s o f t h e m a i n p r e y s p e c i e s i n 1 9 8 4 , by g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l ( 1 - 6 )

G a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l

P r e y - S A N N O 2 NOR I C E B O D B R O

s p e c i e s M O D M O D T E M P M O D M O D M O D

A m p h l p o d s 2 3 2 6 13 17 19 19

S h r i m p 8 0 1 1 2 1 5 5 8 5 81 4 8 6 7 1 0 2 5

C a p e l i n 1 4 5 0 1 3 1 9 6 O 8 9 4 8 9 2 7 1 4 3 0

H e r r i n g 127 1 9 4 9 7 108 13 1 146

COd 4 8 3 7 18 5 1 2 7 6 0

H a d d o c k 7 0 1 0 9 5 3 7 6 8 1 9 0

R e d f i s h 5 3 9 6 8 1 321 5 4 6 4 7 7 7 2 6

O t h e r s 5 4 6 8 2 6 411 5 3 1 6 0 5 6 3 3

T o t a l 3 6 0 4 4 4 0 7 2 1 0 6 3 0 8 9 3 1 1 6 4 129

T o t l T S B 3 . 6 4 . 4 2.1 3.1 3.1 4.1

T h e t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n s r a n g e f r o m 2.1 m i l l i o n t o n n e s ( N O R T E M P ) t o 4.4 m i l l i o n t o n n e s ( N O R M O D ) . B e c a u s e t h e b i o m a s s o f t h e c o d s t o c k w a s a l m o s t 1 m i l l i o n t o n n e s ( 9 9 7 . 0 0 0 1 J a n u a r y 1 1 9 8 4 , t h e r a t i o s t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n / t o t a l s t o c k b i o m a s s ( T S B ) a l s o r a n g e f r o m 2.1 t o 4.4 a n d t h e t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n per d a y f r o m 0.51 o f t h e s t o c k b i o m a s s t o 1.22.

In a l l s i x m o d e l s c a p e l i n c o n t r i b u t e d m o s t , S A N M O D t h e h i g h e s t w i t h 1.45 m i l l . t o n n e s . N O R M O D g a v e t h e h i g h e s t c o n s u m p t i o n o f d e e p s e a s h r i m p (1.2 m i l l . t o n n e s ) , h e r r i n g a n d h a d d o c k , w h i l e B R O M O D r e s u l t e d i n t h e h i g h e s t c o n s u m p t i o n o f r e d f i s h a n d c o d . I C E M O D a n d B O D M 0 0 c a m e out w i t h t h e m o s t s i m i l a r r e s u l t s .

C o n s u m p t i o n p e r c o d

T h e n e x t t a b l e s u m m a r i z e s a n n u a 1 c o n s u m p t i o n per cod f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s .

T a b l e 2. A n n u a 1 c o n s u m p t i o n p e r cod ( g r a m s i i n t h e N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d s t o c k i n 1 9 8 4 by a g e g r o u p and g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l ( 1 - 6 ) .

G a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l

A g e - S A N NOR NOR I C € B O D B R O

g r o u p M O D M O D T E M P M O D M O D M O D

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T h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s l x m o d e l s a r e m o r e p r o n o u n c e d h e r e t h a n f o r t h e t o t a l s t o c k ' s c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e y o u n g e s t a n d o l d e s t a g e g r o u p s . F o r a g e l S A N M O D g a v e t h e l o w e s t a n n u a 1 c o n s u m p t i o n ( 1 6 5 g ) a n d N O R M O D t h e h i g h e s t ( 6 1 5 g ) . In a g e g r o u p 2 and 3 N O R M O D a g a r n c a m e o u t h i g h e s t a n d I C E M O D and , N O R T E M P l o w e s t . F o r a l l o l d e r a g e g r o u p s ( 4 - 7 1 N O R T E M P g a v e t h e l o w e s t c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c o d , w h i l e B R O M O D r e s u l t e d i n t h e h i g h e s t c o n s u m p t i o n . T a b l e 3 g i v e s t h e d a i l y c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c o d i n p e r c e n t o f t h e b o d y - w e i g h t ( d a i l y c o e f f i c i e n t ) .

T a b l e 3. D a i l y c o e f f i c i e n t by a g e g r o u p a n d g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l f o r N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c cod in 1984.

- G a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l

A g e - S A N NOR NOR I C E B O D B R O

g r o u p M O D M O D T E M P M O D M O D M O D

1 1 . 8 6 . 7 3 . 3 1.9 5 . C 2.2

2 1.6 3.1 1.5 1.1 2.0 1.8

3 l . C 1.8 1 . 1 1.1 1.3 1.6

4 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.6 1 . 1

5 1.1 0.8 0.4 1 . O O. 6 1.2

6 1 . 1 0.7 0.3 1 .O 0.5 1 . 2

7

*

1.2 9'6 0.3 1 .O 0.5 1.3

A l l m o d e l s g a v e h i g h e s t c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e y o u n g e s t a g e g r o u p s a n d l o w e s t f o r t h e o l d e r . In N O R M O D t h e c o e f f i c i e n t r a n g e d f r o m 6.7 t o 0.6

( v a r i a t i o n w i t h a f a c t o r I l ) , w h i l e i n S A N M O D , I C E M O D a n d B R O M O D t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s oc.j r a n g e d f r o m a b o u t 2 t o 1 . O t h e r w i s e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m o d e l s s h o w t h e s a m e t r e n d a s f o r t h e a n n u a 1 c o n s u m p t i o n per c o d . I n m o s t m o d e l s a g e g r o u p 4 c a m e o u t w i t h a l o w c o e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d t o t h e o l d e r a g e g r o u p s .

F o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y

- - - m - - -

T a b l e 4 p r e s e n t s t h e a n n u a 1 w e i g h t i n c r e m e n t i n p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a 1 c o n s u m p t i o n ( f o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y

-

F C E I .

T a b l e 4. F o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y ( 1 ) by a g e g r o u p a n d g a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l i n t h e N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d s t o c k in 1984.

G a s t r i c e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l

A g e - S A N NOR NOR I C E B O D B R O

g r o u p M O D M O D T E M P M O D M O D M O D

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H e r e t h e p i c t u r e i s a l i t t l e b i t m o r e c o m p l e x . S A N M O D , I C E M O D and B R O M O D had t h e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e y o u n g e s t a g e g r o u p s a n d t h e l o w e s t for t h e o l d e s t f i s h . T h e F C E r a n g e d f r o m a b o v e 5 0 % t o b e l o w 101. N O R M O D , N O R T E M P and B O D M O D h a d l e s s v a r i a n c e ( f r o m 9 t o 1 4 1 ) b e t w e e n t h e d r f f e r e n t a g e g r o u p s , a n d a g e 5 a n d 6 c a m e o u t w ~ t h t h e h i g h e s t FCEs. In a l l m o d e l s a g e 5 h a d a h i g h e r F C E t h a n a g e 4 , A l l o v e r N O R M O D h a d t h e l o w e s t F C E a n d N O R T E M P t h e h i g h e s t ( o p p o s i t e o f c o n s u m p t l o n p e r c o d l .

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f c a p e l i n c a l c u l a t e d by t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s s e e m t o be r e a s o n a b l e c o m p a r e d t o t h e s t o c k e s t i m a t e of 2.8 m i l l i o n t o n n e s a u t u m n 1 9 8 4 ( A n o n . 1 9 8 5 ) . T h e b i o m a s s o f s h r i m p i n t h e B a r e n t s Sea and S p i t s b e r g e n a r e a i n 1 9 8 4 w a s e s t i m a t e d t o a b o u t 4 7 5 . 0 0 0 t o n n e s ( H y l e n

.

1 9 8 4 1 , a n d a l l t h e m o d e l s h a v e h i g h e r c o n s u m p t i o n e s t i m a t e s o f s h r i m p . But it m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t a l s o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s h r i m p s t o c k i s a v a i l a b l e f o r p r e d a t i o n , a n d t h a t t h e b i o m a s s e s t i m a t e o n l y i s a n i n d e x f o r w h a t i s c a u g h t by b o t t o m - t r a w l in a l i m i t e d a r e a a n d n o t r e p r e s e n t s t h e b i o m a s s o f t h e t o t a l s h r i m p s t o c k . But s t i l l t h e c o n s u m p t i o n s e s t i m a t e d by N O R M O D a n d B R O M O D s e e m s a l i t t l e t o o h i g h . S A N M O D s e e m s t o g i v e t h e m o s t c o r r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c o n s u m p t i o n o f c a p e l i n a n d o f s h r i m p .

F o r t h e o t h e r p r e y s p e c l e s it i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o m p a r e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n and s t o c k e s t i m a t e s , b e c a u s e it i s m a i n l y y o u n g a g e g r o u p s ( 0 - 3 ) t h a t a r e preyed u p o n a n d t h e s t o c k e s t i m a t e s o f t h e s e a g e g r o u p s a r e e i t h e r n o t a v a i l a b l e o r t h e y a r e v e r y u n c e r t a i n . B u t i n t h e w o r k o f M e h l ( 1 9 8 9 ) w h e r e N O R T E M P w a s u s e d , s e v e r a l a g e g r o u p s o f h e r r i n g , c o d a n d h a d d o c k w e r e f o u n d t o b e " o v e r c o n s u m e d " , e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n w a s o v e r e s t i m a t e d o r t h e s t o c k b i m a s s e s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , F o r t h e o t h e r m o d e l s t h i s 'overconsumption' w i l l be e v e n l a r g e r .

If t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t i s v e r y l a r g e , w h i c h m a y o c c u r w h e n t h e c o d i s f e e d i n g h e a v i l y o n m a t u r e c a p e l i n , a l l m o d e l s e x c e p t I C E M O D m a y g i v e an o v e r e s t i m a t e o f t h e c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h e c o n s u m p t i o n i n a l l m o d e l s e x c e p t I C E M O D i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e a v e r a g e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t . T h e r e o b v i o u s l y i s a n u p p e r l i m i t on h o w m u c h c a n be e v a c u a t e d i n g r a m s p e r h o u r , a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e m a y e x c e e d t h i s l i m i t i f t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t i s v e r y l a r g e . T h i s m a y , a t least. i n p a r t , e x p l a i n w h y t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f c a p e l i n g e t s t o o big i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s t o c k s i z e , w h e n o n e u s e s S A N M O D on c a p e l i n i n 1 9 8 5 ( s e e M e h l , 1 9 8 9 1 .

T h e consurnptnon p e r c o d c a l c u l a t e d by S A N M O D , I C E M O D and B R O M O D s e e m s t o be t o o l o w f o r y o u n g c o d ( t h e F C E g e t s t o o h i g h ) , w h i b e t h e r e s u l t f o r t h e o t h e r t h r e e m o d e l s s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e . F o r o l d e r c o d ( 4 + ) , t h e c o n s u m p t l o n 1 s s i m i l a r f o r S A N M O D , I C E M O D a n d B R O M O D , w h i l e N O R M O D a n d B O D M O O g l v e a s o m e w h a t l o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n . N O R T E M P u n d o u b t e d l y g i v e s t o 0 l o w c o n s u m p t i o n f o r o l d e r f i s h . In t h e B a r e n t s S e a , t h e d i e t o f old cod d l f f e r s l e s s i n p r e y s p e c l e s a n d s i z e f r o m t h e d i e t of y o u n g cod t h a n ln t h e N o r t h S e a , nnd t h e e v a c u a t r o n r a t e p r o b a b l y d e c r e a s e s l e s s w i t h I n c r e a s i n g a g e .

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T h e d a i l y c o e f f i c i e n t s r a n g e f r o m 1 . 8 % ( S A N M O D ) t o 6 . 7 % ( N O R M O D ) f o r a g e 1 c o d ( 1 2 . 7 c m ) a n d f r o m 0 . 3 2 ( N O R T E M P I t o 1 . 3 2 ( B R O D M O D ) f o r a g e 7 cod ( 8 5 c m ) . D a a n ( 1 9 7 3 1 , u s i n g N O R M O D , f o u n d a d a i l y c o e f f i c i e n t o f 5.32 f o r 1 0 c m c o d a n d 0 . 6 2 f o r 8 0 c m c o d i n t h e N o r t h S e a . M a g n u s s o n and P a l s s o n ( 1 9 8 9 ) e s t i m a t e d t h e d a i l y r o ~ f f l c k p n t t n 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 1 f o r c o d i n I c e l a n d i c w a t e r s , u s i n g I C E M O D . F o r c o s t a 1 Norwegian c o d . K r i s t i a n s e n ( 1 9 8 7 ) f o u n d v a l u e s o f 0 . 5 t o 1 . 7 % f o r 1 5 - 3 5 c m f i s h , a n d 0.6 t o 1.92 f o r 3 5 - 5 0 c m f i s h , using t h e e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l o f J o n e s ( 1 9 7 4 ) . In t h e N o r t h w e s t A t l a n t i c O u r b i n et a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) e s t i m a t e d d a l l y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0 . 9 t o 1 . 5 % f o r cod

>

3 0 c m . In a l l t h e s e a s w e l l as l n o t h e r l n v e s t i g a t i o n s t h e l o w e r and u p p e r v a l u e s f o r s m a l l a n d l a r g e cod s e e m t o be r e a s o n a b l y w e l l w i t h l n t h e s a m e r a n g e . But i f o n e i s i n t e r e s t e d i n c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e s t o be u s e d i n m u l t i s p e c i e s m o d e l s f o r m a n a g e m e n t , t h l s i s n o t p r e c i s e e n o u g h . T h e e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s a n d s t o m a c h d a t a b a s e s m u s t b e i m p r o v e d , a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s e v a l u a t e d a g a i n s t o t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s .

B r o m l e y ( 1 9 8 6 ) c a l c u l a t e d t h e F C E s f o r t h e M S V P A p r e d a t o r s p e e i e s . H e f o u n d e f f i c i e n c i e s o f 2 0 - 3 0 2 f o r y o u n g f i s h a n d o f 7 - 9 1 f o r o l d m a t u r e f i s h . E x c e p t f o r a g e g r o u p 1 , t h i s i s a l m o s t s i m i l a r t o t h e r e s u l t s o f S A N M O D , I C E M O D a n d B R O M O D .

J o b l i n g ( 1 9 8 8 ) g i v e s t h e f o o d c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y e x p r e s s e d a s kJ r e q u i r e d per g g a i n . I f t h e f o o d is a s s u m e d t o b e c a p e l i n w i t h a c a l o r i c c o n t e n t o f 7 . 7 k J / g , t h i s g i v e s F C E s r a n g i n g f r o m 23.72 f o r 2 5 0 9 ( a g e 21 c o d t o 1 4 . 2 2 f o r 2 0 0 0 9 ( a g e 5 1 c ~ d at G C. B e c a u s e t h e Z v e r r g e z u l o r i c t o n t e n t o f t h e f o o d of c o d i n t h e B a r e n t s S e a i s l e s s , and w i l d f i s h h a s a l o w e r F C E t h a n f i s h i n c a p t u r e , t h i s c a n b e r e g a r d e d as a n u p p e r l i m i t f o r t h e FCE.

W h e n c o m p a r i n g t h i s t o t h e r e s u l t s in T a b l e 4 , w e s e e t h a t N O R T E M P g i v e s a t o o h i g h F C E . T h e o t h e r F C E s s e e m r e a s o n a b l e , e x c e p t f o r a g e 1

f o r S A N M O D , I C E M O O a n d B R O M O D . For t h e o l d e s t a g e g r o u p s , N O R M O D a n d B O D M O D s e e m t o g i v e a s o m e w h a t h i g h F C E . T h e i n c r e a s e i n F C E f r o m a g e 4 t o a g e 5 r e f l e c t s t h e s t o m a c h d a t a . T h i s c a n b e i m p r o v e d i f w e u s e a g e - l e n g t h k e y s t o a g e - d i s t r i b u t e t h e f i s h s a m p l e d , i n s t e a d o f u s i n g t h e a g e r e a d i n g o n l y o f t h e f i s h used f o r s t o m a c h s a m p l i n g . W e w o u l d t h e n b e a b l e t o u s e a l a r g e r m a t e r i a l o f a g e - r e a d i n g s , a n d t h u s g e t a m o r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n .

T h e c o n s u m p t i o n c a l c u l a t e d by N O R M O D , N O R T E M P a n d B O D M O D w o u l d be s o m e w h a t l o w e r , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e y o u n g e r a g e g r o u p s , i f t h e m e a n l e n g t h t w e i g h t d u r i n g t h e y e a r had b e e n u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e l e n g t h t w e i g h t at J a n u a r y 1. T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h e e v a c u a t i o n r a t e f o r t h e s e m o d e l s f o r a g i v e n s t o m a c h c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f i s h s i z e . T h e o p p o s i t e i s t r u e f o r I C E M O D , b u t t h e e f f e c t h e r e i s s m a l l e r .

In I C E M O D , t h e c o n s u m p t i o n i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e a v e r a g e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t . M a g n u s s o n and P a l s c o n ( 1 9 8 9 ) h a v e fuunii i h a E a v ( l s ) = 0.84 / ( a v i s ) ) , w h e r e s i s t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t . T h e y h a v e b a s e d t h i c c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r o n a f e w s a m p l e s , a s t h e y u s u a l l y d o n o t r e c o r d t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l f i s h . W e h a v e c a l c u l a t e d t h i s c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r f o r e a c h a r e a t t i m e l a g e g r o u p c o m b i n a t i o n u s e d in o u r c o n s u m p t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t i s s h o w n i n t a b l e 5.

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Table

5 .

Conversion factor between the average of the square root of the stomach content and the square root of the average of the stomach content, by area, halfyear and age group, calculated from stomach samples of cod from the Barents Sea in

1 9 8 1 .

Age- 1.halfyear 2.halfyear

group Area Area

II+IV III+V II+IV III+V VI+VII

We see that this conversion factor is very variable, and in most cases lower than

0 . 8 4 .

Thus, we would get a somewhat lower consumption if w e had computed the average of the square root of the stomach content directly instead of using the square root of the average stomach content and the

0 . 8 1

conversion factor.

In dos Santos (1990) a more sophisticated model for stomach evacuation, which includes both temperature effects, prey species effects and meab size effects is presented. This work was finished so late that it was impossible for us to make use of it in this paper. A quick calculation shows, however, that the consumption calculated by this new model seems to be lower than the consumption calculated by SANMOD.

I n both Magnusson and Palsson

( 1 9 8 9 )

and Bogstad and Tjelmeland

(19901, it was found that the acoustic abundance estimate of capelin, the consumption rate and the VPA estimate of cod did not match. In both cases, the capelin abundance estimate was scaled up in order to make the data source fit together. We have shown that the models for consumption used in these two papers give a similar result (somewhat higher consumption with SANMOD than with ICEMOD), which is reasonable.

Using a model which gives a lower consumption, e.g. Santos' new model, would reduce or eliminate the need for scaling. However, SANMOD and

ICEMOO gives reasonable FCEs for older fish.

When evaluating these calculations, one should always keep in mind that the representativity of the samples may be seriously questioned.

This applies both to geographical distribution, pelagic/demersal

samples and distribution in time. Aijad (1990) has demonstrated that

for data sampled in the Barents Sea in February 1986 the average

stomach content is significantly higher in pelagic samples than in

demersal samples. Due to the difficulties of sampling cod with a

pelagic trawl, the cod residing in the pelagic layer is usually

underrepresented in the stomach samples. This will lead to an

underestimate of the average stomach content, and hence the

consumption, for all models.

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C O N C L U S I O N S

N O R T E M P g i v e s t o o l o w c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t o o h i g h F C E , a n d t h i s s h o w s t h a t it i s n o t v a l i d t o t r a n s p o r t a t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n very a l f f e r e n t a r e a s or a r e a s w i t h a l a r g e a i f f e r e n c e i n t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e c o n s u m p t i o n f o r t h e y o u n g e s t a g e - g r o u p s i s t o o l o w i n s o m e m o d e l s b e c a u s e t h e s e a g e - g r o u p s h a v e n o t b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e f e e d l n g e x p e r i m e n t s . In o t h e r m o d e l s , t h e r e m a y b e t o o h i g h c a n s u m p t i o n f o r t h e o l d e r a g e g r o u p s , b e c a u s e t h e s e m o d e l s a r e b a s e d o n s t o m a c h d a t a f r o m a r e a s w i t h o t h e r p r e y c o m p o s i t i o n t h a n in t h e B a r e n t s S e a . It i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t w i t h e v a c u a t i o n m o d e l s a s a c c u r a t e a s p o s s i b l e ; A v a r i a t i o n i n F C E b e t w e e n 102 a n d 2 0 % m e a n s a v a r i a t i o n i n c o n s u m p t i o n o f 1 0 0 2 , a n d t h i s i s t o o m u c h w h e n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f s o m e i m p o r t a n t prey s p e c i e s a r e o f t h e s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a s t h e c a t c h , T h e e v a c u a t i o n r a t e s m u s t be b a s e d o n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h f i s h o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s f r o m t h e a c t u a l p r e d a t o r s t o c k s , f e d n'atural prey a t t h e a c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e s . D i f f e r e n t m e a l s i z e s a n d c o m b i n e d m e a l s ( m o r e t h a n o n e prey s p e c i e s at t h e s a m e t i m e ) s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d . T h e r e s u l t s s h o u l d be m e a s u r e d a g a i n s t u p p e r l i m i t F C E s f r o m o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s .

N o n e o f t h e s i x m o d e l s a r e t o t a l y s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t h i s r e s p e c t , but S A N M O D , w i t h t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d e x e p t i o n s , s e e m s t o m e e t t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s best f o r c o d i n t h e B a r e n t s S e a .

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A i j a d , A.M. 1990. V a r i a b i l i t i e s i n s t o m a c h c o n t e n t s of c o d , c o l l e c t e d by d e m e r s a l and p e l a g i c t r a w l in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e Barents Sea.

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A n o n . , 1990. Report o f t h e A r c t i c F i s h e r i e s W o r k i n g Group. C o p e n h a g e n , 19-28 S e p t e m b e r 1989. ICES CM 1 9 9 0 l A s s e s s : 4 .

B o g s t a d , B., and T j e l m e l a n d , S. 1990. Estirnation o f p r e d a t i o n m o r t a l i t i e s on c a p e l i n using a c o d - c a p e l i n m o d e l f o r t h e B a r e n t s Sea.

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d o s S a n t o s , J . 1990. A s p e c t s o f t h e e c o - p h y s i o l o g y o f p r e d a t i o n in A t l a n t i c cod ( G a d u s m o r h u a L.) Or. s c i e n t t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Troms@, 1990. 116pp.

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A n a l y s i s of s t o m a c h c o n t e n t s o f A t l a n t i c csd ( G a d u s m o r h u a ) and s i l v e r h a k e ( M e r l u c c i u s b i l i n e a r i s ) for t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f d a i l y r a t i o n s . ICES CM 1980lL: 6 0 .

H y P e n , A., L o e n g , H., M e h l , S . , and N e d r e a a s , K . 1989. E s t i m a t e s of s t o c k s i z e of c o d , h a d d o c k , r e d f i s h and G r e e n l a n d h a l i b u t in t h e B a r e n t s Sea and t h e S v a l b a r d area a u t u m n 1988. I C E S CM 1 9 8 9 1 6 : 39.

H y l e n , A., T v e r a n g e r , B . , and Ø y n e s , P. 1984. N o r w e g i a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e d e e p sea s h r i m p ( P a n d a l u s b o r e a l i s ) in t h e B a r e n t s S e a in A p r i l

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E s t i m a t e s of s t o c k s i z e o f N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d and h a d d o c k , S e b a s t e s m e n t e l l a and S e b a s t e s m a r i n u s f r o m s u r v e y d a t a , w i n t e r 1989. ICES CM

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( M e r l a n ~ i u s m e r l a n a u s ) . J. C o n s . i n t . E x p l o r . M e r , 3 5 1 3 ) : 2 2 5 - 2 4 3 . K r i s t i a n s e n , T . S. 1 9 8 7 . V e k s t o g e r n æ r r n g t i l u t s a t t o p p d r e t t e t

t u ~ b k e y n g e i c g v i i l t o r s k ( G a d u s m o r h u a L . ) L - H e r m a r k s p o l l e n , A u s t e v o l l . T h e s i s , u n l v e r & t y o f B e r g e n , 1 9 8 7 . F 3 C P .

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M e h l , S. 1 9 8 9 . T h e N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d s t o c k ' s c o n s u m p t i o n o f c o m m e r c i a l l y e x p l o i t e d p r e y s p e c i e s i n 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 6 . R a p p . P . - v . R e u n . C o n s . i n t . E x p l o r . M e r , 1 8 8 : 1 8 5 - 2 0 5 .

M e h l , S . , and s u n n a n d , K . 1 9 9 0 . C h a n g e s i n g r o w t h o f N o r t h e a s t A r c t i c c o d i n r e l a t i o n t o f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n i n 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 8 . R a p p . P . - v . R e u n . C o n s . i n t . E x p l s r . M e r , % x : 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 .

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( w

m o r h u a l e s t i m a t e d f r o m

s t o m a c h c o n t e n t s a n d g r o w t h r a t e s . I C E S C M 1 9 8 6 1 6 : 4 3 .

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