SedimentationintheRitlandImpact Structure,westernNorway
By
Abdus Samad Azad
DissertationpresentedforthedegreeofPhilosophiae Doctor
FacultyofMathematicsandNaturalSciences DepartmentofGeosciences,UniversityofOslo
Oslo,Norway
May,2013
© Abdus Samad Azad, 2013
Series of dissertations submitted to the
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo No. 1352
ISSN 1501-7710
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Preface
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Acknowledgements
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SedimentationintheRitlandImpactStructure,westernNorway
Abstract
AbdusSamadAzad,DepartmentofGeosciences,UniversityofOslo.
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ScientificResults
ListofpapersPaper1:ǡǤǤǡǡǤǡ ǡǤǡǡǤƬǡ ǤʹͲͳʹǣǦ
Ǧ ǡ ǤNorwegian JournalofGeology,Vol.92(4),p.405Ǧ431.
Paper2:ǡǤǤǡǡǤǡǡ ǤƬǡǤʹͲͳ͵ǣǦ
ǡǤInprint,NorwegianJournalofGeology,Vol.93(1), p.37Ǧ58.
Paper3:ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤʹͲͳ͵ǣ Ǧ
ǤInreview,MeteoriticsandPlanetaryScienceJournal.
Listofconferenceabstractsandposter
Abstract 1: Azad, A. S., Tomczyk, M., Dypvik, H., Kalleson, E., & Riis, F., 2011: Syn-impact and early post-impact sedimentation in the Ritland impact structure, Abstracts and Proceedings of the NGF. Stavanger, Norway.
Abstract 2: Azad, A. S., Dypvik, H., Kalleson, E., & Riis, F., 2012: Late-post impact sedimentation in the Ritland impact structure, Conference abstract in 30th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting.
Reykjavik, Iceland.
Abstract 3: Azad, A. S., Dypvik, H., Kalleson, E. & Riis, F. 2012: Sedimentation in the Ritland impact structure, western Norway. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas.
(Abstract # 1281).
Poster 1: Azad, A. S., Dypvik, H., Kalleson, E. & Riis, F. 2012: Sedimentation in the Ritland impact structure, western Norway. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas.
TableofContents
Preface i
Acknowledgements ii
Abstract iii
ScientificResults vi
Tableofcontents vii 1. INTRODUCTIONTOIMPACTCRATERING
ͳǤͳǤ ͳ
ͳǤʹǤ ͵
ͳǤ͵Ǥ Ͷ
ͳǤͶǤ
ͳǤͷǤ ȋ Ȍ ͺ
ͳǤǤ ͳͳ
ͳǤǤ ͳͺ
2. GEOLOGICALSETTING
ʹǤͳǤ ʹͳ
ʹǤʹǤ ʹ͵
ʹǤ͵Ǥ ʹͷ
ʹǤͶǤ ʹ
3. SUMMARYOFTHEPAPERS
͵ǤͳǤ ʹͺ
͵ǤʹǤ ͳ ʹͻ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ ʹ ͵Ͳ
͵ǤͶǤ ͵ ͵ͳ
ͶǤ REFERENCES ͵͵
5. THEPAPERS
ͷǤͳǤ ͳ ͷǤʹǤ ʹ ͷǤ͵Ǥ ͵
6. APPENDIX(Conferenceabstractsandposter)
ͳ
CHAPTER1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitionandimportanceofimpactcratering
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ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡȋʹͲͲȌǡȋʹͲͲͺȌ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ
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ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ
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ǡǤǤ ǡǡ ǤIn addition, increased knowledge of impact cratering has been instrumental in discovering commercial accumulations of mineral and hydrocarbon deposits in impact structures.
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Fig.1.1.AverageintervalofyearsbetweenimpactsontheEarthofnearǦEarthasteroidsofdifferent diameters.Smallimpactorsaremorefrequentcomparedtolargerobjects(Atkinsonetal.,2000).
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ǤȋεͳͲͲȌǡ
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ȋ Ǥ ͳǤͳȌ ȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ
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1.2. Historyofimpactcrateringscience
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Ǥǯȋͳͺͻ͵ȌTheMoon’sFace
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1.3. Formationofimpactcraters
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ǡȌ ȋ Ȍ
ȋǤǡͳͻͺǢǡͳͻͺͻǢ ǡͳͻͻͺǢǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ
ͷ
1.3.1Contactandcompression
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ȋ ͳͲͲ Ȍ ȋ ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ǡ
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Fig.1.2Developmentofasimpleimpactstructure(fromFrench,1998).Descriptionofthe progressivedevelopmentofthestructureisgiveninthetext.
1.3.2Excavationandtransientcratergrowth
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Ǧ ȋ ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤthe excavationstageǡ ȋ Ǥ ͳǤʹǤ Ȍ
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1.3.3Modificationofthetransientcavity
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ȋǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤSub-horizontal units of allogenic breccias and impact-melts (thickening along the crater walls and thinning at the central uplift) may occur as crater-fill materials (French, 1998).
1.4. Cratermorphology
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ȋ ǤͳǤ͵ǤǡƬ ȌǤ
ȋ ǤͳǤ͵ƬȌǤ
Fig.1.3ExamplesofsimpleandcomplexterrestrialandMartiancraters.(a)Aerialphotoofthe1.2 kmdiameterBarringer(MeteorCrater),Arizona,U.S.A.imagecredit:NASA(b)Martiansimple crater1kmindiameter,260mdeep(c)GroundphotooftheBarringercratershowinginside cratermorphology,imagecredit:EarthImpactDatabase,(d)Thecomplex/multiǦringVredefort impactstructure,300kmindiameter,FreeState,SouthAfrica.Imagesource:EarthImpact Database.(e)TheZunil,10.4kmMartiancomplexcrater.
Imagesource(b):http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/moc/R1502146#start ImageSource(e):http://www.uahirise.org/PSP_002252_1880
a. b.
c.
d. e.
ͺ
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ȋǡͳͻͻͻȌȋ ǤͳǤ͵
ƬȌǤǡǤǤǤǦ Ǧȋ ǤͳǤ͵Ƭ ȌǤ Ǧ
ȋǡʹͲͲȌǤ ͳǤʹǡͳͺͲǡ
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ȋȌǦ
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ȋ Ȍǡǡ
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Ǧ Ǧ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Ǧ
ȋ
ǡʹͲͲȌǤ ǮǦ
ǯǢȌʹǤͲʹʹͷͲǦ͵ͲͲ ȋ ǤͳǤ͵ȌǡȌ
ͳǤͺͷʹͲͲǦʹͷͲǡȌͷͳͺͲ
ȋǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ
1.5. Impactrocks(impactites)
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ȋ ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ
ǡǡ ȋ Ȍǡ Ú
ȋʹͲͲȌ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ ǡ
ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ
ȋͳͻͻͺȌ
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ͻ
ȋ ǡ Ǧ ȌǢȌ ǣ
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CraterfloorandsubǦcrater:
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ȋǡͳͻͳȌǤǡ Ǧ
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Craterinterior:Ǧ ǣȌ
ǡȌ
ǡ Ȍ ǡȌ
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Ȍ ǤǦǡ Ǧ
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Ǥ Ǧ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
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ȋ ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ Ǧ ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ ǦǤǦ Ǧ
ǡ ǡ ʹͷǦͷ Ψ
Ǥ
Ejectadeposits: Ǣ
ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ
ȋ Ȍǡ ʹ
Ǥ ǡ
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ǡ ǤǤ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ
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ȋǤǡͳͻͺͲȌǤ
ͳͳ
Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ ȋ
Ȍ
Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Ȁ
ȋȌǤ
1.6. Identificationofimpactcraters
ͳͺ͵
ȋǣȀȀǤ ǤȀ ȀȌǡ
ȋ ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
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ȋ
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Ǧ ȋǡͳͻͻǢ ǡͳͻͻͺǢ ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Ǧ
ǣ ǡ
ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǧ ǡ
ǡȋ Ȍȋ Ȍ
ȋ ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ǡǡ ǡǤ ǡ