Discussion Papers No. 485, October 2006 Statistics Norway, Research Department
Mads Greaker and Yuyu Chen
Can voluntary product-labeling replace trade bans in the case of GMOs?
Abstract:
Genetically modified (GM) food has raised both health-risk fears and environmental concerns. This has led some countries to ban the trade in such food triggering a great deal of controversy among countries. In this paper we ask under what conditions will voluntary labeling of GM-free food be at least as good as a trade ban? And, under what conditions can providing labels for GM-free food be protectionist? Our main finding is that the merits of a product labeling policy depend crucially on the way food products are differentiated. If they are poorly differentiated from the beginning, a labeling policy will probably not function as good as a trade ban does; while if they are already well
differentiated, a labeling policy is likely the optimal policy for the importing country. Finally, as long as consumers' willingness to pay to avoid GM-food is high, a labeling policy is not protectionist. In fact, if products are poorly differentiated from the beginning, foreign firms will probably increase their profit even if they do not choose to label their products.
Keywords: Product-labeling, GMOs, protectionsim, trade policy JEL classification: H2, H7, Q2, Q28
Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to Senior Research Fellow Iulie Aslaksen for her very helpful and valuable comments on earlier drafts.
Address: Mads Greaker, Statistics Norway, Research Department. E-mail: mgr@ssb.no
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H<9 A5F;=B5@ 7CBGIA9F
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=89BH=75@ D5FHG C: G=N9 @@ 7CBGIA9FG HC H<9 @9:H C: H<9 @=B9 ;=J9B 6M 6IM H<9 8CA9GH=7 DFC8I7H 5B8 5@@ 7CBGIA9FG HC H<9 F=;<H C: H<9 @=B9 ;=J9B 6M 6IM H<9 :CF9=;B DFC8I7H .<9 8=J=G=CB C: H<9 A5F?9H =G $&$$* C:G=B79 6CH< DFC8I7HG 5F9 9=H<9F !':F99 CF !' 7CBH5=B=B;
1<9B DFC8I7HG 5F9 8=W9F9BH K=H< F9GD97H HC !' 7CBH9BH K9 C6H5=B
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Horizontal domination
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
x
λ
Vertical domination
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
x
λ
#B =;IF9 H<9 8CA9GH=7 PFA DFC8I79G !':F99 5B8 H<9 :CF9=;B PFA DFC8I79G K=H< !' =BDIHG @@ H<9 7CBGIA9FG HC H<9 @9:H C: H<9 @=B9 89PB98 6M 6IM H<9 8CA9GH=7 DFC8I7H K<9F95G 5@@ H<9 7CBGIA9FG HC H<9 F=;<H C:
H<9 @=B9 6IM H<9 :CF9=;B DFC8I7H (CH9 H<5H K9 5GGIA9 GI7< H<5H 5 7CBGIA9F @C75H98 5H K=@@ CB@M 6IM :FCA PFA =: <9F
1<9B DFC8I7HG 5F9 K9@@ 8=W9F9BH=5H98 :FCA H<9 69;=BB=B; =9 =G <=;<
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