1 1 1

1

Table 2. Table with pellet quality factors for different ingredients Bulk density Pellet

quality¹ Press

capacity¹ Die wear¹

Barley meal 480 5 6 5

Maize meal 610 5 7 6

Milo meal 540 4 6 7

Oat meal 520 2 3 7

Rice 480 5 5 4

Wheat meal 540 8 6 3

Rapeseeed meal 510 6 6 6

Soya bean meal 500 4 5 4

Full-fat soya 480 4 8 3

Sunflower meal 530 6 5 5

Fish meal 640 4 7 5

Fat 900 -10 >10 0

Meat and bone meal 690 4 7 4

Field beans 690 7 5 5

Peas 720 6 5 5

Maize gluten meal 480 4 5 5

Minerals 1000 2 4 10

Beet molasses 1230 7 6 0

Rice bran 320 2 3 6

Lignosulphonate 500 >10 >10 0

1Figures on a scale from 0 (poor contribution) to 10 (high contribution)

15

Carbohydrate

raw materials Change in durability

Wheat 0

Barley 0

Maize -0.07

Oats -0.07

Sorghum -0.05

Wheat bran -0.01

Protein raw materials

Soy bean meal 0

Rape seed meal -0.04

Rape seed -0.56

Peas 0.03

Fish meal -0.16

Maize gluten -0.08

Oils Change in

durability

Soy oil -3.2

D-fat -2.9

AkoFeed G15 -0.6

Other

Molasse 0.27

Limestone 0.17

Holmen durability of pelleted diets with 30

% rapeseeds/70 % barley

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Rapeseed ground 1

mm

Rapeseed

ground 3 mm Whole

rapeseeds Rapeseed

meal + oil

500/50 1000/50

500/60 1000/60 48 h 72 % 2 h

76 % 80 % 84 % 88 % 92 % D u

a r

b i

l i

y t

70 75 80 85 90 95

65 75 85

Conditioning temperature

H ol m en d ur ab ili ty

60 seconds

30 seconds

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Temp after pelleting Holmen durability

Ordinary

conditioning

1 % water added in

conditioner

75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

Distance roll-die in mm

H ol m en d ur ab ili ty

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

5 mm 10 mm 20 mm 40 mm

Knife Condition VS Pellet Quality

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10mm 20mm

Pellet length

PDI (%)

SK-W SK-M WK-W WK-M

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

3 mm die diameter 5 mm die diameter

Maize diet

Maize/barley diet

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hermetic

Bags By hot air

(5min) By hot air

(10min) Without hot

air (5min) Without hot

air (10min) Room

temperature Oven 105 ْ C

% Durability

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

% Moisture

Durability 0 hour Durability 5 days Moisture 0 hours Moisture 5 days

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wheat diet 1 Wheat diet 2 Wheat diet 3

After conditioning

After pelleting

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Wheat diets Barley diets Oats diets

Cold-pelleted

Pelleted at 90 C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ctrl 15%

oats 21%

oats 20%

wheat 21 oats/20

wheat

Holmen durability

Lignotest durability

Particles < 0,1 mm

Particles > 2 mm

Macro-structure

Micro-structure

Effects of pelleting on performance and gut function of broilers (Engberg et al., 2002)

Mash Pellets Feed intake 0-42 d, g 3234 3512 Weight gain 0-42 d, g 1780 2007

Feed/gain 1.81 1.75

Gizzard weight, g/kg BW 16.8 12.3 Pancreas weight, g/kg BW 2.0 1.8

Amylase, U/100 g BW 2647 1882

Lipase, U/100 g BW 29 19

Chymotrypsin, U/100 g BW 71 54

Performance of broilers given wheat diets in mash or pelleted form (Svihus et al., 2004)

Feed

intake Weight

gain Feed/gain AME

Mash

diets 1790 ^b 1065 ^b 1.69 ^a 11.6 ^b

Pelleted

diets 2114 ^a 1341 ^a 1.58 ^b 11.8 ^a

Correlation between percentage pellets at feeder and performance: Results from a

field survey

y = 0,2425x + 15,313 R

= 0,5561

30 32 34 36 38 40 42

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Percentage unbroken pellets at feeders

W ei gh t g ai n p er d ay

Weight gain of broilers from 10 to 32 days of age with varying mash content in diets

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

1.9 %

mash 12.6 %

mash 21.4 %

mash 31.1 %

mash 40.3 %

mash 52.0 % mash

Females Males Average

a a

b b b b

Feed/gain of broilers from 10 to 32 days of age with varying mash content in diets

1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

1.9 %

mash 12.6 %

mash 21.4 %

mash 31.1 %

mash 40.3 %

mash 52.0 % mash

Females Males Average

b b ab ab ab a

40

Effect of pelleting on swine performance

(Skoch et al., 1983)

Mash diet Pelleted diet Daily gain, kg 0.77 0.84

Feed/gain 3.1a 2.88b

Protein dig. 88.1 89.2

Starch dig. 89.7a 91.3b

41

DM digestibility of swine fed diets varying in particle size

Wondra et al., 1995 1.0mm 0.6mm 0.4mm

Average

Mash Pellet 76

78 80 82 84 86 88

%

A

B

42

HM 3.0 Mash Pellet

HM 2.0 Pellet HM 5.0

Weight gain, kg/day Feed intake, kg/day Feed/gain 0

0,5 1 1,5

2 2,5 3

B A A

b b

a

x

y y

Hansen et al., 2004

Swine fed diets with different

particle size

43

Structural effects on gastric ulceration

Hansen et al., 2004 0

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4

Mash HM 3.0 Pellet HM 2.0 Pellet HM 5.0

A A

B

26

44

Effect of processing on starch digestibility in swine (Stein & Bolkhe, 2007)

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100

Control Pellet 75

C Extruded

75 C Extruded

115 C Extruded 155 C

Ileal

Faecal