• No results found

Concrete Matters: Towards an Archaeology of Things

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Concrete Matters: Towards an Archaeology of Things"

Copied!
112
0
0

Laster.... (Se fulltekst nå)

Fulltekst

(1)

!

!

!"#$%&'()!(*$+",-&-./0(/)#-"%(/#-.,#./(",1(.1$#"&-),(

1.2"3&+.,&()!("3#*".)%)4'(",1(/)#-"%(",&*3)2)%)4'(

Concrete Matters

Towards an Archaeology of Things

! óra Pétursdóttir

"(567789:;:6<=(><9(:?8(58@988(<>(

2?6A<7<B?6;8(1<C:<9(

DEAF(GHIJ((

(2)

!

(3)

!

!

!

!

"#$%&'('!)*(('&+!

"#$%&'(!%)!*&+,%-#.#/0!#1!",2)/(!

!

!

!

!

34&%!5678&('4772&!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

*!'2((-&7%72#)!1#&!7,-!'-/&--!#1!5,2.#(#9,2%-!:#+7#&!

!

!

;<=>?@A="B!CD!"@CEAF!

D*G;H"B!CD!I;E*<="=?AJ!ACG=*H!AG=?<G?A!*<:!?:;G*"=C<!

:?5*@"E?<"!CD!*@GI*?CHCKB!*<:!ACG=*H!*<"I@C5CHCKB!!

L;HB!MNOP

(4)

!

!

(5)

!

!

,%-$#./'01'2'$(+!

!

E%)0! ,%Q-! %((2(7-'! $27,! 7,2(! 9&#R-+7J! 2)! #)-! $%0! #&! %)#7,-&J! '2&-+7.0! #&!

2)'2&-+7.0J!7,&#8/,!7,-!.%(7!7,&--!0-%&(!S!+#..-%/8-(J!1&2-)'(!%)'!1%T2.0!S!%)'!27!2(!

$27,!(2)+-&-!/&%7278'-!7,%7!=!7,2)U!#1!0#8!%..!$,2.-!$&272)/!7,-(-!$#&'(V!D2&(7!#1!

%..!=!7,%)U!T0!(89-&Q2(#&J!WRX&)%&!C.(-)J!$,#!,%(!1#..#$-'!7,-!9&#R-+7!7,&#8/,J!

2)+.8'2)/!27(!7$2(7(!%)'!78&)(J!$27,!-)+#8&%/-T-)7!%)'!(899#&7J!%)'!%!7%.-)7!7#!

%.$%0(!Y&2)/!!"#$%&!7#!7,-!1#&-!$,-)-Q-&!7,-2&!9-+8.2%&!(2.-)+-!#&!(#.278'-!T%0!

,%Q-!'-+-2Q-'!T-!7#!#Q-&.##U!7,-!/&%Q270!#1!7,-2&!9&-(-)+-Z!!"'$()*+,-!E0!7,%)U(!

%.(#! /#! 7#! T0! (-+#)'! (89-&Q2(#&J! K%Q2)! H8+%(J! 1#&! ,2(! Q%.8%Y.-! +#TT-)7(! %)'!

2)987!%.#)/!7,-!$%0V!!

!

E%)0! 7,%)U(! %.(#! /#! 7#! -Q-&0#)-! 2)! 7,-! @82)! E-T#&2-(! 7-%TJ! 7#! WRX&)%&! %)'!

K%Q2)J! %)'! 7#! ?.2)! *)'&-%((-)J! I-2)! WR-&+UJ! *.1&-'#! K#)[\.-[]@82Y%.J! "2T!

^-YT##&J!G%27.2)!:-A2.Q-0J!E%7(!W8&(7&_T!%)'!:%/!*)'-&((#)V!^,%7!%!9&2Q2.-/-!

7#! Y-! 9%&7! #1! 7,2(! /&#89`! ",%)U! 0#8! %..! 1#&! 0#8&! +,%..-)/2)/! +#TT-)7(J!

-)+#8&%/-T-)7!%)'!T%)0!/##'!.%8/,(!%7!#8&!$#&U(,#9(V!=7!$%(!%.$%0(!2)(92&2)/!

%)'!%.$%0(!%!9.-%(8&-V!=)!7,%7!&-(9-+7!/&%7278'-!T8(7!%.(#!Y-!-a9&-((-'!7#!",-!

@-(-%&+,! G#8)+2.! #1! <#&$%0! b<#&/-(! 1#&(U)2)/(&c'dJ! $,2+,! 18)'-'! 7,-! @82)!

E-T#&2-(!5&#R-+7!1&#T!MNON!7,&#8/,!MNOM!$27,2)!27(!e;H>?@!9&#/&%TV!

!

=!18&7,-&!7,%)U!T0!/##'!1&2-)'(!%)'!+#..-%/8-(!%7!;2"!2)!"&#T(XJ!%)'!%7!=)(7%&+,!

%)'! *U8&-0&%&]*U%'-T2%)! 2)! =+-.%)'J! 1#&! 7,-2&! -)+#8&%/-T-)7! %)'! /##'!

+#T9%)0V! C1! 7,-! =)(7%&+,! 7-%T! =! %T! -(9-+2%..0! /&%7-18.! 7#! C(+%&! *.'&-'! %)'!

I#$-..! EV! @#Y-&7(! 1#&! 7,-2&! +#)7&2Y872#)! 7#! 7,-! 9&#R-+7J! %)'! 1#&! (#T-! .#)/! Y87!

/##'!'%0(!#1!12-.'$#&U!%7!?0&2V!=!T8(7!%.(#!-a9&-((!T0!/&%7278'-!7#!-Q-&0#)-!%7!

A7%)1#&'!*&+,%-#.#/0!G-)7-&!1#&!$-.+#T2)/!T-!7#!7,-2&!1%+2.272-(!'8&2)/!7,-!MNOM!

(9&2)/! (-T-(7-&V! ",%)U(! -(9-+2%..0! 7#! H0))! E-(U-..! %)'! 7#! E2+,%-.! A,%)U(! 1#&!

9&#Q2'2)/!T-!$27,!$#&U(9%+-!2)!,2(!E-7%T-'2%!H%YV!

!

D2)%..0!=!%T!'--9.0!7,%)U18.!7#!7,-!#$)-&(!#1!7,-!7$#!$#)'-&18.!(27-(!=!,%'!7,-!

9.-%(8&-! 7#! -a9.#&-V! ",%)U(! 7#! =)/4.18&! K8fR4)((#)! %)'! K8))%&! K8fR4)((#)J!

#$)-&(!#1!?0&2J!1#&!7,-2&!9#(272Q-!%77278'-!7#$%&'(!7,-!9&#R-+7V!",%)U(!%.(#!7#!T0!

2)1#&T%)7(! %7! ?0&2J! %/%2)! -(9-+2%..0! 7#! =)/4.18&! K8fR4)((#)! %)'! ,2(! (#)! K8fR4)!

?/2..! =)/4.1((#)J! Y87! %.(#! 7#! g(/-2&! K8))%&! L4)((#)V! *)'! T%)0J! T%)0! 7,%)U(! 7#!

7,-! #$)-&(! #1! :Rh9%QiU! %)'! I47-.! :Rh9%QiUJ! ?Q%! A2/8&YR_&)('4772&! %)'! g(YR_&)!

3#&/2.((#)J!1#&!7,-2&!8)9%&%..-.-'!,#(927%.270J!U2)')-((!%)'!%((2(7%)+-V!!

!

H%(7!Y87!)#7!.-%(7J!T0!7,%)U(!%)'!.#Q-!7#!"&0//Q2!%)'!e%7.%V!

) )

.(,/0*/#1)2,3*)4!")5678) 9:/');<!,/&=:!!#/!

(6)

!

(7)

!

!

!

!

3*4/'!#5!"#$('$(+!

67!8$(&#09%(:#$! 6!

;7!<&:1:$+!*$0!(='#&'(:%*/!('&&*:$+! >!

>"0)!,/$)!+)!"#$%&) 4!

./?"'0+3+%*)+@)!"0)/0?0$!)A'&!)'$=)A/0&0$!) 77!

?7!@'(.''$!&9:$!&'2#&:'+!*$0!='&&:$1!=:+(#&:'+! 6A! B0//#$%)#$)"#&!+/*C)!"0)0&!'D3#&"0=)D'?(%/+,$=)+@)EFGA'HI()'$=)J*/#) 56!

K,#$)L0L+/#0&C)0$?+,$!0/#$%)EFGA'HI()'$=)J*/#) 54!

>7!B'(9&$:$1!(#!(=:$1+!*$0!&9:$+! ?C!

M'?#$%)!"0)?"'330$%0C)+!"0/)N,0&!#+$&)'$=)=#@@0/0$!)'AA/+'?"0&) O7!

",-!%-(7,-72+(!#1!$%(7-!%)'!,-&27%/-!S!#&!%2T2)/!Y-0#)'!%)7,&#9#+-)7&2(T! jP!

",-!T%7-&2%.270!#1!T-T#&0!S!#&!%-(7,-72+!T-T#&0! jk!

",-!(2/)212+%)+-!#1!7,2)/(!S!#&!2)!9&%2(-!#1!'211-&-)+-! lj!

D7!,EE&#*%=:$1!(=:$1+F!(='#&G!*+!HIJ!:$!E&*%(:%'! CK!

;"0$+L0$+3+%#?'3)'AA/+'?"0&)!+)@#03=P+/() QO!

W-2)/!b7d,-&-! mn!

?a+%Q%72#)! nO!

5,#7#/&%9,0! nm!

:-(+&2972#)! oN!

C7!8$!E&*:+'!#5!(=:$1+F!+#2'!%#$%/90:$1!&'2*&-+!(#!&'%*//!(='!4'1:$$:$1! LD!

B'5'&'$%'+! LL!

,&(:%/'+!,M!@M!"M!N!*$0!O! 6K6!

!

(8)

!

(9)

! O!

!

!

67!8$(&#09%(:#$!

R0)&"'33)$+!)?0'&0)@/+L)0SA3+/'!#+$) .$=)!"0)0$=)+@)'33)+,/)0SA3+/#$%) R#33)D0)!+)'//#H0)P"0/0)P0)&!'/!0=) .$=)($+P)!"0)A3'?0)@+/)!"0)@#/&!)!#L0T)

>"/+,%")!"0),$($+P$1),$/0L0LD0/0=)%'!0) R"0$)!"0)3'&!)+@)0'/!")30@!)!+)=#&?+H0/) U&)!"'!)P"#?")P'&)!"0)D0%#$$#$%)

! b"V!AV!?.2#7!pH277.-!K2''2)/qJ!M+,/)V,'/!0!&d!

!

!

=)! ,2(!;/'#&0) +@) W+H0)*.%2)! W%'2#8! (7%7-(J! $27,! &-1-&-)+-! 7#! 5.%7#J! 7,%7J! p%)0#)-!

$,#! '#-()r7! 7%U-! .#Q-! %(! %! (7%&72)/! 9#2)7! $2..! )-Q-&! 8)'-&(7%)'! 7,-! )%78&-! #1!

9,2.#(#9,0q! bW%'2#8! %)'! "&8#)/! MNOMs! PdV! ",2(! T%0! 9-&,%9(! (#8)'! %(! %!

&2'2+8.#8(!+.%2TJ!Y87!7#!W%'2#8!.#Q-!2(!)#7!(#T-!7&%)(+-)'-)7%.!#&!(89-&)%78&%.!

#++8&&-)+-!7,%7!+%&&2-(!8(!%$%0!#&!pY-0#)'q!7,-!-Q-&0'%0J!Y87!%!'#$)]7#]-%&7,!

2)7-)(-!-a9-&2-)+-!#1!#7,-&)-((V!=7!2(!7,-!&2(U!7%U-)!$,-)!$-!%&-!+,%..-)/-'!Y0!

'211-&-)+-! %)'! &%7,-&! 7,%)! Y-2)/! (8(92+2#8(! #1! 27! $-! 987! #8&! 7&8(7! 2)! 27J! 2)! 7,-!

#7,-&)-((! #1! 7,-! #7,-&! #&! 7,-! $#&.'V! :-(927-! 27(! '-92+72#)! %(! (8+,! .#Q-J! 7,8(J! 2(!

)-Q-&! %! 1%2&07%.-! #1! 7,-! 9-&1-+7! T%7+,! S! #)! 7,-! +#)7&%&0J! $#Q-)! 1&#T! 7,-!

-a9-&2-)+-! #1! #7,-&)-((J! .#Q-! '#-(! )#7! (--U! (%T-)-((! Y87! -TY&%+-(! $,%7! 2(!

'211-&-)7J!2)+#T9%72Y.-!#&!-Q-)!2T9#((2Y.-V!H#Q-!2(!7#!&2(U!T#Q2)/!7#$%&'(!%)'!

Y-.2-Q-! 2)! 7,-! 9#((2Y2.270! #1! &2(2)/! %Y#Q-! 7,%7! $,2+,! %99-%&(! 2T9#((2Y.-J! %)'!

7,-&-1#&-!27!2(J!W%'2#8!%&/8-(J!7,%7!p7,2)U2)/!2)(92&-'!Y0!.#Q-!2(!%.(#!7,2)U2)/!7,%7!

2(!+&-%7-'!%/%2)(7!%..!#&'-&J!%/%2)(7!7,-!9#$-&18.!#&'-&!#1!7,-!.%$q!bW%'2#8!%)'!

"&8#)/!MNOMs!nkdV!!

^,2.-!W%'2#8!2(!1#&!7,-!T#(7!9%&7!&-1-&&2)/!7#!.#Q-!Y-7$--)!7$#!",L'$!

Y-2)/(!=!7,2)U!,2(!7,-#&0!#&!p&-]2)Q-)72#)q!#1!.#Q-!%)'!27(!&-.%72#)!7#!'211-&-)+-!2(!

9-&72)-)7!%.(#!7#!#7,-&!-a9-&2-)+-(!#1!%11-+72Q-!#7,-&)-((J!%(!7,-!9%((2#)!$-!T%0!

1--.!1#&!7,-!7,2)/(!$-!'#!#&!(8&&#8)'!8(!$27,V!=!Y-.2-Q-!7,%7!7,2(!2(!%.(#!$,%7!,-!

b%)'!5.%7#d!2(!&-1-&&2)/!7#!$,-)!(8//-(72)/!7,%7!.#Q-!(,#8.'!Y-!7,-!(7%&72)/!9#2)7!

#1!9,2.#(#9,0V!W-+%8(-J!&%7,-&!7,%)!&-)'-&2)/!8(!Y.2)'J!2)!.#Q-!$-!#9-)!1#&!7,-!

9#((2Y2.270!#1!7,-!2T9#((2Y.-J!%++-97!'211-&-)+-J!-TY&%+-!#7,-&)-((J!%)'!7,8(!(--U!

(10)

! M!

7#! -a9-&2-)+-! 7,-! $#&.'! )#7! T-&-.0! 1&#T! #8&! #$)! 9-&(9-+72Q-J! Y87! 1&#T! 7,-!

9-&(9-+72Q-!#1!7,-!#7,-&V!H#Q-J!7,8(J!,%(!%)!-7,2+%.!8)'-&7#)-V!

! ",2(! T%0! Y-! %)! 8)8(8%.! Y-/2))2)/! 7#! %)! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.! $#&UV!

<-Q-&7,-.-((!=!Y-.2-Q-!7,-&-!2(!(#T-7,2)/!2T9#&7%)7!7#!Y-!.-%&)-'!1&#T!W%'2#8r(!

p&-]2)Q-)72#)q!#1!.#Q-!1#&!8(!%(!%&+,%-#.#/2(7(!$,#!+#)(7%)7.0!(7&2Q-!7#!&-%+,!7,-!

#7,-&J!2)!7,-!T%)0!'211-&-)7!1#&T(!%)'!12/8&%72#)(!7,2(!#7,-&!T%0!%99-%&V!",%7J!

2)'--'J!2(!$,%7!'&2Q-(!T0!#$)!9%((2#)!1#&!%&+,%-#.#/0!S!27(!2)Q27%72#)!7#!b%7!.-%(7!

%77-T97!7#d!-a9-&2-)+-!7,-!$#&.'!%)'!27(!#7,-&)-((J!%.(#!1&#T!7,-!9-&(9-+72Q-!#1!

7,-!#7,-&V!",-!1#..#$2)/J!7,8(J!2(!%)!2)7&#'8+72#)!7#!%!9&#R-+7!7,%7!T2/,7!R8(7!%(!

$-..!Y-!'-(+&2Y-'!%(!T0!.#Q-!%11%2&!$27,!7$#!%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!(27-(J!7$#!%Y%)'#)-'!

,-&&2)/!(7%72#)(!2)!7,-!=+-.%)'2+!)#&7,$-(7!S!T0!2TT-'2%7-!1%..!1#&!7,-2&!&82)-'!

%)'!#17-)!8)+%))0!9&-(-)+-!%)'J!-Q-)78%..0J!T0!%77-T97(!7#!&-7%2)!7,%7!(9%&U!Y0!

7%U2)/!7,-!&2(U!#1!-TY&%+2)/!7,-2&!#7,-&)-((!&%7,-&!7,%)!&-'8+2)/!27!7#!(%T-)-((!

S! 7#! 7,-! &-2/)! #1! 7,-! U)#$)J! 7,-! 1%T2.2%&! %)'! (%1-V! ",2(! $%(! )#7! %)! -)72&-.0!

(7&%2/,71#&$%&'!R#8&)-0J!,#$-Q-&J!%)'!7,-!1-$!(-)7-)+-(!1&#T!"V!AV!?.2#7r(!M+,/) V,'/!0!&! t8#7-'! %Y#Q-! (#T-,#$! 9#&7&%0J! 2)! 7,-2&! (2T9.2+270J! 7,-! 9%7,! =! ,%Q-!

$%)'-&-'! $27,! 7,2(! 9&#R-+7Z! 1&#T! T0! 2)272%.! -)+#8)7-&(! $27,! 7,-! 7$#! (27-(!

-a9.#&-'J! 7,&#8/,! %! 9-&2#'! #1! =+#$%) '/?"'0+3+%*) D*) L'(#$%) &0$&0! #1! 7,-2&!

#7,-&)-((J! #).0! 7#! &-78&)! %/%2)! 7#! $,-&-! =! (7%&7-'Z! 7#! 7,%7! T#T-)7! #1! 2)272%.!

$#)'-&J!7#!$,-&-!=!&'P)%)'!@033)@+/)7,-!(27-(!1#&!7,-!12&(7!72T-!%)'!2)(7-%'!%..#$-'!

T0(-.1! 7#! =+) '/?"'0+3+%*) D*) &0$&#$%! 7,-2&! #7,-&)-((V! =T9#&7%)7.0J! %)'!

9%&%'#a2+%..0J!7,%7!(7&%)/-!t8-(7!S!T0!Y-.%7-'!&-78&)!7#!$,%7!$%(!%.&-%'0!7,-&-!

S!2(!%.(#!7,-!T#(7!(2/)212+%)7!9%&7!#1!T0!p'2(+#Q-&0qV!=7!'#-(!)#7!+#)(2(7!2)!$0P!

12)'2)/(!#&!,27,-&7#!,$&00$!1%+7(!Y87!&%7,-&!2)!')/0!,/$!7#!7,-!T#(7!#&'2)%&0!%)'!

1&-t8-)7.0! #Y(-&Q-'J! 0-7! &%&-.0! -a9&-((-'! -a9-&2-)+-(! #1! 7,-! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.!

-Q-&0'%0Z! %! &-78&)! 7#! T#T-)7(! #1! -)+#8)7-&! %)'! 7#! 7,2)/(! 9&-+-'2)/!

-a9.%)%72#)V!

",-! p&-78&)q! 2)! T0! R#8&)-0J! 7,8(J! .2U-! 7,-! #)-! '-92+7-'! 2)! "V! AV! ?.2#7r(!

9%((%/-! %Y#Q-J! 2(! )#7! 7#! Y-! 8)'-&(7##'! 2)! %)0! )-/%72Q-! $%0V! =7! $%(! )-27,-&! %!

T%77-&!#1!1%2.8&-!)#&!.#((!#1!,#9-V!E8+,!&%7,-&!27!$%(!%)!#972T2(72+!&-%+72#)!7#!%!

/&#$2)/!Y-.2-1!2)!7,-!&2+,)-((!#1!7,-!T%7-&2%.!=!$%(!$#&U2)/!$27,J!%)'!%!7&8(7!7,%7!

&2(U2)/! 7#! 1#..#$! 27(! %11-+72Q-! .-%'! $#8.'! 2)'--'! '2&-+7! T-! 7#! %! )-$! Y-/2))2)/V!

*++#&'2)/.0J!7,-!&-78&)!27(-.1!+%))#7!Y-!(2'-.2)-'!#&!#Q-&.##U-'!2)!%)0!,#)-(7!#&!

(11)

! P!

+#)Q2)+2)/!&-7-..2)/!#1!T0!-a9.#&%72#)(V!=7!2(!%)!2)'2(9-)(2Y.-!9%&7!#1!T0!R#8&)-0!

%)'!%!78&)2)/!9#2)7!1#&!T0!9&#/&-((2#)VO!

*(!%)!#9-)2)/!7#!T0!9&#R-+7J!T0!-a9.#&%72#)(!%)'!&-(8.7(J!=!T8(7!7,-&-1#&-!

2)1#&T! 7,%7! 7,2(! 2)7&#'8+72#)! 2(! )#7! #1! 7,-! +.%((2+%.! U2)'! 9#((2Y.0! -a9-+7-'V! *7!

.-%(7J! =! '2')r7! 2)7-)'! 27! 7#! Y-! #1! 7,%7! (#&7V! ^,%7! =! T-%)! 2(! 7,%7! 27! (,#8.'! )#7! Y-!

7,#8/,7!#1!%(!%!pY%+U/&#8)'q!7#!7,-!9&#R-+7!#&!7,-!%&72+.-(!98Y.2(,-'!2)!27(!+#8&(-Z!

)#7!%(!%!7,-#&-72+%.!9#2)7!#1!'-9%&78&-!1&#T!$,-&-!=!98&(8-'!7#!%)($-&!t8-(72#)(!

7,%7!$-&-!%.&-%'0!1#&T-'!$27,!&-(8.7(!7,%7!$-&-!%.&-%'0!%)72+29%7-'V!W-+%8(-!7,-!

7&87,! 2(! 7,%7! $,%7! =! ,%'! 2)! T2)'! %7! 7,-! Y-/2))2)/! #1! 7,-! R#8&)-0! /&%'8%..0!

-Q%9#&%7-'! %(! T0! %+t8%2)7%)+-! $27,! 7,-! T%7-&2%.! /&-$J! %)'! $27,! 27! %.(#! T0!

-T9%7,0! %)'! &-(9-+7! S! #&!3+H0! S! 1#&! 27(! +,%&%+7-&2(72+(! %)'! 9-+8.2%&272-(V! *)'! 27!

$%(!#).0!2)!7,-!&-78&)!7,%7!1#..#$-'J!7,&#8/,!%)!%77-)72Q-!'2%.#/8-!$27,!7,-!(27-(!

%)'! 7,2)/(! 7,-T(-.Q-(J! 7,%7! t8-(72#)(! %)'! %)($-&(! Y-/%)! 7#! 7%U-! 1#&TV!

E#&-#Q-&J!%)'!2)!%++#&'%)+-!$27,!"V!AV!?.2#7r(!(--T2)/.0!9%&%'#a2+%.!+.%2T!2)!,2(!

pH277.-! K2''2)/q! 7,%7! p^,%7! $-! +%..! 7,-! Y-/2))2)/! 2(! #17-)! 7,-! -)'qJ! 7,2(!

2)7&#'8+72#)J!7,2(!Y-/2))2)/J!2(!%.(#!7,-!Q-&0!.%(7!7,2)/!=!$&27-!S!%7!7,-!-)'!#1!7,-!

R#8&)-0V! ",8(J! &%7,-&! 7,%)! 7,-! 7&%'272#)%.! &-(-%&+,! pY%+U/&#8)'qJ! %! &%72#)%.!

'-(+&2972#)!1&#T!Y-/2))2)/!7#!-)'J!7,2(!2)7&#'8+72#)!2(!2)7-)'-'!7#!'-(+&2Y-!%)'!

'2(+8((! 7,-! 9&#+-((! #1! ,#$! =!0$=0=)89! '#2)/! $,%7! =! '2'V! ^27,! &-1-&-)+-! 7#! 7,-!

9%7,! =! ,%Q-! 7&%Q-..-'! 27! 2(! )#7! #).0! %! '-(+&2972#)! #1! T0! +8&&-)7! (7%)'! Y87!

2)-Q27%Y.0!%.(#!%!&-+#..-+72#)!#1!,#$!=!/#7!7#!7,2(!9#2)7!7,%7!2)!7,-!-)'!Y-+%T-!T0!

Y-/2))2)/V!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

O!=)'--'J!7,-!p&-78&)q!2(!9&-(-)7!%(!9%&7!#1!7,-!&-(-%&+,!9&#/&-((2#)!%)'!-T9.#0-'!%(!%!1#&T!#1!

&,-7#&2+!2)!7,&--!#1!7,-!%&72+.-(!98Y.2(,-'!'8&2)/!7,-!9&#R-+7r(!+#8&(-!b%&72+.-(!p*qJ!pWq!%)'!pGqdV!

(12)

! j!

;7!<&:1:$+!*$0!(='#&'(:%*/!('&&*:$+!

I%Q2)/!(%2'!7,%7!7,2(!2)7&#'8+72#)!(,#8.'!)#7!Y-!&-%'!%(!%)!%+78%.!Y%+U/&#8)'!7#!

T0!&-(-%&+,!27!2(!)-Q-&7,-.-((!+#)(7&8+72Q-!7#!Y-/2)!Y0!.##U2)/!%7!7,-!7,-#&-72+%.!

.%)'(+%9-!1&#T!$,2+,!7,-!9&#R-+7!#&2/2)%7-(V!^,2.-!27!2(!(8&-.0!9#((2Y.-!7#!'2(+8((!

7,2(! 1&#T! (-Q-&%.! '211-&-)7! %)/.-(! =! $2..! ,-&-! 1#+8(! #)! 7$#! +8&&-)7(! #&!

pT#Q-T-)7(q! $,2+,! =! &-+#/)2[-! %(! -((-)72%.! 7#! Y#7,! 7,-! 9&#R-+7r(! #&2/2)! %)'!

18&7,-&!'-Q-.#9T-)7V!",-(-!7$#!T#Q-T-)7(!%&-J!#)!7,-!#)-!,%)'J!7,-!(#!+%..-'!

p78&)!7#!7,2)/(qJ!'-(2/)%72)/!7,-!#)/#2)/!7,-#&-72+%.!78&T#2.J!#&!9%&%'2/T!(,217J!2)!

7,-!,8T%)272-(!%)'!(#+2%.!(+2-)+-(J!%)'J!#)!7,-!#7,-&!,%)'J!7,-!'-Q-.#9T-)7!%)'!

#)/#2)/!-(7%Y.2(,T-)7!#1!%)!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!7,-!+#)7-T9#&%&0!9%(7!%(!%!(8Y12-.'!

$27,2)!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!'2(+29.2)-V!!

^,2.-! Y#7,! #1! 7,-(-! (7&%)'(! ,%Q-! Y--)! 9&#T2)-)7! 2)! 7,-! %+%'-T2+! %)'!

%&+,%-#.#/2+%.! '2(+#8&(-! 1#&! (#T-! 72T-J! =! 9&-1-&! 7#! '2(+8((! 7,-T! %(!L+H0L0$!&!

&%7,-&!7,%)!7,-#&-72+%.!#&!(+2-)7212+!@/'L0P+/(&!(2)+-!Y#7,!%&-!2'-)7212%Y.-!2)!7,2(!

'2(+#8&(-! %(! pT%77-&(! #1! '-Y%7-q! &%7,-&! 7,%)! Y.%+UY#a-'! T%77-&(! #1! 1%+7! b+1V!

H%7#8&! OkondV! ",%7! 2(J! &%7,-&! 7,%)! &-9&-(-)72)/! $,%7! e8,)! bOkkms! OoO]OoPd!

&-1-&&-'! 7#! %(! p'2(+29.2)%&0! T%7&2a-(q! #&! 12a-'! 1&%T-$#&U(! 7,%7! '-.2)-%7-! %!

(+2-)7212+! 9%&%'2/Tr(! T-%)(! %)'! T#'-(! #1! #9-&%72#)J! =! +#)+-2Q-! #1! 7,-(-!

T#Q-T-)7(! %(!*0!) ,$@/'L0=! %++8T8.%72#)(! #1! '211-&-)7! %)'! '2Q-&/2)/! 2'-%(J!

7,-#&2-(!%)'!9&#/&%T(!#1!%+72#)V!",-(-!7,-#&2-(!%&-!%((-TY.-'!%&#8)'!%!T878%.!

%)#T%.0!#&!9&#Y.-T!$27,2)!7,-!7$#!&-(9-+72Q-!T#Q-T-)7(s!7,-!pT2((2)/!T%((-(q!

#&! %TY2/8#8(! .#+%72#)! #1! T%77-&! 2)! (#+2%.! 7,-#&0J! %)'! 7,-! -t8%..0! %TY2/8#8(!

9.%+-! #1! 7,-! 9&-(-)7! %)'! T#'-&)! T%7-&2%.! +8.78&-! 2)! %! '2(+29.2)-! #1! 7,2)/(!

7&%'272#)%..0!1#+8(-'!#)!7,-!9%(7V! =)!#7,-&!$#&'(J!%(!&-+-)7!89&2(2)/(!$27,2)!#&!

%/%2)(7!%!p)#&T%.2[-'q!'2(+29.2)%&0!.%)'(+%9-!7,-(-!T#Q-T-)7(!(,#8.'!7,-&-1#&-!

)#7!Y-!(--)!%(!9&#Q2'2)/!T0!9&#R-+7!$27,!%)0!12a-'!Y%+U/&#8)'Z!$27,!&-%'0!%)'!

%Q%2.%Y.-! 2)(7&8T-)7(J! 2'-%..0! +#T9-7-)7! t8-(72#)(! #&! %.&-%'0! %)72+29%7-'!

%)($-&(J!Y87!&%7,-&!%(!#11-&2)/!7,-!9#((2Y2.270!7#!7%U-!9%&7!2)!S!%)'!Y-!%11-+7-'!Y0!

S!%)!#)/#2)/!'0)%T2+!'2%.#/8-!$,-&-!7,2)/(!%&-!+-)7&-!(7%/-V!!

",8(J!Y-1#&-!T#Q2)/!#)!7#!7,-!9&#R-+7!27(-.1!=!$2..!'2(+8((!Y&2-1.0!-%+,!#1!

7,-(-! T#Q-T-)7(J! Y-/2))2)/! $27,! 7,-! T#&-! $2'-]&%)/2)/! +8&&-)7! 7,-#&-72+%.!

(13)

! l!

&#7%72#)! %99%&-)7! 2)! 7,-! ,8T%)272-(! %)'! (#+2%.! (+2-)+-(V! =T9#&7%)7.0J! $,%7! 2(!

9&-(-)7-'! ,-&-! 2(! %! p(0T9%7,-72+q!/0'=#$%! #1! %! 78&)! 7#! 7,2)/(! %(! 27! ,%(! (#! 1%&!

T%)21-(7-'!27(-.1!7,&#8/,!%+%'-T2+!!0S!&V!*(!=!$2..!'2(+8((!18&7,-&!2)!7,-!1#..#$2)/!

+,%97-&(J! ,#$-Q-&J! %! )--'! 1#&! %! +-&7%2)! &-(2(7%)+-! 7#! #&! &-Y-..2#)! %/%2)(7! 7,2(!

T#(7.0!=#&?,/&#H0! 78&)! %.(#! %&#(-! $,-)! +#)1&#)7-'! $27,! 7,-! (7&%)'-'! 7,2)/(!

7,-T(-.Q-(!S!$,-)!!,/$#$%)!+)!"0)"0//#$%)&!'!#+$&!%)'!7,-2&!&2+,!%((-TY.%/-(!#1!

7%)/2Y.-!7,2)/(V!

!

"#$!%&'(!%)!%#*(+,!

=7! 2(! '2112+8.7! 7#! -Q-)! 2T%/2)-! $,-&-! 7#! Y-/2)! %! (-%&+,! 1#&! %)! #&2/2)! #1! 7,-!

7,-#&-72+%.! 8)&-(7! &2(2)/! 2)! '211-&-)7! 1#&T(! $27,2)! Q%&2#8(! Y&%)+,-(! #1! 7,-!

,8T%)272-(! %)'! (#+2%.! (+2-)+-(! (2)+-! 7,-! OkkN(J! .-7! %.#)-! 7#! 12)'! #)-! %'-t8%7-!

)%T-! 7,%7! /&%(9(! 7,-(-! '211-&-)7! 7&-)'(J! %.7,#8/,! %! 1-$! ,%Q-! (#! 1%&! Y--)!

9&#9#(-'Z! 1#&! -a%T9.-! p)-$! T%7-&2%.2(T(q! bG##.-! %)'! D&#(7! MNONdJ!

p9#(7,8T%)2(Tq!bW&%2'#772!MNOPZ!^#.1-!MNONdJ!p7,-!(9-+8.%72Q-!78&)q!bW&0%)7!-7!

%.V! MNOOd! #&! p7,-! &-78&)! 7#! 7,2)/(q! b:#T%)(U%! MNNmdV! C1! +#8&(-J! %)! 2T9#&7%)7!

9&-'-+-((#&! #1! 7,-(-! b$,2.-! %7! 7,-! 72T-! )#7! )-+-((%&2.0! %)! %77-T97! 7#! /&%(9! %)!

2)7-&'2(+29.2)%&0! T#Q-T-)7d! 2(! W&8)#! H%7#8&r(! +.%2T! 1#&! %! p(0TT-7&2+%.!

%)7,&#9#.#/0q!2)!,2(!Y##U!R0)"'H0)$0H0/)D00$)L+=0/$)bOkkPdJ!$,2+,!,%(!(2)+-!

Y-+#T-!#)-!#1!7,-!.%)'T%&U(!#1!7,2(!7,-#&-72+%.!78&)V!?+,#2)/!7,2(J!#1!+#8&(-J!2(!

%.(#!7,-!.2)-!#1!&-%(#)2)/!'-Q-.#9-'!$27,2)!%&+,%-#.#/0!'8&2)/!7,-!.%(7!'-+%'-!

%)'! &-1-&&-'! 7#! %(! p(0TT-7&2+%.! %&+,%-#.#/0q! bC.(-)! MNOMYZ! C.(-)! -7! %.V! MNOMZ!

A,%)U(! MNNnZ! ^27T#&-! MNNndV! ",-! .%Y-.! =! ,%Q-! &-1-&&-'! 7#! %Y#Q-J! %)'! 2)! 7,-!

,-%'2)/!#1!7,2(!+,%97-&J!p7,-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(qJ!+#)(72787-(!0-7!%)#7,-&!(8//-(72#)!

%)'!2(!(#8/,7!1&#T!7,-!727.-!#1!*.-a!5&-'%r(!(-T2)%.!%&72+.-!1&#T!OkkkJ!$,-&-!,-!

%&/8-(!1#&!7,-!2T9#&7%)+-!#1!%!(#+2#.#/2+%.!7,-#&0!#1!7,2)/(J!'&%$2)/!#)!7,-!$#&U!

#1!H%7#8&!%)'!#7,-&!)-7$#&U!7,-#&2(7(V!!

@-1.-+7-'! 2)! %..! 7,-(-! '211-&-)7! .%Y-.(J! ,#$-Q-&J! 2(! %! (,217! %$%0! 1&#T! 7,-!

p+8.78&%.]qJ!p+#)(7&8+72Q2(7]q!#&!p.2)/82(72+!78&)q!7,%7!,-%Q2.0!2)1.8-)+-'!(#+2%.!%)'!

+8.78&%.!&-(-%&+,!(2)+-!7,-!OknN(Z!7,-!9%&%'2/T!$,2+,!7,&#8/,!7,-!1&%T-$#&U(!

#1!-V/V!(7&8+78&%.2(TJ!9#(7](7&8+78&%.2(T!%)'!(#+2%.!+#)(7&8+72Q2(T!,%'!,#)#8&-'!

'2(+#8&(-J! (0TY#.(J! 9#$-&! %)'! 2'-#.#/0! %(! 7,-! 18)'%T-)7%.! +#)(7278-)7(! #1!

(14)

! m!

(#+2-70! %)'! p&-%.270qJ! %)'! $,-&-J! T#&-#Q-&J! .%)/8%/-! %)'! 7-a7(! 9&#Q2'-'! 7,-!

9-&72)-)7!T#'-.(!1#&!,#$!7#!+#)+-2Q-!#1!7,%7!(#+2%.!&-%.270V!",8(J!$,%7!2(!(,%&-'!

%T#)/!7,-!7&-)'(!8)27-'!8)'-&!7,-!&8Y&2+!#1!p7,-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(q!2(!%!+#)+-&)!1#&!

7,-! 2)(8112+2-)+0! #1! 7,-(-! 1&%T-$#&U(J! $,2.-! 7,-2&! '-12+2-)+0! ,%(! Y--)! T#&-!

-a9.2+27.0!%&72+8.%7-'!2)!(-Q-&%.!'211-&-)7!$%0(V!D#&!-a%T9.-J!%(!%&/8-'!Y0!W&8)#!

H%7#8&! bMNNld! %)'! #7,-&! %+7#&])-7$#&U]7,-#&2(7(J! 7,-! (,#&7+#T2)/! #1! T%)0!

(#+2%.! 7,-#&2-(! 2(! 7#! %..#$! 7-&T(! .2U-!&+?#'3J) #=0+3+%#?'3J! #&!?,3!,/'3! 7#! '-(2/)%7-!

Y#7,!7,-!%+78%.!2)7-&%+72#)(!'-%.7!$27,!Y0!7,-(-!7,-#&2-(!%(!$-..!%(!7,-!8)'-&.02)/!

1#&+-(! -)%Y.2)/! 7,-! '8&%Y2.270! #1! 7,-! (%T-! 2)7-&%+72#)(V! ^,%7! (8+,! %TY2/8#8(!

%)'! .%&/-.0! 7%87#.#/2+%.! +&#((! &-1-&-)+-(! 1%2.! 7#! -a9.%2)J! H%7#8&! %&/8-(J! %&-! 7,-!

9&%+72+%.!'-7%2.(J!p7,-!(7--.qJ!7,%7!T%U-!27!9#((2Y.-!1#&!7,-(-!1#&+-(!#&!(#+2%.!72-(!7#!

.%(7! %7! %..J! &%7,-&! 7,%)! &-)'-&2)/! 7,-TJ! %(! 9,2.#(#9,-&! E2+,-.! A-&&-(! ,%(!

-a9&-((-'!27J!p%2&0!%(!+.#8'(q!bA-&&-(!Okkls!ondV!!

*)#7,-&! %)'! T#&-! -a7-)(2Q-! %&72+8.%72#)! #1! 7,-! (,#&7+#T2)/(! #1! 7,-!

+8.78&%.! %)'! .2)/82(72+! %99&#%+,-(! 2(! (7%7-'! Y0! H-Q2! W&0%)7J! <2+U! A&)2+-U! %)'!

K&%,%T!I%&T%)!2)!7,-2&!2)7&#'8+72#)!7#!>"0)XA0?,3'!#H0)>,/$Z!p=)!7,-!1%+-!#1!7,-!

-+#.#/2+%.!+&2(2(J!7,-!1#&$%&'!T%&+,!#1!)-8&#(+2-)+-J!7,-!2)+&-%(2)/.0!(9.2)7-&-'!

2)7-&9&-7%72#)(! #1! Y%(2+! 9,0(2+(J! %)'! 7,-! #)/#2)/! Y&-%+,! #1! 7,-! '2Q2'-! Y-7$--)!

,8T%)! %)'! T%+,2)-J! 7,-&-! 2(! %! /&#$2)/! (-)(-! 7,%7! 9&-Q2#8(! 9,2.#(#9,2-(! %&-!

2)+%9%Y.-!#1!+#)1&#)72)/!7,-(-!-Q-)7(q!bW&0%)7!-7!%.V!MNOOs!PdV!",8(J!$,2.-!H%7#8&!

2(!+%..2)/!1#&!%!+#)+-&)!1#&!7,-!p(7--.q!#1!(#+2%.!+#,-(2#)J!$,%7!2(!T#&-!-a9.2+27.0!

%&72+8.%7-'!,-&-!2(!7,-!'211-&-)+-!#&!'2Q-&(270!#1!7,-!p7,2)/q!$-!%&-!-)+#8&%/-'!7#!

78&)! 7#$%&'(V! ",2(! +%)! Y-! %)07,2)/! 1&#T! 9.%)7(J! %)2T%.(J! 7-+,)#.#/0J! t8%&U(J!

+#TT#'272-(J! $-%7,-&! 9%77-&)(J! $%7-&J! T2+&#Y-(J! &82)%72#)J! #&! %Y(-)+-V! "#!

(2T9.210J!#&!/-)-&%.2[-J!$-!+#8.'!(%0!7,%7!7,-!p7,2)/q!78&)-'!7#!2(!7,-!$+$Y",L'$JM! 2)!27(!8)7#.'!Q%&2-72-(J!%)'!7,8(!7,%7!7,-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(!2(!)#7!#).0!%!Y&-%U!1&#T!

7,-!%)72]&-%.2(7!(7%)+-!#1!9&-Q2#8(!(#+2%.u9,2.#(#9,2+%.!7,-#&0!Y87!%.(#!%!'-+2(2Q-!

+#)7&%Q-)72#)! 1&#T! 7,-! %)7,&#9#+-)7&2+! G%&7-(2%)! $#&.'Q2-$V! W-0#)'! 7,2(!

(7%7-T-)7J! ,#$-Q-&J! %)0! /&#((! /-)-&%.2[%72#)(! (-&Q-! .2T27-'! 98&9#(-Z! 7,-!

%99&#%+,-(!%&-!%(!'2Q-&(-!%(!7,-0!%&-!T%)0V!=!T8(7!7,-&-1#&-!8)'-&.2)-!7,%7!7,-!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

2 Which importantly though does in no sense imply a turn away from humans, but rather a different conception of what it means to be human – as for example captured in Latour’s phrase “we have never been modern” (Latour 1993).

(15)

! n!

1#..#$2)/!2(!%)!%77-T97!7#!'-.2)-%7-!T0!#$)!(7%)'!$27,2)!7,2(!T#Q-T-)7J!%)'!)#7!

7,-!'2Q-&(270!#1!9-&(9-+72Q-(!7,%7!T%0!7,&2Q-!$27,2)!27V!!

"#! Y-/2)! $27,J! %)'! 1#..#$2)/! 7,-! )#7-! %Y#Q-! #)! 7,-! '2Q-&(270! #1! 7,-!

p7,2)/(q! 78&)-'! 7#J! 27! 2(! 2T9#&7%)7! 7#! T-)72#)! 7,%7! 7,-&-! 2(! )#! +#)(-)(8(! #Q-&!

$,%7! 7#! )%T-! 7,-(-! T%7-&2%.! 9,-)#T-)%V! E%)0! (+,#.%&(! &-1-&! 7#! p)#)],8T%)q!

bH%7#8&! OkkPJ! MNNld! #&! p7,2)/q! b-V/V! W-))-77! MNONZ! W&#$)! MNNOZ! H%7#8&! MNNlZ!

C.(-)! MNONZ! 5&-'%! OkkkZ! (--! %.(#! I-2'-//-&! OknOdJ! $,2.-! #7,-&(! 9&-1-&! 7#! 8(-!

+#)+-97(!.2U-!1#&!-a%T9.-!p8)27q!bW#/#(7!MNOMd!#&!p#YR-+7q!bW&0%)7!MNOOdV!=!,%Q-!

2)!7,2(!$#&U!T#(7.0!%99.2-'!7,-!+#)+-97!p7,2)/q!b%)'!%.(#!)#)],8T%)d!7#!/&%(9!

%)'! %&72+8.%7-! 7,-! 9,-)#T-)%! =! %T! $#&U2)/! $27,J! $,2+,! T%2).0! +#T9&2(-! #1!

+#)+&-7-u9,0(2+%.! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.! %&7-1%+7(J! 1&%/T-)7(J! (7&8+78&-(! %)'! (27-(V! ",-!

p9,0(2+%.q!&-1-&-)+-!#1!p7,2)/qJ!$,2+,!1#&!(#T-!(+,#.%&(!2(!7,-!Q-&0!&-%(#)!1#&!7,-!

+#)+-97(! 2)%'-t8%+0! b-V/V! W#/#(7! MNOMdJ! 2(! 7,-&-1#&-! 2)! 7,2(! +#)7-a7! &%7,-&!

+#)(2'-&-'!%)!2T9#&7%)7!%)'!-.#t8-)7!%77&2Y87-V!E#&-#Q-&J!%(!,%(!Y--)!9#2)7-'!

#87! 7,-! +#)+-97r(! #.'! K-&T%)2+J! %)'! 2)'--'! +#)7-T9#&%&0! =+-.%)'2+! bp32)/qdJ!

-70T#.#/2+%.!&-1-&-)+-!7#!(2T8.7%)-#8(.0!%!/%7,-&2)/u%((-TY.0!%)'!%!8)212-'!#&!

12a-'! .#+%.270! 1#&! 7,%7! /%7,-&2)/! +%978&-(! Y#7,! 7,-! pv2)/r(q! 9,0(2+%.! +#T9#)-)7!

%)'! 27(! -a+-((! Y-0#)'! 7,%7! 9,0(2+%.270! bK.%((2-! Okkks! mn]moZ! I-2'-//-&! OknOs!

OnMZ!C.(-)!MNONs!ONkdV!

=7!2(!$#&7,!(7%72)/!%7!7,-!#87(-7!7,%7!7,2(!)-$!T%7-&2%.2(T!#&!&-%.2(T!2(!)#7!

2)! %)0! (-)(-! %! &-78&)! 7#! 9&-Q2#8(! 1#&T(! #1! -T92&2+2(TV! D2&(7! #1! %..J! 27(! /-)-&%.!

+#)+-972#)!#1!7,2)/(!%(!Q2Y&%)7!-)7272-(!+%9%Y.-!#1!%+72#)J!$,-7,-&!2)7-)72#)%.!#&!

)#7J! 877-&.0! +#)7&%'2+7(! %)0! +#)Q-)72#)%.! )#72#)! #1! 2)-&7! T%77-&V! E%7-&2%.270! 2(!

,-&-J! T#&-#Q-&J! 8)'-&(7##'! %(! pw%.$%0(! (#T-7,2)/! T#&-! 7,%)! pT-&-q! T%77-&s!

%)! -a+-((J! 1#&+-J! Q27%.270J! &-.%72#)%.270J! #&! '211-&-)+-! 7,%7! &-)'-&(! T%77-&! %+72Q-J!

(-.1]+&-%72Q-J! 9&#'8+72Q-J! 8)9&-'2+7%Y.-q! bG##.-! %)'! D&#(7! MNONs! kdV! ;).2U-! 27(!

9&-'-+-((#&(J!7,8(J!27!2(!Y%(-'!#)!%!p1.%77-)-'!#)7#.#/0q!b:-H%)'%!MNNmd!%)'!T%0!

7,-&-1#&-! &%7,-&! Y-! &-1-&&-'! 7#! %(! %! 1#&T! #1! p-)+,%)7-'! T%7-&2%.2(TqJ! %(!

(8//-(7-'!Y0!L%)-!W-))-77!bMNNOdJ!#&!%!p'-T#+&%+0!#1!#YR-+7(qJ!%(!(8//-(7-'!Y0!

H-Q2!W&0%)7!bMNOOd!b$,-&-!#YR-+7!2)!,2(!+#)+-972#)!2T9#&7%)7.0!&-1-&(!7#!,8T%)!

%(! $-..! %(! )#)],8T%)dV! A-+#)'.0J! 7,-! ,$A/0=#?!'D#3#!*! 7,%7! +#T-(! $27,!

%+U)#$.-'/2)/! 7,-! %/-)+0! #1! 7,2)/(! #&! )#)],8T%)(! b$,-7,-&! 27! 2(! 2)7-)72#)%.J!

&-.%72#)%.!#&!)#7d!8)'-&(+#&-(!)#7!#).0!7,-!18)'%T-)7%.!#)7#.#/2+%.!'211-&-)+-!#1!

(16)

! o!

7,2(!T%7-&2%.2(7!(7%)'!Y87!%.(#!27(!-92(7-T#.#/2+%.!'211-&-)+-Z!27!2(!)#7!%!1#&T!#1!

9#(272Q2(T!7,%7!%)72+29%7-(!#&!&-(7(!#)!%!Y-.2-1!2)!7,-!9#((2Y2.270!#1!/&%(92)/!7,2)/(!

+#T9.-7-.0J!9&-'2+72)/!7,-2&!pY-,%Q2#8&q!%)'!&-'8+2)/!7,-T!7#!)%78&%.!.%$(J!Y87!

&%7,-&! %! 9#(272Q-! (7%)'! 7#! 7,2)/(r! 2)-Q27%Y.-! -(+%9-! 1&#T! %)0! %77-T97! %7! (8+,!

+#)'-)(%72#)!#&!7#7%.2[%72#)V!*(!(7%7-'!Y0!A.%Q#R!x2y-U!2)!>"0);'/'33'S)Z#0PJ!$27,!

&-1-&-)+-!7#!7,-!p9%&%..%aq!#&!%)!#YR-+7r(!%99%&-)7!9#(272#)%.!'2(9.%+-T-)7!%(!%)!

-11-+7!#1!+,%)/-!2)!Q2-$!9#2)7Z!pE%7-&2%.2(T!T-%)(!7,%7!7,-!&-%.270!=!(--!2(!)-Q-&!

p$,#.-qq! bx2y-U! MNNm! sOndV! x2y-U! 18&7,-&T#&-! %&/8-(! 7,%7! 27! 2(! #).0! 7,&#8/,!

%+U)#$.-'/2)/!%)'!%77-)'2)/!7#!7,%7!2)-Q27%Y.0!2)+#T9.-7-!9-&+-972#)!#1!&-%.270!

7,%7!#)-!+#TT27(!7#!%!7&8.0!T%7-&2%.2(7!(7%)'V!

!*.7,#8/,!T%)0!7,-#&2(7(!#1!7,2(!)-$!T%7-&2%.2(T!,%Q-!#Q-&7.0!Y&-%+,-'!

$27,! 9,-)#T-)#.#/0! b(--! ,#$-Q-&! I%&T%)! MNNMdJ! 7,2(! (7%7-T-)7! -Q2'-)7.0!

-+,#-(! $,%7! 2)272%..0! $%(! 27(! ,8TY.-! %77278'-Z! 7,%7! 2(J! 27(! %+U)#$.-'/-T-)7! 1#&!

$,%7!7,2)/(!%.$%0(!,#.'!2)!&-(-&Q-!bI-2'-//-&!OkmmJ!OknOdV!=7!T%0!%.(#!Y-!(--)!

%(! &-+%..2)/! %)! %99&#%+,! 7#! 7,2)/(! +-)7&%.! 2)! ^%.7-&! W-)R%T2)r(! bMNNMd!

-a9&-((2#)!#1!7,-!%8&%Z!7,-!8)-a9.%2)-'!Q-2.!7,%7!(-+.8'-(!7,-!#Y(-&Q-'!1&#T!7,-!

#Y(-&Q-&V!=)!#7,-&!$#&'(J!27!%..8'-(!7#!%!T%7-&2%.2(7!9-&(9-+72Q-!S!$,2+,!=!%',-&-!

7#!2)!T0!%99&#%+,!S!7,%7!/2Q-(!&##T!7#!7,-!+!"0/$0&&J!&-T#7-)-((!%)'!(#.278'-!#1!

7,2)/(!%)'!7,-!%11-+7!7,-2&!'211-&-)+-!,%(!#)!-)+#8)7-&V!",2(J!T#&-#Q-&J!9#2)7(!7#!

$,%7!=!(--!%(!7$#!U-0!)#72#)(!#1!7,2(!)-$!T%7-&2%.2(7!(7%)'J!%)'!$,2+,!18&7,-&!

8)'-&(+#&-!27(!'211-&-)+-!1&#T!-%&.2-&!Q-&(2#)(Z!7,%7!2(J!12&(7.0J!7,-!2T9#&7%)+-!#1!

-a9-&2-)+-!%)'!7,8(!#1!T0!Y-2)/!2)!7,-!$#&.'PJ!%)'!(-+#)'.0J!7,-!2&&-'8+2Y2.270!#1!

7,%7!$,2+,!2(!-a9-&2-)+-'!7#!T0!-a9-&2-)+-!#1!27V!=)!#7,-&!$#&'(J!%!(0TT-7&2+%.!

&-+#/)272#)! #1! 7,-! (2/)212+%)+-! #1! -)+#8)7-&u-a9-&2-)+-! %)'! #1! 7,-!

#$))-((u2)7-/&270! #1! 7,%7! $,2+,! 2(! -)+#8)7-&-'! S! 27! %.$%0(! 9%&7.0! $27,'&%$(!

1&#T!Q2-$J!%)'!,#.'(!(#T-7,2)/!2)!&-(-&Q-Z!%!T%7-&2%.2(TJ!7,8(J!7,%7!+#)7&%&0!7#!

27(! 9&-'-+-((#&(! 2(! %Y.-! 7#! -TY&%+-! '2(+#)72)8270J! 8)9&-'2+7%Y2.270! %)'!

2)+#T9.-7-)-((V!=T9#&7%)7.0!%.(#J!-a9-&2-)+-!2(!,-&-!7#!Y-!8)'-&(7##'!)#7!%(!%)!

#YR-+72Q-! #&! 2)7-&&#/%72)/! /%[-! 1&#T! %1%&! Y87! %(! %! T8.72(-)(#&0! %)'! 9%&7.0!

1%T2.2%&!-)+#8)7-&!$27,!%!$#&.'!$-!%&-!%.$%0(!9%&7!#1!%)'J!7,8(J!%.$%0(!%.&-%'0!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

P!",2(!2(!)#7!.-%(7!+.-%&!2)!7,-!-T9,%(2(!#)!'@@0?!!2)!T%)0!#&2/2)%.!%99&#%+,-(!$27,2)!7,-!,8T%)!

%)'!(#+2%.!(+2-)+-(J!%.(#!&-1-&&-'!7#!%(!%!p78&)!7#!%11-+7q!%)'!7,8(!%''2)/!0-7!%)#7,-&!.%Y-.!7#!7,-!

.2(7!&-1-&&-'!7#!%7!7,-!Y-/2))2)/!#1!7,-!+,%97-&!b(--!-V/V!K&-//!%)'!A-2/$#&7,!MNONZ!"2+2)-7#!

G.#8/,!%)'!I%..-0!MNNndV!

(17)

! k!

-)+#8)7-&2)/V! ^,%7! 7,2(! 2T9.2-(! 2(! 7,-&-1#&-! %.(#! %! 78&)! %$%0! 1&#T! %! )-/%72Q-!

1#+8(! #)! 7,-! +#)(7&%2)7(! +%8(-'! Y0! 7,-! p(278%7-')-((q! #1! 9-&+-972#)J! %(!

-T9,%(2(-'! Y0! (#+2%.! +#)(7&8+72Q2(TJ! 7#$%&'(! %! T#&-! 9#(272Q-! +#)+-972#)! #1!

(278%7-')-((! S! #1! #8&! p7,&#$)q! +#)'272#)! bI-2'-//-&r(! OkmMd! S! %(! 7,%7! $,2+,!

%+78%..0!0$'D30&!9-&+-972#)!%)'!U)#$.-'/-V!

*)#7,-&!2T9#&7%)7!)#72#)!#1!7,2(!)-$!T%7-&2%.2(T!+#)+-&)(!%!9%&72+8.%&!

8)'-&(7%)'2)/!#1!7,-!&-.%72#)!Y-7$--)!p9%&7q!%)'!p$,#.-qJ!$,2+,!%/%2)!'&%$(!#)!

7,-!-T9,%(2(!#)!,$A/0=#?!'D#3#!*!%(!$-..!%(!#//0=,?#D#3#!*V!",-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(!%)'!

7,-! %+U)#$.-'/-T-)7! #1! 7,2)/! %/-)+0! ,%(! #1! +#8&(-! %'Q#+%7-'! %! +#)+-972#)! #1!

%/-)+0! %(! )#7! )-+-((%&2.0! 2)7-)72#)%.! %)'! %.$%0(! 7#! (#T-! '-/&--!/03'!#+$'3V!

>%&2#8(! )-7$#&U! #&! -)7%)/.-T-)7! 7,-#&2-(J! %(! *+7#&]<-7$#&U]",-#&0J! ,%Q-!

7,-&-1#&-! Y--)! -a7&-T-.0! 2)1.8-)72%.! %T#)/! 27(! %..2-(V! ;).2U-! 7,-! 7&%'272#)%.!

8)'-&(7%)'2)/! #1! %/-)+0! %(! Y%(-'! #)! 98&9#(-18.u2)7-)72#)%.J! 2)'-9-)'-)7!

%+72#)J! %)'! 7,8(! (#T-7,2)/! &-(-&Q-'! 1#&! ,8T%)(! #).0J! %+72#)! 2(! ,-&-! (--)! %(!

%.$%0(!9-&1#&T-'!7,&#8/,!7,-!%((-TY.-'!1#&+-!#1!%((#+2%7-'!%)'!&-.%7-'!-)7272-(!

bH%7#8&! Okkks! OoMdV! I#$-Q-&J! %)! -t8%..0! 2T9#&7%)7! %(9-+7! #1! 7,2(! )-$!

+#)+-972#)! #1! %/-)+0! %(! p&-.%72#)%.q! 2(! 7,-! &-+#/)272#)! #1! 7,-! %7! .-%(7! 9%&72%.!

%87#)#T0!#1!7,-!2)'2Q2'8%.!9%&7(J!$,-7,-&!7,-(-!%&-!,8T%)!#&!)#)],8T%)V!",%7!

2(J! 7,%7! )#! 9%&7! 2(! &-'8+-'! 7#! 27(! &-.%72#)(! $27,2)! 7,-! %((-TY.%/-V! *(! %&/8-'! Y0!

W&0%)7J!p7,-!&##7!#1!7,-!E#'-&)2(7!(+,-T%!%&2(-(!1&#T!&-.%72#)2(Tq!%)'J!7,8(J!%&-!

$-! pw7#! -(+%9-! 7,-!'A+/#'! 7,%7! Y-(-7! 7,-! E#'-&)2(7! (+,-T%! 7,2(J! %Y#Q-! %..J!

&-t82&-(!8(!7#!#Q-&+#T-!&-.%72#)2(T!#&!7,-!7,-(2(!7,%7!#YR-+7(!%&-!+#)(72787-'!Y0!

7,-2&!&-.%72#)(q!bW&0%)7!MNOOs!MmZ!(--!%.(#!I%&T%)!MNNMs!MoN]MkjZ!C.(-)!MNONs!

Olj]OlndV!",2(J!2T9#&7%)7.0J!'#-(!)#7!T-%)!18..!-t8%.270!#&!+#T9.-7-!(0TT-7&0J!

#&! 7,%7! '211-&-)+-(! Y-7$--)! 9%&7(! %&-! 2/)#&-'! S! 2)'--'J! '211-&-)+-! 2(! %! +-)7&%.!

9,-)#T-)#)!2)!7,-!%/-)+0!7,-#&2-(!#1!H%7#8&!%)'!#7,-&!)-7$#&U!7,-#&2(7(!S!Y87!

7,%7! $-! %'#97! %! +#)+-972#)! #1! '211-&-)+-! %(! #)-! #1! '-/&--! &%7,-&! 7,%)! #1! U2)'Z!

7,%7! 2(J! %(! %&/8-'! Y0! =%)! W#/#(7! 2)! ,2(!.3#0$) ;"0$+L0$+3+%*J! 7,%7! p%..! 7,2)/(!

-t8%..0!-a2(7J!0-7!7,-0!'#!)#7!-a2(7!-t8%..0q!bMNOMs!OOdV!

",2(! %.(#! &-t82&-(! %! '211-&-)7! 8)'-&(7%)'2)/! #1! 7,-! p%((-TY.%/-q! #&!

p$,#.-q! S! '211-&-)7J! 1#&! -a%T9.-J! 1&#T! 7,-! (-%T.-(()-((! #1! #&/%)2+! 7#7%.272-(! 2)!

7,-!I-/-.2%)!7&%'272#)V!*(!%&/8-'!Y0!:-H%)'%!bMNNmd!2)!,2(!*((-TY.%/-!7,-#&0J!

'&%$2)/!#)!7,-!$#&U!#1!:-.8[-J!%)!%((-TY.%/-!2(!)-Q-&!(-%.-'!#&!(-%T.-((!Y87!

(18)

! ON!

+#)(2(7(! #1! %87#)#T#8(! 9%&7(J! $,#(-! 2)7-&%+72#)(! %.(#! +#)(72787-! 27(! -T-&/-)7!

%)'!8)1#&-(--)!9&#9-&72-(!S!8)1#&-(--)!Y-+%8(-!7,-0!+%))#7!Y-!-a9.%2)-'!$27,!

T-&-! &-1-&-)+-! 7#! 7,-! 9&#9-&72-(! #1! 27(! +#)(727872)/! 9%&7(V! ",2(! 2(! Y-+%8(-J!

:-H%)'%!bMNNms!ON]OOd!%&/8-(J!$-!,%Q-!7#!T%U-!%!'2(72)+72#)!Y-7$--)J!#)!7,-!

#)-! ,%)'J! 7,-!A/+A0/!#0&! #1! %! /2Q-)! 9%&7! #&! -)7270! %)'J! #)! 7,-! #7,-&! ,%)'J! 27(!

?'A'?#!#0&! 7#! 2)7-&%+7! $27,! #7,-&! -)7272-(V! ^,2.-! 9&#9-&72-(! %&-! 7,-! /2Q-)! %)'!

'-12)%Y.-!+#)(7278-)7(!#1!%)!-)7270!27(!+%9%+272-(!+%)!)-Q-&!Y-!/&%(9-'!#&!1#&-7#.'!

%7!%)0!/2Q-)!T#T-)7V!",2(!2(!Y-+%8(-!$,2.-!+%9%+272-(!'#!2)'--'!'-9-)'!#)!%)!

-)7270r(!9&#9-&72-(!7,-0!+%))#7!Y-!&-'8+-'!7#!7,#(-J!(2)+-!7,-2&!&-%.2[%72#)!&-1-&(!

7#! 7,-! 9&#9-&72-(! b%)'! 7,8(! +%9%+272-(d! #1! 27(! 2)7-&%+72)/! -)7272-(! b$,2+,! 2)!

%++#&'%)+-! %&-! %.(#! %((#+2%7-'! $27,! 0-7! #7,-&! 8)1#&-(--%Y.-! -)7%)/.-T-)7(dV!

",-&-1#&-J! %(! +%9%+272-(! T%0! Y-! 8)'-&(7##'! %(! (2T8.7%)-#8(.0! %11#&'-'! Y0! 7,-!

7,2)/! 27(-.1! S! %.$%0(! %.&-%'0!/0&!#$%! 2)! 27(! 9,0(2t8-! S! Y87! &-%.2[-'! #).0! 2)! 27(!

%((#+2%72#)! 7#! #7,-&! 7,2)/(! #&! T%77-&(J! %! 9%&7! +%)! )-27,-&! Y-! &-'8+-'! 7#! 27(!

&-.%72#)(!)#&!%!$,#.-!7#!7,-!T-&-!(8T!#1!27(!9%&7(V!

=)! 7,-! T%2)J! $,%7! 7,2(! (0TT-7&0! 2T9.2-(! 2(! %! T#&-! -/%.27%&2%)! &-/2T-!

Y%(-'!#)!7,-!(2T9.-!%((-&72#)!7,%7!7,-&-!2(!#).0!#)-!2)'2Q2(2Y.-!$#&.'J!%!+#TT#)!

/&#8)'!2),%Y27-'!Y0!,8T%)(!%)'!)#)],8T%)(!$,#!b2'-%..0!%7!.-%(7dJ!Y-+%8(-!#1!

7,-2&! '211-&-)+-(J! %&-! %Y.-! 7#! +#T9-)(%7-! 1#&! -%+,! #7,-&r(! $-%U)-((-(! 2)!

+##9-&%72Q-! p9&#/&%T(! #1! %+72#)q! bC.(-)! MNONJ! MNOMYdV! =7! 2(! 2)! )#! (-)(-! %! 78&)!

%$%0!1&#T!9-#9.-J!)#&!1&#T!7,-!1%+7!7,%7!9-#9.-!%&-!'211-&-)7!1&#T!b#7,-&d!7,2)/(!

%)'!#7,-&!%)2T%.(J!Y87!T-&-.0!%!&-+#/)272#)!#1!7,-!1%+7!7,%7!7,-&-!2(!)#!(8+,!7,2)/!

%(!",L'$)(#+2-70! b#&! %! )%78&%.! &-(-&Q-! 1#&! 7,%7! T%77-&dJ! Y-+%8(-J! %(! %&/8-'! Y0!

H%7#8&!bOkkks!OkPdJ!!p^-!.2Q-!2)!+#..-+72Q-(J!)#7!(#+2-72-(qV!",%7!2(J!7,2)/(!#&!)#)]

,8T%)(! %&-! (--)! )#7! #).0! %(! 2)7-&T-'2%&2-(! Y87! %.(#! %(! (#+2%.! %+7#&(! S! $,#!

7,&#8/,! 7,-! 9#$-&! #1! &-.%72#)(! %&-! ,#.'-&(! #1!'%0$?*! %)'!H#!'3#!*! (2T2.%&! 7#!

b7,#8/,!=#@@0/0$!!1&#Td!7,-2&!,8T%)!+#]%+7#&(!b-V/V!I#''-&!MNOMdV!!

D#&!%&+,%-#.#/0J!%!'2(+29.2)-!+#)+-&)-'!$27,!7,2)/(!#&!)#)],8T%)(J!7,2(!

T-%)(! 7,%7! 27(! (8YR-+7! T%77-&! +%))#7! Y-! &-/%&'-'! %(! (#T-! -929,-)#T-)%! #1!

",L'$!(#+2-70J!#&!%(!7,-!9%((2Q-!(2/)212-&(!#1!9%(7!(#+2%.!'0)%T2+(J!Y87!%(!%+78%.!

(#+2%.!%+7#&(J!$,2+,!%/-)+0!T#&-#Q-&J!2)!9#$-&!#1!7,-2&!9,0(2+%.!'8&%Y2.270!%.(#!

&-%+,-(!Y-0#)'J!#&!'-+#)(7&8+7(J!7,-!+#)Q-)72#)%.!'2(72)+72#)!Y-7$--)!9%(7!%)'!

9&-(-)7V! ",8(J! 1#&! %! '2(+29.2)-! +#)+-&)-'! $27,! 7,-! 9%(7! 7,2(! )-$! +#)+-972#)! #1!

(19)

! OO!

7,2)/(! T-%)(! 7,%7! )#7! #).0! %&-! 7,-! &-T)%)7(! #1! 9%(7! '0)%T2+(J! p7,-! (9#2.(! #1!

,2(7#&0q! bH#$-)7,%.! OkkodJ! %++8T8.%72)/! %&#8)'! 8(J! Y87! 7,%7! 7,-! 9%(7! 27(-.1! 2(!

'?!#H03*)A/0&0$!!2)!7,2)/(!7,%7!-)'8&-!%)'!+#)72)8-!7#!%11-+7!#8&!,%Y278%.!%+72#)(!

%)'!2'-%(!S!%)'!7,8(!7,%7!%&+,%-#.#/0!2(!2)!1%+7!%(!T8+,!%!9&#R-+7!+#)+-&)-'!$27,!

7,-! 9&-(-)7! %)'! 1878&-V! E#&-#Q-&J! $,2.-! $-! ,%Q-! '8&2)/! 7,-! &-2/)! #1! 9#(7]

9&#+-((8%.2(T! 1&-t8-)7.0! ,-%&'! %++8(%72#)(! #1! %&+,%-#.#/0r(! 9%((2Q-!

+#)(8T972#)!#1!7,-#&0J!%)'!%!(2T2.%&!(+-972+2(T!&-/%&'2)/!7,-!-a2(7-)+-!#1!%)0!

(8+,! 7,2)/! %(! '/?"'0+3+%#?'3) 7,-#&0! b-V/V! L#,)(#)! -7! %.V! MNNmdJ! 7,2(! )-$!

7,-#&-72+%.!+8&&-)7!%&/8%Y.0!9#(78.%7-(!(#T-7,2)/!&%'2+%..0!'211-&-)7Z!)%T-.0!%)!

p%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!T#T-)7q!7,%7!987(!%&+,%-#.#/2(7(!2)!%!&%&-!9#(272#)!)#7!T-&-.0!

pw!7#!+#)7&2Y87-!(2/)212+%)7.0!#)!7,-!2)7-..-+78%.!(+-)-J!Y87!%.(#!7#!&-%.2[-!7,-!18..!

9#7-)72%.!#1!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!9&#R-+7q!bC.(-)!MNOM%s!MNZ!1#&!(2T2.%&!%&/8T-)7(!

(--! %.(#! K#)[\.-[]@82Y%.! MNOPZ! C.(-)! -7! %.V! MNOMdV! ^-! T2/,7! -Q-)! (9-%U! #1! %!

/0!,/$)!+)'/?"'0+3+%*J!7#!%''!0-7!%)#7,-&!7%/!7#!7,-!.2(7!%Y#Q-V!

!

-'.#/$)0)+1!)2!%#$!'$.$(%!3/,%!/(4!3'$,$(%!

",-! (-+#)'! T#Q-T-)7! 7,2(! 9&#R-+7! +%)! Y-! (%2'! 7#! #&2/2)%7-! 2)! 2(! 7,-! /&#$2)/!

Y&%)+,!#1!%&+,%-#.#/0!1#+8(2)/!#)!7,-!&-+-)7!9%(7!%)'!9&-(-)7J!%.(#!&-1-&&-'!7#!

%(! %&+,%-#.#/0! #1! 7,-! ?+$!0LA+/'/*) A'&!V! */%2)J! =! $#8.'! .2U-! 7#! (7&-((! %!

+#)+-972#)!#1!7,2(!%(!%!T#Q-T-)7!&%7,-&!7,%)!%!1&%T-$#&UJ!7,#8/,!%!Y&2-1!.##U!%7!

7,-!12-.'r(!,2(7#&0!T%0!&-Q-%.!(#T-!9-&(2(7-)7!7&-)'(V!=7(!.%7-&!'-Q-.#9T-)7!,%(J!

T#&-#Q-&J!+#2)+2'-'!$27,!7,-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(!2)!7,-!,8T%)272-(!%)'!(#+2%.!(+2-)+-(!

%)'!+%)!7,8(J!7#!(#T-!-a7-)7J!-Q-)!Y--!(--)!%(!Y-.#)/2)/!7#!7,-!(%T-!&-Q#.872#)!

#&! 9%&%'2/T! (,217! S! 2)'--'J! 7,-! (%T-!'/?"'0+3+%#?'3) L+L0$!! S! %.7,#8/,! 27(!

9-'2/&--!+%)!Y-!7&%+-'!18&7,-&!Y%+U!2)!72T-V!!

! !"&%'272#)%..0! %&+,%-#.#/0! 2(! #1! +#8&(-! %! '2(+29.2)-! +#)+-&)-'! $27,! %!

'2(7%)7!9%(7J!%!A/0Y,2(7#&2+!9%(7!%)'!7,8(!27(!9&-(-)+-!2)!T%7-&2%.!+8.78&-V!*(!%)!

#11(9&2)/!#1!T#'-&)270!b+1V!",#T%(!MNNj%J!MNNjYd!%)'!27(!Y&-%U!$27,!7&%'272#)!27!

,%(!18&7,-&T#&-!Y--)!&##7-'!2)!%!+#)+-972#)!#1!7,-!9&-(-)7!%(!'2(72)+7.0!'211-&-)7!

1&#T!7,-!9%(7V!=7(!2'-)7270!%(!%!(+2-)7212+!'2(+29.2)-!,%(!7,-&-1#&-!7#!%!+#)(2'-&%Y.-!

-a7-)7!Y--)!/&#8)'-'!#)!7,2(!7-T9#&%.J!%.Y-27!9%&%'#a2+%.J!'2(9.%+-T-)7!1&#T!27(!

(8YR-+7! T%77-&Z! 7,-! 9%(7J! 8)'-&(7##'! %(! #Q-&! %)'! /#)-J! Y-+#T-(! %! +,%..-)/2)/!

(20)

! OM!

9&#Y.-TJ!%!T0(7-&0!7#!Y-!(#.Q-'!D0?',&0)#!)#&)"#==0$!7#!8(!2)!7,-!9&-(-)7!bC.(-)!

MNONs!OOMdV!C&J!%(!A,%)U(!%)'!"2..-0!,%Q-!&-T%&U-'J!pw7,-!'2(7%)+-J!7,-!#7,-&]

)-((J! 7,-! %Y(-)+-! #1! 7,-! 9%(7! 2(! 9#(78.%7-'! %(! %! +#)'272#)! #1! 7,-! +,%..-)/-V! =7! 2(!

7,2(!$,2+,!#Y(+8&-(q!bA,%)U(!%)'!"2..-0!Okons!ONdV!^,%7!7&%'272#)%..0!2(!(--)!%(!

7,-!7%(U!#1!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/2(7J!7,8(J!2(!7#!8)Q-2.!%)'!#&'-&J!7#!'-T0(7210!%)'!T%U-!

(-)(-!#1!7,%7!#7,-&)-((J!#1!7,%7!$,2+,!$%(!8)U)#$)!#&!%99-%&(!8)1%T2.2%&V!D#&!

7,-(-! %)'! #7,-&! &-%(#)(! 7,-! 9&-],2(7#&2+J! 8)$&277-)! 9%(7! ,%(! 7&%'272#)%..0! Y--)!

%&+,%-#.#/0r(! 8)t8-(72#)-'! '#T%2)! $,-&-%(! 7,-! T#&-! &-+-)7! %)'! T#&-!

p1%T2.2%&q! #&! pU)#$)q! 9-&2#'(! ,%Q-! &-+-2Q-'! .-((! %77-)72#)! %)'! 1#&! .#)/! %.(#!

+#)(2'-&-'! Y-77-&! .-17! 1#&! ,2(7#&2%)(J! (#+2#.#/2(7(J! -7,)#/&%9,-&(! #&! #7,-&(! 7#!

-a9.#&-V!",2(J!,#$-Q-&J!,%(!/&%'8%..0!+,%)/-'!%)'!7#'%0!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!7,-!

Q-&0! &-+-)7! #&! +#)7-T9#&%&0! 9%(7! 2(! +#)(2'-&-'! %(! #)-! #1! %&+,%-#.#/0r(!

&-+#/)2[-'!p(8Y]'2(+29.2)-(q!bI%&&2(#)!%)'!A+,#12-.'!MNONdV!

=7!+%)!Y-!'2112+8.7!7#!7&%+-!#&!7#!p&-7&#127q!7,-!#&2/2)!#1!7,2(!(8Y]12-.'!7#!%!

(9-+212+!9#2)7!2)!72T-!$,2.-!7,-!7$#!T2.-(7#)-(!)#$!/-)-&%..0!T-)72#)-'!%&-J!#)!

7,-! #)-! ,%)'J! 7,-! -7,)#]%&+,%-#.#/2+%.! %99&#%+,-(! 7,%7! 1.#8&2(,-'! $27,2)! 7,-!

<-$! %&+,%-#.#/0! 1&#T! 7,-! OkmN(! %)'! nN(J! %)'! #)! 7,-! #7,-&! ,%)'J! 7,-!

'-Q-.#9T-)7! #1! %! T#&-! %)7,&#9#.#/2+%..0! 1#+8(-'! 12-.'! #1! E%7-&2%.! +8.78&-!

(78'2-(! 2)! 7,-! OkoN(! %)'! kN(! b+1V! W8+,.2! %)'! H8+%(! MNNO%Z! I%&&2(#)! MNOOZ!

I%&&2(#)! %)'! A+,#12-.'! MNNkJ! MNONdV! 5%&72+8.%&.0! 2T9#&7%)7! b$27,2)! 7,-! <-$!

%&+,%-#.#/2+%.! +%T98(d! $-&-! 7,-! T#'-&)! T%7-&2%.! +8.78&-! 9&#R-+7(! #1! E2+,%-.!

A+,211-&!2)!"8(+#)!%)'!@2+,%&'!K#8.'!2)!I#)#.8.8!b+1V!K#8.'!%)'!A+,211-&!OkoOdJ!

Y87! )#7! .-%(7J! 1#..#$2)/! 7,-(-J! W2..! @%7,R-r(! 1%T#8(! K%&Y%/-! 9&#R-+7! (7%&7-'! 2)!

OknPV! ^,%7! ,%99-)-'! $27,! 7,-! '-Q-.#9T-)7! %)'! %+U)#$.-'/T-)7! #1! 7,-(-!

9&#R-+7(J! %(! (7%7-'! Y0! @%7,R-! ,2T(-.1J! $%(! 7,%7! 7,-! '-12)272#)! #1! %&+,%-#.#/0!

(,217-'!1&#T!%!1#+8(!#)!7-T9#&%.!'2(7%)+-!7#$%&'(!pw%!1#+8(!#)!7,-!2)7-&%+72#)!

Y-7$--)! T%7-&2%.! +8.78&-! %)'! ,8T%)! Y-,%Q2#8&J! &-/%&'.-((! #1! 72T-! %)'! (9%+-q!

b@%7,R-! Oknks! MZ! @%7,R-! OkoOs! lMdV! =)! #7,-&! $#&'(J! %&+,%-#.#/0! $%(! 7#! Y-!

8)'-&(7##'!12&(7!%)'!1#&-T#(7!%(!p7,-!'2(+29.2)-!#1!b9-#9.-!%)'d!7,2)/(q!S!%.&-%'0!

%)72+29%72)/! %! !,/$) !+) !"#$%&V! ",8(J! $,2.-! 7,-! %+78%.! %/-)'%! #1! 7,-(-! -%&.0!

%99&#%+,-(!T%0!(#T-72T-(!,%Q-!Y--)!#1!%!9&2T%&2.0!%)%.#/2+%.!+,%&%+7-&J!&%7,-&!

7,%)!Y%(-'!#)!%!+#)+-&)!1#&!p%)!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!8(q!1#&!27(!#$)!(%U-!b27!2(!$#&7,!

(21)

! OP!

(7%72)/J! 7,#8/,J! 7,%7! 7,-! K%&Y#.#/0! 9&#R-+7! $%(! 1&#T! 7,-! #87(-7! 7&8.0! 7,%7dJ! 7,-!

+#)7&2Y872#)!#1!7,-(-!-%&.0!%77-T97(!2(!8)t8-(72#)%Y.-V!

G#)(2'-&2)/!7,-(-!-%&.0!%99&#%+,-(!%(!7,-!12&(7!9,%(-!2)!7,-!'-Q-.#9T-)7!

#1!%)!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!7,-!&-+-)7!9%(7!%)'!7,-!9&-(-)7J!%!(-+#)'!9,%(-!+%)!Y-!(%2'!

7#!7%U-!#Q-&!Y0!7,-!78&)!#1!7,-!T2..-))28TV!*.(#!,-&-!&-1-&-)+-(!,%Q-!Y--)!T%'-!

7#! 7$#! T2.-(7#)-(! &-9&-(-)72)/! 7,2(! (,217! b+1V! I%&&2(#)! MNOOZ! I%&&2(#)! %)'!

A+,#12-.'! MNONdZ! 7,-(-! %&-! 7,-! 7$#! -'27-'! Q#.8T-(J! ./?"'0+3+%#0&) +@) !"0) [+$!0LA+/'/*) ;'&!! -'27-'! Y0! >2+7#&! W8+,.2! %)'! K%Q2)! H8+%(! bMNNOYdJ! %)'! 7,-!

T#&-!2)7-&'2(+29.2)%&0!1#+8(-'!\'!!0/1)\'!0/#'3#!*)'$=)\+=0/$)[,3!,/0!-'27-'!Y0!

5VEV! K&%Q-(]W&#$)! bMNNNYd! b(--! ,#$-Q-&! %.(#! A+,)%99! OkkndV! =)! 7,-(-! 7$#!

Q#.8T-(! 7,-! -'27#&(J! %(! $-..! %(! +#)7&2Y87#&(J! &-1.-+7! #)! $,%7! %)! %&+,%-#.#/0! #1!

7,-! &-+-)7! #&! +#)7-T9#&%&0! 9%(7! 2(! %)'! $,%7! 27! +#8.'! Y-+#T-J! ,#$! 27! +#8.'!

+,%..-)/-!%)'!%.7-&!7,-!+#)Q-)72#)%.!+#)+-972#)(!%)'!&-(-%&+,!7&%'272#)(!$27,2)!

%&+,%-#.#/0J! %)'! ,#$! 27(! +#)7&2Y872#)! $#8.'! %''! 7#! #8&! 8)'-&(7%)'2)/! #1!

T%7-&2%.270J!9%(7!%)'!9&-(-)7V!",8(J!8).2U-!7,-!%99&#%+,-(!'-Q-.#9-'!'8&2)/!7,-!

-%&.2-&!9,%(-!7,-(-!%&-!Y#.'.0!78&)-'!7#$%&'(!T#'-&)!T%7-&2%.!+8.78&-!A0/)&0V!*(!

(7%7-'! Y0! W8+,.2! %)'! H8+%(! 7,-2&! +#)+-&)! $27,! 7,-! Y##U! $%(! bT#&-#Q-&d! pw7#!

'2(72)/82(,!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!+#)7-T9#&%&0!#&!T#'-&)!T%7-&2%.!+8.78&-!1&#T!27(!

18)+72#)!%(!-7,)#]%&+,%-#.#/0q!bW8+,.2!%)'!H8+%(!MNNO%s!jdJ!%)'!7,8(J!7#$%&'(!

27(! '-12)272#)! %(J! 9.%2).0J! %&+,%-#.#/0V! =)! 7,-! 2)7&#'8+72#)! 7#!\'!!0/1) \'!0/#'3#!*) '$=)\+=0/$)[,3!,/0J!K&%Q-(]W&#$)!'-+.%&-(!7,%7!27(!+-)7&%.!7,-T-!2(!T%7-&2%.270!

%)'!pw!,#$!7,-!Q-&0!T%7-&2%.!+,%&%+7-&!#1!7,-!$#&.'!%&#8)'!8(!2(!%99&#9&2%7-'!

Y0! ,8T%)270q! bK&%Q-(]W&#$)! MNNN%s! OdV! ",2(J! ,-! %&/8-(J! ,%(! Y--)! (2'-.2)-'! 2)!

T#(7! &-(-%&+,! #)! ! pT#'-&)! bT%7-&2%.d! +8.78&-q! b2Y2'Vd! S! 7,8(! %.(#! -+,#2)/! %!

+&272t8-!Q#2+-'!Y0!%'Q#+%7-(!#1!7,-!78&)!7#!7,2)/(!/-)-&%..0V!!

W#7,!Q#.8T-(!T#&-#Q-&!%&72+8.%7-!#YR-+72Q-(!7,%7!,%Q-!(2)+-!Y--)!18&7,-&!

T%)21-(7-'!%(!U-0!7,-T-(!#)!7,-!12-.'r(!+#TT#)!%/-)'%s!W0!78&)2)/!7,-!1#+8(!7#!

7,-!T%7-&2%.!9&-(-)7!%)'!9%(7!#1!.2Q2)/!T-T#&0J!%&+,%-#.#/0!2(!%Y.-!7#!&-)'-&!7,-!

T#(7! t8#72'2%)! %)'! 1%T2.2%&! %99-%&! .-((! 1%T2.2%&! %)'! Y0! (8+,! p#7,-&2)/q! 7#!

(8YR-+7! 7#! (+&872)0! 7,-! T%)0! p7%U-)! 1#&! /&%)7-'(q! #1! ,2(7#&2+%.! %)'! +8.78&%.!

+#)+-972#)(V!",&#8/,!27(!-a9-&72(-!2)!'-%.2)/!$27,!7,-!)#)]'2(+8&(2Q-!&-%.T(!#1!

,8T%)! (#+2-70J! W8+,.2! %)'! H8+%(! bMNNO%J! MNNO+d! 18&7,-&! (7%7-J! %&+,%-#.#/0! 2(!

+%9%Y.-!#1!8)Q-2.2)/!)#7!#).0!7,-!8)(%2'!Y87!%.(#!7,-!2)-11%Y.-!%(9-+7(!#1!9&-(-)7!

(22)

! Oj!

#&! 9%(7! -Q-)7(! %)'! &-%.272-(V! =)! #7,-&! $#&'(J! 27! ,%(! 7,-! +%9%+270! 7#! p9&-(-)+-!

%Y(-)+-qJ! 7#! &-%+,! 7,-! (8Y%.7-&)J! %)'! /2Q-! Q#2+-! 7#! #7,-&b-'d! -a9-&2-)+-(! %)'!

9%(7(J!%)'!7,8(!(899.-T-)7!%)'!+,%..-)/-!-(7%Y.2(,-'!,2(7#&2+%.!p7&87,(qV!

D#..#$2)/!7,2(!#)-!T2/,7!%&/8-!7,%7!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!7,-!&-+-)7!9%(7!2(!1&#T!

7,-!#87(-7!-(7%Y.2(,-'J!9%&7.0J!2)!#99#(272#)!7#!7-a7!b#&!7,-!'#T2)2#)!#1!7-a7dJ!%(!%!

(9-+212+! %99&#%+,! 7#! 7,-! 7%+27! %)'! 8)$&277-)J! $,2+,! %.(#! +#8)7(! 1#&! 7,-! -%&.2-&!

/%&Y%/-!%&+,%-#.#/0!b@%7,R-!%)'!E+G%&7,0!OknnZ!@%7,R-!OkojdV!=7!2(J!T#&-#Q-&J!

2)7-&-(72)/!7#!)#7-!7,%7!7,-!-a2(7-)+-!#1!7-a7!,%(!)-Q-&!Y--)!7,-!2((8-!#1!'-Y%7-!

$27,2)!7,2(!12-.'!#1!%&+,%-#.#/0J!%(!27!$%(J!%)'!(72..!2(!7#!(#T-!-a7-)7J!2)!,2(7#&2+%.!

%&+,%-#.#/0V!*/%2)J!%(!(7%7-'!%.&-%'0!Y0!@%7,R-!bOknkJ!OkoOd!Y87!(7&-((-'!%.(#!Y0!

W8+,.2!%)'!H8+%(!bMNNO%dJ!7,-!'-12)2)/!+&27-&2%!1#&!%&+,%-#.#/0!,%'!Y0!7,-!78&)!#1!

7,-!T2..-))28T!Y--)!'2Q#&+-'!1&#T!7-T9#&%.!+#)+-&)(!%)'!#&2-)7-'!7#$%&'(!7,-!

9%&72+8.%&270! #1! 7,-! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.! /%[-! %)'!L'!0/#'3! 1#+8(V! ",8(J! $,2.-! 27! T%0!

,%Q-! Y--)! t8-(72#)-'! $,-7,-&! %)! %&+,%-#.#/0! #1! 7,-!/0?0$!! %)'!?+$!0LA+/'/*!

+#8.'! &-%..0! +.%2T! 7#! Y-! %&+,%-#.#/0! %7! %..J! 7,-! 2((8-! ,%(! 7#! (#T-! '-/&--! Y--)!

(-77.-'!#)!7,-!+#)+-972#)!7,%7!%..!%&+,%-#.#/0!2(!2)!1%+7!+#)7-T9#&%&0!b-V/V!W8+,.2!

%)'!H8+%(!MNNO%Z!I#''-&!MNNOZ!C.2Q2-&!MNNOdJ!2)!7,-!(-)(-!7,%7!27!7%U-(!9.%+-!2)!

7,-!9&-(-)7J!%)'!18&7,-&T#&-!7,%7!%..!%&+,%-#.#/0!2(!pA/0,2(7#&2+q!bH8+%(!MNNjdJ!

2)! 7,-! (-)(-! 7,%7! 27! 2(! -)/%/-'! 9&2T%&2.0! $27,! 7,2)/(! %)'! )#7! 7-a7V! C)-! +#8.'!

7,-&-1#&-! +.%2T! 7,%7! $27,! 7,-! %'Q-)7! #1! %&+,%-#.#/0! #1! 7,-! &-+-)7! %)'!

+#)7-T9#&%&0! 9%(7J! %)'! 7,-! R8(7212+%72#)! 1#&! 27(! -a2(7-)+-J! 7,-! +#)+-972#)! #1!

%&+,%-#.#/0!,%(!+#T-!7#!2)Q#.Q-!%!1%&!T#&-!-a9.2+27!%&72+8.%72#)!#1!7,-!%87#)#T0!

2)!&-.%72#)!7#!,2(7#&0J!%)'!#7,-&!7-a7!Y%(-'!'2(+29.2)-(J!7,%)!$,%7!$%(!877-&-'!Y0!

(9#U-(T-)!#1!,2(7#&2+%.!%&+,%-#.#/0!b+1V!*)'&6)!OkkodV!*.7,#8/,!)#7!987!2)!(8+,!

'2&-+7!7-&T(!7,-!8)'-&.02)/!(8Y7-a7!#1!7,2(!T#Q-T-)7!2(!7,%7!./?"'0+3+%*)#&)$+!) B#&!+/*! S! #&J! 2)'--'J! 7,%7!./?"'0+3+%*) #&) ./?"'0+3+%*V! =)! 7,%7! (-)(-! 27! +%)! Y-!

+.%2T-'!7,%7!7,-!'-Q-.#9T-)7!#1!7,2(!12-.'!#1!%&+,%-#.#/0!&-(#)%7-(!$-..!$27,!7,-!

+,%)/-(! $-! ,%Q-! $27)-((-'! #)! %! Y&#%'-&! (+%.-! $27,2)! 7,-! ,8T%)]! %)'! (#+2%.!

(+2-)+-(J!7,-!78&)!%$%0!1&#T!'2(+#8&(-!%)'!7#$%&'(!7,2)/(V!

",2(!)#7$27,(7%)'2)/J!7,-&-!%99-%&(!7#!Y-J!1#&!(#T-!&-%(#)J!%!(7&#)/!)--'!

1#&! (-.1]R8(7212+%72#)! %T#)/! 7,-! 12-.'r(! 9&%+7272#)-&(! b(--! I%&&2(#)! MNOO! 1#&!

+&272+2(TdJ!%)'!7,-!&%72#)%.-!T#(7!1&-t8-)7.0!%((-&7-'!+%)!Y-!(%2'!7#!(72..!%..8'-!7#!

,2(7#&0! %(! 7,-! +#TT#)! /&#8)'V! ",-! %&/8T-)7(! 7,%7! 7,-! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.!

(23)

! Ol!

9-&(9-+72Q-!-)%Y.-(!%++-((!7#!%.7-&)%72Q-!&-%.272-(!%)'!#7,-&!,2(7#&2-(!7,%)!7,#(-!

9&#'8+-'! 7,&#8/,! ,2(7#&2+%.! (#8&+-(! %)'! -)/%/-T-)7(J! 7,%7! 7,2)/(! %..#$! 8(! 7#!

&-%+,! %.(#! 7,-! 8)'#+8T-)7-'! %)'! 8)(9#U-)J! %)'! 7,8(! 7,-! (2.-)7! #&! (2.-)+-'!

/&#89(!#1!7,-!9%(7!%)'!9&-(-)7J!+%)!Y-!(--)!%(!-a%T9.-(!#1!7,2(V!*++#&'2)/.0J!7,-!

)-$! 2)7-&-(7! 2)! 9&-Q2#8(.0! )-/.-+7-'! 7,2)/(! #&! T%7-&2%.! +8.78&-(! #1! 7,-! T#&-!

&-+-)7!9%(7(!+%)!Y-!(--)!%(!-)'-%Q#8&(!7#$%&'(!(8+,!+#&&-+72Q-(Z!'-+#)(7&8+72)/!

7,-!9&-Q%2.2)/!T%(7-&])%&&%72Q-(!Y0!/2Q2)/!Q#2+-!7#!7,#(-!T%&/2)%.2[-'!#&!%Y(-)7!

S!A0+A30&!$27,#87!,2(7#&0!bH277.-J!OkkjZ!^#.1!OkoMdV!!

",2(! 18&7,-&! T-%)(! 7,%7! %&+,%-#.#/0! #17-)! %99-%&(! %(! %)! #972#)! $,-&-!

,2(7#&2+%.! #&! #7,-&! (#8&+-(! 1%2.! 7#! +#T9.-7-! %! &-+#)(7&8+72#)! %)'! 7#! &-%+,! 7,-!

T%&/2)%.2[-'! %)'! (2.-)+-'J! &%7,-&! 7,%)! %)! %.7-&)%72Q-! %)'! &%'2+%..0! '211-&-)7!

%99&#%+,! 7#! b%)'! +#)+-972#)! #1d! 7,-! 9%(7! #&! 9&-(-)7V! ",8(J! $,2.-! W8+,.2! %)'!

H8+%(! bMNNO%s! Omd! '#! (8//-(7! 7,%7! p7,-! 7&#8Y.-(#T-! &#T%)72+! )#72#)! #1!

p'2(+#Q-&0qq!2(!$27,!7,-(-!%99&#%+,-(!&-9.%+-'!$27,!p+&-%72Q270q!S!8)'-&(+#&2)/!

7,%7! %&+,%-#.#/0! 2(! 8)'-&(7##'! %(! %! +#)(727872)/! %+7! #1! +#)7-T9#&%&0! (#+2%.!

(2/)212+%)+-! S! 27! T%0! )-Q-&7,-.-((! Y-! %&/8-'! 7,%7! 7,-(-! 7,-T-(! b$,2+,! ,%Q-!

+,%&%+7-&2[-'! 7,-! 12-.'r(! /&#$2)/! p&-9&-(-)7%72#)%.! %&+,2Q-q! '8&2)/! 7,-! .%(7!

'-+%'-d! +#)72)8-! 7#! Y82.'! #)! %! 7&%'272#)%.! +#)+-972#)! #1! %&+,%-#.#/0! %(!

p'2(+.#(8&-q! %)'! 27(! (8YR-+7! T%77-&! bp9%(7q! #&! )#7d! %(! (#T-7,2)/! 2)-Q27%Y.0! #&!

9&-1-&%Y.0! '2(7%)7J! %Y(-)7! #&!+!"0/! 7,%)! 7,-!+&!0$&#D30! 9&-(-)7V! ",%7! 2(J! 7,%7!

%Y(-)+-J!%!Q#2'!#&!2)+#T9.-7-)-((!(72..!%99-%&(!%(!7,-!+#)'272#)!#1!7,-!+,%..-)/-!

b+1V!A,%)U(!%)'!"2..-0!Okons!ONd!S!-Q-)!%(!7,-!.-/272T2[2)/!+#)'272#)!#1!7,-!$,#.-!

%99&#%+,V!!

",8(J!#)-!+#8.'!+.%2T!7,%7!7,-&-!-a2(7(!%!+-&7%2)!2)+#)(2(7-)+0!Y-7$--)J!

#)!7,-!#)-!,%)'J!7,-!#17-)!,-%&'!%2T(!#1!+&272+%..0!(+&872)2[2)/!7,-!T#(7!9&#a2T%.J!

#1!-TY&%+2)/!7,-!8)&-+#/)2[-'!-Q-&0'%0!%)'!1%T2.2%&J!%)'!#)!7,-!#7,-&!,%)'J!7,-!

(2T8.7%)-#8(!+#)7-)72#)!7,%7!7,2(!9&#a2T%.!%)'!t8#72'2%)!&-%.270!2(!0-7!%Y(-)7!#&!

,2''-)! %)'! 7,8(! )--'(! 7#! Y-! '2(+.#(-'! b(--! I%&&2(#)! MNOO! 1#&! (2T2.%&!

'2(+8((2#)dV!",-!+.%2T!7,%7!7,-!%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!/%[-!$2..!&-)'-&!,$@'L#3#'/)P"'!) 'AA0'/0=) @'L#3#'/J! (9-%U(! 2)! 7,-! (%T-! Q-2)J! 2T9.02)/! 7,%7! #YQ2#8(! #&!+/=#$'/*!

7,2)/(!S!%..!7,%7!2(!%.&-%'0!(,#$2)/!27(-.1!S!%&-!)#7!&-%..0!2)7-&-(72)/!-)#8/,!2)!

%)'! #1! 7,-T(-.Q-(J! 2)! 7,-! (#T-72T-(! p8)]-a#72+q! %)'! '8..! $%0! 7,-0! %+78%..0!

&-Q-%.!7,-T(-.Q-(V!

(24)

! Om!

W-1#&-! '2(+8((2)/! 7,2(! 18&7,-&J! ,#$-Q-&J! .-7! 8(! 78&)! %$%0! 1&#T! 7,-(-!

T#(7.0! 7-a7]Y%(-'! %&/8T-)7(! 7#$%&'(! %! +#)1&#)7%72#)! $27,! 7,-! 7$#! (27-(!

-a9.#&-'! %)'! 7,-2&! &2+,! 9#&71#.2#! #1! 7,2)/(V! @-78&)2)/! 7,-&-! $2..! 9&#Q2'-! (#.2'!

/&#8)'!1#&!7,-!18&7,-&!'2(+8((2#)!%)'!%.(#!&-+%..!$,%7!$%(!7,-!78&)2)/!9#2)7!2)!

7,-!9&#R-+7(!9&#/&-((2#)V!I#$-Q-&J!Y-1#&-!%&&2Q2)/!%7!7,-!7$#!(27-(!0-7!%)#7,-&!

+#)7-a78%.! (2'-](7-9! (--T(! %99&#9&2%7-Z! 7,%7! 2(J! 7#! Q-&0! Y&2-1.0! %++#8)7! 1#&! 7,-!

9&#R-+7! 7,%7! T0! $#&U! /&-$! #87! #1! %)'! $,2+,! 2)272%..0! '&#Q-! T-! 7#! -a9.#&-! 7,-!

9#((2Y2.272-(!1#&!%)!%&+,%-#.#/0!#1!7,-!(27-(!2)!t8-(72#)V!

(25)

! On!

?7!@'(.''$!&9:$!&'2#&:'+!*$0!='&&:$1!=:+(#&:'+!

",-! 9&#R-+7! ,-&-! 9&-(-)7-'! Y-/%)! %)'! 8)1#.'-'! %(! 9%&7! #1! 7,-! .%&/-&! &-(-%&+,!

9&#R-+7!K,#$)\0L+/#0&C)\'!0/#'3#!*1).0&!"0!#?&)'$=)!"0)./?"'0+3+%*)+@)!"0)K0?0$!)

;'&!! b$$$V&82)T-T#&2-(V#&/dV! ",2(! $%(! %! 7,&--! 0-%&! bMNON]MNOMd! &-(-%&+,!

9&#R-+7! 18)'-'! Y0! 7,-! <#&$-/2%)! @-(-%&+,! G#8)+2.r(! e;H>?@! 9&#/&%T! %)'!

'-(2/)-'! Y#7,! %(! %! +&#((! '2(+29.2)%&0! '2%.#/8-! #)! 7,-! /&#$2)/! +#)+-&)! 1#&!

T#'-&)!&82)(!%)'!T%7-&2%.270J!%)'!%(!%)!-a9.#&%72#)!#1!%)'!$27,2)!7,-!/&#$2)/!

12-.'!#1!%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!%99&#%+,-(!7#!7,-!&-+-)7!9%(7V!^27,!-T92&2+%.!1#+8(!#)!7,-!

+#)(7%)7.0!Y8''2)/!/,#$Y3'$=&?'A0!#1!7,-!pT#'-&)qJ!#1!7,-!Q-&0!&-+-)7!9%(7!%)'!

9&-(-)7J!7,-!#Q-&%..!%2T(!#1!@82)!E-T#&2-(!$-&-J!12&(7.0J!7#!+&272+%..0!(+&872)2[-!

7,-!)#&T%72Q-!+%7-/#&2[%72#)!#1!T#'-&)!&82)(!%)'!7,-!'2(+#8&(-(!%)'!9&%+72+-(!

7,%7!T%0!,%Q-!.-'!7#!7,-2&!%+%'-T2+!%)'!,2(7#&2+%.!T%&/2)%.2[%72#)Z!%)'!(-+#)'.0J!

7#!&-%((-((!7,-!+8.78&%.!%)'!,2(7#&2+%.!Q%.8-!#1!7,2(!p9&-,2(7#&0q!%)'!#1!7,-!&#.-!

7,2)/(! 9.%0! 2)! -a9&-((2)/! 7,-! 2)-11%Y.-V! =)! 7,2(! Q%2)! 7,-! 9&#R-+7r(! Q%&2#8(! +%(-!

(78'2-(!-a9.#&-'!7,&--!T%2)!7,-T-(js!!

D2&(7.0J!!"0) '0&!"0!#?&) +@) P'&!0) '$=) "0/#!'%0J! &-1-&&2)/! 7#! 7,-! %TY2/8#8(!

9-&+-972#)!#1!T#'-&)!&82)(!%)'!,#$!7,2(!&-.%7-(!7#!7,-!T#'-&)2(7!#99#(272#)%.!

,2-&%&+,0! Y-7$--)J! #)! 7,-! #)-! ,%)'J! 18)+72#)%.! %)'u#&! %-(7,-72+%..0! 9.-%(2)/!

7,2)/(!%)'J!#)!7,-!#7,-&J!$%(7-!S!7,2)/(!Y&#U-)J!&82)-'!%)'!8)$%)7-'Z!%!Y2)%&0!

#99#(272#)J!%)'!#7,-&2)/J!%.(#!+.%2T-'!&-1.-+7-'!%)'!T%2)7%2)-'!$27,2)!,-&27%/-!

T%)%/-T-)7! %)'! '-12)272#)(V! C1! +-)7&%.! 2T9#&7%)+-! $%(! 7#! -a9.#&-! ,#$! (8+,!

9&#+-((-(! #1! #7,-&2)/! &-1.-+7-'! %-(7,-72+! 9&-1-&-)+-(! %)'! Q%.8-(J! Y87! %.(#! ,#$!

T#'-&)! &82)(! 2)! 7,-2&! %TY2/8#8(! %)'! 8)+%))0! (7%7-! T2/,7! Y-! (--)! %(! 877-&2)/!

7,-2&!#$)!&-(2(7%)+-!%)'!+8.78&%.!+&272t8-J!%)'!7,8(!,#$!7,-0!T2/,7!18-.!%!+&272+%.!

'2(+#8&(-!#)!7,-(-!Q-&0!Q%.8-(!%)'!%-(7,-72+!+#)+-972#)(V!!

*!(-+#)'!7,-T-!$%(!!"0)L'!0/#'3#!*)+@)L0L+/*!1#+8(2)/!T%2).0!#)!1#&T(!

#1!2)Q#.8)7%&0!T-T#&0!bW-)R%T2)!OkkkdJ!%(!#99#(-'!7#!&-+#..-+72Q-!T-T#&0!%)'!

'-.2Y-&%7-!+#TT-T#&%72#)V!=T9#&7%)7!,-&-!$%(!7#!-a9.#&-!,#$!T#'-&)!&82)(!S!

7,-!(8&Q2Q%.!%)'!/%7,-&2)/!%.(#!#1!7,2)/(!T%'-!&-'8)'%)7!%)'!'2(+%&'-'!S!T%0!

Y-+#T-!9#7-)72%.!%/-)7(!#1!'2(&8972#)!%)'!p%+78%.2(%72#)q!b2Y2'VdV!W0!-)'8&2)/!2)!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

4 See: www.ruinmemories.org for project description.

(26)

! Oo!

#99#(272#)!7#!7,-!18)+72#)%..0!%)'!2'-#.#/2+%..0!8(-18.!7,-(-!(7&%)'-'!7,2)/(!T%0!

&-Q-%.! 7,-! /%9(! 2)! 7,-! +#)(7&8+72#)! #1! ,2(7#&0! %(! 9&#/&-((J! %(! %! +#)72)8#8(!

)%&&%72Q-J! %)'! 7,8(! -)%Y.-! 8(! 7#! -a%T2)-! 7,-! &#.-! 7,2)/(! 9.%0! 2)! 89,#.'2)/! 7,-!

9%(7!%)'!2)1#&T2)/!(#+2%.!%)'!,2(7#&2+%.!2)t82&2-(V!",2(!2T9#&7%)7.0!%.(#!2)Q#.Q-'!

%! &-]+#)+-978%.2(%72#)! 7,%7! .2Y-&%7-'! &82)%72#)! %)'! '-+%0! 1&#T! 7,-! 98&-.0!

)-/%72Q-! %((#+2%72#)(! +#)Q-)72#)%..0! %((2/)-'! 7,-(-! 9&#+-((-(J! 7#! 2)(7-%'!

(8//-(7!7,%7!)-$!T-T#&2-(J!T-%)2)/(J!%)'!U)#$.-'/-!T2/,7!%+78%..0!Y-!&-.-%(-'!

7,&#8/,!9&#+-((-(!#1!'-(7&8+72#)!bW-)R%T2)!OkkkZ!*)'-&((#)!MNNOds!T-%)2)/(!

7,%7!%&-!#).0!9#((2Y.-!7#!/&%(9!%7!(-+#)'!,%)'!$,-)!)#!.#)/-&!2TT-&(-'!2)!7,-2&!

$27,'&%$)!%)'!8(-18.!&-%.270!b:-A2.Q-0!MNNmdV!

D2)%..0J! %! +.#(-.0! &-.%7-'! 7,2&'! 7,-T-! -a9.#&-'! 2)! 7,-! @82)! E-T#&2-(!

9&#R-+7!$%(!!"0)&#%$#@#?'$?0)+@)!"#$%&V!I-&-!7,-!%2T!$%(!7#!(+&872)2[-!18&7,-&!7,-!

+%8(-! 1#&! 7,2)/(r! T%&/2)%.2[%72#)! 2)! (+,#.%&.0! $#&Ul! Y87! %.(#! 7#! '-Q-.#9! 7,-!

-T-&/2)/! Y87! (72..! .%&/-.0! 8)-a9.#&-'! %$%&-)-((! #1! 7,2)/(r! 9#7-)72%.! 1#&!

2)1#&T2)/! (78'2-(! #1! +#)7-T9#&%&0! %)'! &-+-)7! (#+2-70V! G&8+2%.! ,-&-! $%(J! #1!

+#8&(-J! %! +#)+-&)! $27,! 7,-! $%0! 7,2)/(! T-'2%7-! #&! -a9&-((! 7,-! p8)(%2'q! %)'!

p2)-11%Y.-q! -a9-&2-)+-(! #1! 9-#9.-r(! .2Q-(! %)'! &-%.272-(! 8)1#.'2)/! #87(2'-! (#+2%.!

'2(+#8&(-(J! %)'! 7,8(! 7#! $#&U! #87! ,#$! %)! %&+,%-#.#/0! #1! 7,-! &-+-)7! 9%(7! T2/,7!

9&#Q2'-!%.7-&)%72Q-!(7#&2-(!%)'!%.7-&)%72Q-!T#'-(!#1!,2(7#&2+%.!-)/%/-T-)7V!

E0! #$)! %2T(! %)'! #YR-+72Q-(! $-&-! 1#&T-'! 2)! '2%.#/8-! $27,! 7,2(!

1&%T-$#&UJ! %)'! T0! +,#2+-! #1! &-(-%&+,! T%7-&2%.! %(! $-..V! E0! '-+2(2#)! $%(! 7#!

-a9.#&-! 7$#! %Y%)'#)-'! ,-&&2)/! 1%+7#&2-(! 2)! A7&%)'2&J! %! &-T#7-! 9%&7! #1! 7,-!

=+-.%)'2+! ^-(71R#&'(Z! #)-! 2)! :Rh9%QiU! 2)! @-0UR%1R_&f8&J! 7,-! #7,-&! %7! ?0&2! 2)!

=)/4.1(1R_&f8&!b12/V!OdV!!W#7,!,%'!Y--)!-(7%Y.2(,-'!%)'!%Y%)'#)-'!$27,2)!7,-!12&(7!

,%.1! #1! 7,-! MN7,! +-)78&0! %)'! &-9&-(-)7-'! %)! 2T9#&7%)7! %)'! $-..]'#+8T-)7-'!

9-&2#'! 2)! =+-.%)'r(! &-+-)7! ,2(7#&0! %)'! -+#)#T2+! /&#$7,J! $,2.-! )-27,-&! #1! 7,-T!

$%(!2)!%)0!-11-+72Q-!b#&!#112+2%.d!$%0!&-T-TY-&-'!#&!+#TT-T#&%7-'!%(!(8+,V!E0!

%2TJ!7,-&-1#&-J!$%(!7#!-a9.#&-!$,0!7,-!&82)(!#1!7,2(!&-+-)7!p/#.'-)!%/-qJ!&-.2+(!#1!

7,-! +#8)7&0r(! Q-&0! T#'-&)2[%72#)J! ,%'! Y-+#T-! T%&/2)%.2[-'! 2)! '2(+#8&(-(!

&-/%&'2)/! 7,-! )%72#)(! ,2(7#&0! %)'! ,-&27%/-V! ^,0! 7,-! ,-&&2)/! 1%+7#&2-(J! '-(927-!

7,-2&! ,2(7#&2+%..0! +.%2T-'! (2/)212+%)+-J! ,%'! Y--)! 1#&/#77-)! Y0! ,2(7#&0! %)'! %.(#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

l!D#&!+&272+2(T!#1!7,-!p7,2)/!%T)-(2%q!2)!(#+2%.!(+2-)+-!(--!E2..-&!bOkondJ!H%7#8&!bMNNldJ!C.(-)!

bMNNndV!

(27)

! Ok!

%99-%&-'! 2)+#T9%72Y.-! $27,! %)0! &-+-2Q-'! +#)+-972#)! #1! ,-&27%/-! #&! ,-&27%/-!

Q%.8-z! ",&#8/,! %&+,%-#.#/2+%.! 2)Q-(72/%72#)(! =! $%)7-'! 7#! )#7! #).0! (+&872)2[-!

7,-2&!8)1#&78)%7-!1%7-!Y87!%.(#!&-Q-&(-!7,2(!'-Q-.#9T-)7!%)'!(--U!R8(72+-!#)!7,-2&!

Y-,%.1V! ",%7! 2(J! 7#! -a%T2)-! %)'! 8)'-&(+#&-! ,#$! 7,-(-! '-+%02)/! &-T%2)(! %.(#!

+#)7&2Y87-'!7#!89,#.'2)/!7,-!9%(7J!%)'!7,8(J!2T9#&7%)7.0J!7#!-)%Y.-!T-T#&2-(!#1!

27(!,27,-&7#!1#&/#77-)!#&!2/)#&-'!%(9-+7(Z!&82)!T-T#&2-(!#&!%.7-&)%72Q-!,2(7#&2-(!

7,%7!T2/,7!'211-&!+#)(2'-&%Y.0!1&#T!7,-!%.&-%'0!$-..!-(7%Y.2(,-'!$&277-)!,2(7#&0!

#1!7,2(!&-+-)7!9%(7V!D#&!-a%T9.-J!=!$%)7-'!7#!%99&#%+,!t8-(72#)(!+#)+-&)2)/!7,-!

T#'-&)2[%72#)! #1! 7,-! +#8)7&0! %)'! 7,-! +#(7! %)'! T%7-&2%.! (8&9.8(! #1! +%927%.2(TZ!

t8-(72#)(! 7,%7! $#8.'! +,%..-)/-! 7,-! T#'-&)! 2)+.2)%72#)! 7#! (--! ,2(7#&0! %(!

(0(7-T%72+%..0!8)1#.'2)/!2)!.2)-%&!(-t8-)+-(!%)'!7,8(!(+&872)2[-!7,-!+#)+-972#)!

#1!T#'-&)2[%72#)!%(!98&-!9&#/&-((V!*(!&-.2+(!1&#T!7,-!/#.'-)!%/-!#1!7,-!,-&&2)/!

2)'8(7&0!7,-!%Y%)'#)-'!1%+7#&2-(J!2)!7,-2&!'-+%0!%)'!&82)%72#)J!+#8.'!2)'--'!Y-!

(--)! %(! T%)21-(7%72#)(! #1! 7,-! &-Q-&(-Z! (78YY#&).0! +#TT-T#&%72)/! )#7! #).0!

9&#(9-&270!%)'!9&#/&-((!Y87!%.(#!7,-!+#)1.2+72)/!&-%.272-(!#1!1%2.8&-J!.#(7!9&#T2(-(!

%)'!(8YT2((2#)V!

! M#%,/0)7C)>"0)!P+)"0//#$%)&!'!#+$&1)J*/#)'$=)EFGA'HI(1)+$)!"0)0'&!)?+'&!)+@)!"0)! R0&!@F+/=)A0$#$&,3'T))

(28)

! MN!

=)! (,#&7J! %! +&272+%.! &-1.-+72#)! #)! 7,-! 2)7-&9.%0! Y-7$--)! 7,-! 2)Q#.8)7%&0!

T-T#&2-(! %)'! %.7-&)%72Q-! ,2(7#&2-(! 2)/&%2)-'! 2)! T%7-&2%.! 7,2)/(! %)'! T#'-&)!

&82)(J! %)'! 7,-! #17-)! #99#(2)/! $2(,-'! 1#&! 2'-%.(! '2(+8&(2Q-.0! +#)(7&8-'! %)'!

T%2)7%2)-'! 2)! ,2(7#&0J! $%(! $,%7! =! ,%'! 9.%))-'! $,-)! =! (-7! #11! #)! 7,2(! R#8&)-0V!

<--'.-((!7#!(%0J!T0!9.%)!%)'!7,-!9&#R-+7!27!/&-$!#87!#1!7,8(!(,%&-'!T%)0!#1!7,-!

%2T(! S! %)'! (,#&7+#T2)/(! S! %''&-((-'! %Y#Q-! %(! +,%&%+7-&2[2)/! T8+,! #1!

%&+,%-#.#/0! #1! 7,-! +#)7-T9#&%&0! 9%(7V! ^,%7! =! $%(! 7#! .-%&)J! ,#$-Q-&J! %(! T0!

%+t8%2)7%)+-! $27,! 7,-! T%7-&2%.! /&-$J! 2(! 7,%7! 7,-&-! %&-! 7-)(2#)(! Y-7$--)!/,#$) L0L+/#0&!%)'!b,-&&2)/d!"#&!+/#0&!7,%7!+%))#7!Y-!(-77.-'!7,&#8/,!7,-!7&%)(.%72#)!#1!

#)-!2)7#!7,-!#7,-&J!%)'!$,2+,J!21!7%U-)!(-&2#8(.0J!T%0!9&#Y.-T%72[-!#&!2)!1%+7!&8.-!

#87! 7,-! 9#((2Y2.270! #1! (8+,! 7&%)(.%72#)(! %.7#/-7,-&V! =)! #7,-&! $#&'(J! 1&#T! T0!

%&+,%-#.#/2+%.!Q2-$9#2)7!7,-&-!(##)!%99-%&-'!7#!Y-!%!18)'%T-)7%.!'211-&-)+-J!%)!

2)+#TT-)(8&%Y2.270J! Y-7$--)! Q%.82)/! 7,-! 7,2)/(! =! (%$! %)'! -T9,%(2(2)/! 7,-2&!

,2(7#&2+%.!#&!#7,-&$2(-!'-&2Q%72Q-!Q%.8-J!%)'!7,8(!7,%7!%)!%77-)72Q-!!,/$)!+)!"+&0)

!"#$%&J!#&!%!+#)(2'-&%72#)!#1!!"0#/!Q%.8-!%)'!(2/)212+%)+-J!+#8.'!)#7!Y-!T-'2%7-'!

7,&#8/,! ,2(7#&0V! I#$-Q-&J! 2)! #&'-&! 7#! Y-77-&! %++#8)7! 1#&! 7,-(-! %)'! #7,-&!

-T-&/2)/! 7,2)/! .-((#)(! .-7! T-! 12&(7J! Q-&0! Y&2-1.0J! %)'! )#7! 7,-! .-%(7! 1#&! ,-8&2(72+!

&-%(#)(J! 2)7&#'8+-! 7,-! 1%T2.2%&u-(7%Y.2(,-'! ,2(7#&2+%.! pY%+U/&#8)'q! #1! 7,-! 7$#!

(27-(!=!-a9.#&-'J!2)!#&'-&!7#!+#)7&%(7!7,2(!$27,!T0!#$)!-)+#8)7-&!$27,!7,-T!%)'!

7,-2&!&2+,!%)'!%.&-%'0!&%7,-&!p8)1%T2.2%&q!T%7-&2%.!9&-(-)+-V!!

!

5$''*(+! *(! #*,%)'16! %#$! $,%/70*,#$4! 7/.8+')&(4! )2! 9:;3/<=8! /(4!

>1'*!

p",-!<#&7,.%)'!,-&&2)/!2(!%!)#Y.-!+&-%78&-!Y#7,!2)!7-&T(!#1!Y-%870!%)'!2)7-..-+7J!

9#((2Y.0! 7,-! T#(7! $#)'-&18.! /#'! ,%(! +&-%7-'qJ! =+-.%)'2+! $&27-&! I%..'4&! e2.R%)!

H%a)-((!bOknMs!OoNd!'-+.%&-'!2)!,2(!(%72&2+!'-(+&2972#)!#1!7,-!=+-.%)'2+!,-&&2)/!

2)'8(7&0! 2)! ,2(! )#Q-.!],^&%F'@'/_,3'! b.) `'//'!#+$) +@) ]+=a&) ]#@!&dV! ",-&-! 2(! %)!

-.-T-)7!#1!7&87,!7#!,2(!2&#)0!7,#8/,Z!,-&&2)/!'#-(!,#.'!%)!%.T#(7!'2Q2)-!(7%)'!2)!

=+-.%)'r(!&-+-)7!,2(7#&0V!*(!T#(7!9%&7(!#1!7,-!^-(7-&)!$#&.'!=+-.%)'!8)'-&$-)7!

.%&/-](+%.-! (#+2%.! %)'! -+#)#T2+! 7&%)(1#&T%72#)(! '8&2)/! 7,-! 7$-)72-7,! +-)78&0Z!

1&#T!Y-2)/!#)-!#1!^-(7-&)!?8&#9-r(!.-%(7!'-Q-.#9-'!+#8)7&2-(!Y0!7,-!78&)!#1!7,-!

+-)78&0!7#!Y-+#T-!#)-!#1!7,-!$#&.'r(!$-%.7,2-(7!%)'!T#(7!'-Q-.#9-'!)-%&2)/!27(!

(29)

! MO!

+.#(-V! ",-! /&#$2)/! 12(,2)/! 2)'8(7&0J! %)'! )#7! .-%(7! 7,-! ,-&&2)/! 2)'8(7&0J! $%(! %)!

2T9#&7%)7! '&2Q-! 2)! 7,2(! '-Q-.#9T-)7J! 9&#'8+2)/! $-%.7,! %)'! -T9.#0T-)7J! Y87!

%.(#!18&7,-&2)/!(-77.-T-)7!)8+.-%72#)!$27,!+,%)/-(!2)!T-%)(!#1!(8Y(2(7-)+-!%)'!

.2Q-.2,##'!b-V/V!L4)((#)!OkojZ!L4)((#)!MNNjZ!E%/)h((#)!OkolZ!A2/8&f((#)!-7!%.V!

MNNnZ! 34&f%&(#)! OkPkdV! ",-! (7&#)/-(7! 2)'2+%72#)! #1! 7,-! ,-&&2)/! 2)'8(7&0r(!

%++.%2T-'! 2T9%+7! 2(! T%0Y-! +%978&-'! 2)! 7,-! 9,&%(-! p(i.'%&{Q2)7|&2fq! #&! 7,-!

p,-&&2)/!%'Q-)78&-q!$,2+,!2(!/-)-&%..0!8(-'!7#!'-(+&2Y-!%)'!'-)#7-!7,-!/#.'-)!

%/-!#1!7,-!,-&&2)/!2)'8(7&0!1&#T!7,-!-%&.0!OkNN(!2)7#!7,-!OkmN(V!A%.7-'!2)!Y%&&-.(J!

&-)'-&-'!2)7#!#2.!#&!'&2-'!%)'!/&2)'-'!7,-!,-&&2)/!,%(!&-9-%7-'.0!Y--)!9#&7&%0-'!

%(!#)-!#1!7,-!U-0!-.-T-)7(!2)!7,-!)%72#)r(!T#'-&)2[%72#)!9&#+-((J!%(!$-..!%(!2)!27(!

(7&8//.-! 7#! 2)'-9-)'-)+-! %)'! -+#)#T2+! Q2%Y2.270! '8&2)/! 7,-! 1#&T-&! ,%.1! #1! 7,-!

MN7,! +-)78&0! S! %! 9-&2#'! %)'! 9&#'8+7! 7,8(! +#)(2'-&-'! ,2/,.0! (2/)212+%)7! 7#! 7,-!

)%72#)(! &-+-)7! ,2(7#&0! %)'! 9&-(-)7! 2'-)7270V! *! (2/)212+%)+-J! T#&-#Q-&J! $-..!

&-1.-+7-'!2)!7,-!%77-)72#)!'-Q#7-'!7#!7,-!,2(7#&0!#1!7,2(!9-&2#'!%)'!7,-!p,-&&2)/!

%'Q-)78&-q!2)!Y#7,!(+,#.%&.0!%)'!.27-&%&0!$#&U(V!

:8&2)/! 7,-! 1#&T-&! ,%.1! #1! 7,-! MN7,! +-)78&0! 7,-! ,-&&2)/! 2)'8(7&0! %11-+7-'!

T#&-!#&!.-((!-Q-&0!(-77.-T-)7!%.#)/!7,-!+#%(7!#1!7,-!2(.%)'!%)'!)-$!.%)'2)/]!%)'!

9&#+-((2)/! (7%72#)(! $-&-! %.(#! -(7%Y.2(,-'! 2)! &-T#7-! %)'! 9&-Q2#8(.0! (9%&(-.0!

(-77.-'!%&-%(!$,-&-!9&#a2T270!7#!7,-!&-(#8&+-!$%(!%!12&(7!9&2#&270!b+1V!@%/)%&((#)!

MNNndV!I-)+-J!-Q-)!9.%+-(!9&-Q2#8(.0!T%&/2)%.!%)'!#87!#1!&-%+,!Y-+%T-!7,&#8/,!

7,2(! '-Q-.#9T-)7! -)7%)/.-'! 2)! %! 9#$-&18.! %)'! 9&#(9-&#8(! -+#)#T2+! )-7$#&UV!

^27,! 72T-! (#T-! #1! 7,-(-! +#TT8)272-(! /&-$! (7&#)/! %)'! &##7-'J! $,2.-! #7,-&!

%$%27-'! %! /.##T2-&! 1%7-V! ^27,! 7-+,)#.#/2+%.! +,%)/-(! 2)! 7-&T(! #1! 7&%)(9#&7J!

9&#+-((2)/! %)'! 9&-(-&Q%72#)! 7,-2&! (7&%7-/2+! T%&/2)%.! .#+%72#)! $%(! )#! .#)/-&!

-((-)72%.!#&!-Q-)!9&#Q-'!-+#)#T2+%..0!8)1-%(2Y.-J!%)'!%(!7,-!,-&&2)/!(7#+U!%.(#!

(7%&7-'! 7#! '2T2)2(,! %.&-%'0! 1&#T! 7,-! OkjN(! #)$%&'J! (#! 7,-! -+#)#T2+! Y%(2(! #1!

(T%..!%)'!)-$.0!-(7%Y.2(,-'!+#TT8)272-(!$%(!2T9%2&-'V!

:Rh9%QiU! %)'! ?0&2J! 7,-! 7$#! (27-(! -a9.#&-'! 2)! 7,2(! 9&#R-+7J! %&-! /##'!

-a%T9.-(! #1! (8+,! +#TT8)272-(! 7,%7! Y#7,! +%T-! %)'! $-)7! $27,! 7,-! ,-&&2)/V!

H#+%7-'!2)!7,-!&-T#7-!&-/2#)!#1!A7&%)'2&!b#&!A7&%)'%(|(.%dJ!#)!7,-!-%(7!+#%(7!#1!

=+-.%)'r(!^-(71R#&'!9-)2)(8.%J!7,-(-!(27-(!Y-+%T-!,#T-(!7#!7$#!#1!7,-!+#8)7&0r(!

12&(7!,2/,.0!T-+,%)2[-'!9&#+-((2)/!9.%)7(!1#&!,-&&2)/!2)!7,-!OkPN(!%)'!jN(V!",-!

&-/2#)r(! ,-&&2)/! ,2(7#&0J! ,#$-Q-&J! +%)! Y-! 7&%+-'! 18&7,-&! Y%+U! 7#! OkNm! $,-)!

Referanser

RELATERTE DOKUMENTER

In zero magnetic field, there will now be an increased probability of pre- cise back–scattering, since a given (diffusive) path that results in precise back–scattering and

Keywords: Deaccessioning, museum collections, Ernst Manker, things, archaeology museums, care..

If anyone is an artist, as Joseph Beuys rightly stated, artistic skills belong to the deeper spiritual skills of every human and if art is regarded as authentic utopia, it serves as

The most complex part of the multicast voice service is the connection setup phase. We have a short time limit from the incoming PTT event until the first voice packet arrives at

3 The definition of total defence reads: “The modernised total defence concept encompasses mutual support and cooperation between the Norwegian Armed Forces and civil society in

authentication of user traffic across networks. The purpose of the analysis is to show that there exist several use cases where such authentication is needed. The analysis

Elsewhere in Northern Europe, private debt, and household debt in particular, has risen sharply in recent decades.. Our part of the world became the champions

DEPUTY GOVERNOR JON NICOLAISEN The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, 9 April 2019... Record-high