Historical Context

Formally known as British India, Pakistan became an independent state from the British Indian Empire, 1857—1947. Writer Niaz Shah (2006) in A. Women, the Koran and

International Human Rights Law describes the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had hoped Pakistan would be a free, democratic society which supported and protected

equally for all under the law without discrimination as to religion. (91) However, this was not supported by all who demonstrated there was a cultural and religious divide within the

country.

In the timeline of events presented relevant to the story in I Am Malala, Pakistan becoming independent is the first event. ―14 August 1947 – Pakistan created as the world‘s first homeland for Muslims; princely state of Swat joins Pakistan but keeps special status‖

(275) Therefore, this reveals that the independence of Pakistan is a significant because it acts as the first catalyst event that will shape further events in I Am Malala‘s narrative.

Both known today as India and Pakistan, during colonial times the land was known as British India. Author of Interpreting Islam, Modernity, and Women’s Rights in Pakistan Anita Weiss (1997) relays that there were four dominant groups in Pakistan: (the majority) Punjabis in the Punjab, Sinhis in Sind, Balchis in Baluchistan and Pustans in North-West Frontier Pronvince. Those who supported the break wished for a homeland for Muslims of South Asia opposed to the Hindu dominant group. Once a divide had been determined amongst British India it led to Pakistan as a majority Muslim state (and India with a Hindu majority). (Weiss 2007) Within the Muslim communities there were also those that believed that one version of Islam should be practiced. During the last decade, this mentality endured the ages.

The Taliban are an example threaded throughout Malala‘s version of her story as one of the groups maintaining this mentality. The group the narrator (Malala) presents she identifies her heritage with are the group known as Pashtuns that live in Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan. The event in I Am Malala which connects the events to the Taliban‘s role in the story effects the events when the Pashtun people were outraged towards the Soviet‘s occupation of Afghanistan which is stated in her timeline ‗1979 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto hanged;

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan‘ (2014: 275). Also, I Am Malala addresses from Malala‘s perspective how the Taliban could gain followers in Pakistan.

It is said that one day a maulana called Sufi Mohammad came to the village and asked young men to join him to fight the Russians in the name of Islam...Little did we know that years later the same maulana‘s organisation would become the Swat Taliban (26)

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1Malala explains that a maulana is an Islamic scholar. (Yousafzai, Lamb 2014: 268).

Weiss further discusses the complicated and conflicted relationship between certain groups in Pakistan in regards to Islam. Weiss explains that the Taliban believed Pakistan‘s culture and religion were inseparable.

the Pakistan Taliban, and of other madrasas (religious schools) experience their identity as Muslims as inseparable from other component parts of their culture, and often confuse those things that are not in accordance with cultural norms, values, practices as being not in accordance with Islam. (1997)

This caused for major concern as to how the Taliban interpreted the Shariah law. Shariah law is the Islamic legal system by which Pakistan governs through. It is based on the teaching of the Quran, and fatwas which are the rulings of Islamic scholars called the Hadith. (Weiss 1997) I Am Malala provides a glossary of terms which the reader may not be familiar with.

Malala defines the Hadith as ―Hadith – saying or sayings of the Prophet, peace be upon him‖.

(267) The Quran is the religious book of Islam and the Hadith is the collection from the prophet Muhammad. However Sunni and Shia Muslims interpret Shariah Law differently.

Malala address the complications between Sunni and Shia ―We Muslims are split between Sunnis and Shias – we share the same fundamental beliefs and the same Holy Quran but we disagree over who was the right person to lead our religion when the Prophet died in the seventh century.‖ (76) This shows that the narrative presents Malala identity as connected to her Muslim faith and also a characteristic that shapes the events in the narrative.

For instance, Weiss also reveals how there has been a history of the Islamic law changing which I Am Malala also showcases. Weiss explains the interpretation of the law is called jihad which was a practice carried out but religious Sunni jurists and scholars who issue a fatwa (legal pronouncement) based on their interpretation of sharia. It is defined as

‗jihad‘ as holy war or internal struggle‖. (267) Weiss‘s text adds to Malala‘s definition that some interpretations were criticised to be based on upon ―personal opinion‖ and ―evil

desires‖. (Weiss) Social and political leaders have issued fatwas which has been perceived as controversial happening in Muslim majority lands. A factor which may have influenced Malala‘s construction of events in relation to her Muslim faith and laws she is presented to experience.

Weiss cites the Quran sampling a quote that shows why the resistance to equal rights for women stems from political leaders interpretation of statements in the Qur‘an:

Men have authority over women because God has made the one superior to the other, and because they spend their wealth to maintain them. Good women are obedient.

They guard their unseen parts because God guarded them. As for those from who fear disobedience, admonish them, forsake them in beds apart, and beat them. (The Quran, An-Nisa, 4.34 qtd. in Weiss)

This statement can be interpreted as women are inferior to men. It also allows for women to be placed as property to men. Therefore this statement is an example of how Islam can be used to justify the oppression of women in Pakistan. Weiss claims that this statement has led to Pakistan‘s laws being unable to grant equality to men and women. As previously stated, the Taliban have played huge role in the enforcing of extremism based on Islamic ideals. They are claimed to be carried out due to statements in the Quran such as these. However, it does not consider varying economic, patriarchal and political factors that may also influence the acting out of extremism.

In order to provide context behind the events that stem from 9/11 which affect Malala‘s narratives, Pakistan born journalist Nafisa Hoodbhoy discusses in her book Aboard the Democracy Train her first-hand experience of the aftermath of 9/11 in both Pakistan and the U.S. In particular, Hoodbhoy explains the Taliban‘s role in Pakistan and the reaction from U.S. citizens. Hoodbhoy explains, originally from Afghanistan, the Taliban overthrew the Afghanistan government in Kabul 1996 (151). This is also mentioned in I Am Malala‘s timeline of important events. ―1996 – Taliban take over Kabul‖ (175). By listing this event in I Am Malala, the narrative is conveying that the Taliban‘s control in Kabul is a significant event to the story.

The Taliban were first set up as a religious school of Islam in Pakistan. The Taliban through violence and political bribery enhanced their power in Pakistan. The government in Pakistan made deals with the Taliban.

In 1996, Pakistan‘s military helped the Taliban to oust the Mujahideen and take Kabul. It was a government that was recognized only by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Over time, the Taliban would allow Al Qaeda to ensconce itself more firmly into Afghanistan and launch the 9/11 attacks. (159)

The aftermath of 9/11 sent shockwaves across the Western sphere which is expressed in I Am Malala as another key event to the narrative alongside the US‘s bombing of Afghanistan, the Taliban‘s governement there being overthrown.

Further numerous reports in Western media after 9/11 showed the Taliban conducting violent acts against non-Muslim citizens. For example in 2002 eight Christian activists from the Institute for Peace and Justice in Karachi were shot dead and another left struggling.

(Hoodbhoy: 160) As Hoodbhoy describes the reaction from her friends in the U.S. they asked

―Why do they hate us?‖ (152).

The Taliban carried out extreme violent consequences in Pakistan to citizens who did not abide behind their ideals and resisted their presence. For example, in the Swat area of Pakistan where Malala came from, beheadings of public figures and the burning of girls schools took place to enforce their ideals of Islam (Hoodbhoy 209) This received attention from the U.S. In particular from the Obama administration who in 2009 announced his plan to deploy 30,000 more US troops to Afghanistan to fight the Taliban in Afghanistan and

Pakistan. Another event also listed in I Am Malala ‗December 2009 – President Obama announces extra 33,000 troops for Afghanistan, putting total NATO troops at 140,000‘ (2014:

276) In comparison to Hoodbhoy account, he stresses that Pakistan grew resentful of the U.S.‘s involvement as ―Pakistan grew into the new epicentre of terrorism, people were furious not only at the Taliban militants but also at the US for ―bringing the war home‖ (213).

This shows that Pakistan and the USA being directly affected by each other, then effected the information presented in the media in the West and in Pakistan. The involvement of the USA was perceived as another colonial type attempt to change/rule Pakistan from the West.

For example, the extreme reluctance to accept the U.S‘s presence in Pakistan were made evident via beheadings of Christian journalists a year after 9/11. Further discussion of the specific events in Pakistan involving religious ideals, relationships between the US and the Taliban will be elaborated in analysis of Malala‘s co-written book that describes her experience of this time.

Other than the Taliban, Pakistan‘s government has received criticism from other outside groups from Europe when enforcing the rights of women. This is evident within the progression of Pakistan‘s education system; a system which has directly affected Malala.