The ICES approach to fisheries advice and the OSPAR approach to ecosystem management differ because OSPAR focuses on one goal, achieving a desired state of the Ecological Quality Objective. The OSPAR approach gives no role to limit and precautionary reference points, which ICES defines relative to undesirable states to be avoided with high probability. The ICES approach includes explicit provisions for uncertainties from several sources, whereas the OSPAR approach, although acknowledging uncertainty and change, does not provide direction for how it should be handled within the EcoQ and EcoQOs. Perhaps most importantly, the OSPAR approach de facto asks the scientific community to address political and social objectives, tasks which the ICES approach explicitly reserves for managers and their consultation mechanisms. WGECO expects that there will be problems with implementation of the OSPAR EcoQ and EcoQO framework in future as well, that may be amplified by these differences in approach to scientific advice.
Although the OSPAR framework is developed as an overall framework for safeguarding the ecological health of marine ecosystems independently of the human activity threatening the system, many EcoQOs cannot be achieved without substantial cooperation by the fishing industry, and major changes in approaches to fisheries management (see Section 5.4.1). To facilitate such cooperation, the advisory approaches in support of the two frameworks should be as similar as possible. In that context, it is of particular concern that the Green Paper on the Common Fisheries Policy, although mentioning ecological quality as a concept, gives no role to EcoQs or EcoQOs in any stage of developing or implementing fisheries management policies and practices.
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6 SEABIRDS AND MARINE MAMMALS IN AN EcoQO-FRAMEWORK
At the 2000 meeting of the Planning Group for the Ecological Quality Objective Request (PGEQO), the Terms of Reference2 assigned to WGECO with respect to EcoQO metrics for marine mammals and seabirds were revisited. It was concluded that WGECO should address this issue at a larger scale than the individual species levels that WGSE and WGMMPH would cover (ICES, 2001d). Thus the original WGECO Terms of Reference b) and c) were superseded.
PGEQO considered that WGECO might not add much by trying to revisit issues for which WGSE and WGMMPH would have greater expertise. Rather WGECO would have the expertise to consider seabirds and marine mammals in a wider ecosystem perspective. WGECO decided to address the ToR by:
2 ToR b)
1) comparing the framework developed for EcoQs and EcoQOs (Section 5) with the approach taken by WGMMPH and WGSE;
2) commenting on the species metrics identified by WGSE and WGMMPH with regard to either their efficiency in detecting impacts or protecting the integrity of the community/ecosystem.