recommendations to both countries how to continue
Reorientation of the work on inshore management in Zimbabwe according to the recommendations made to DNPWLM above.
NORAD should consider to fund the examination of the lessons drawn from the Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project to be undertaken by SADC as well as the dissemination of the results.
Annex A
Assessment of the biological research programs
Outputs from the biological research are discussed in the way they were set up in the project planning workshops of 1991.
1. Research on Kapenta
2. Research on the inshore sto eks of the two countries Zambia and Zimbabwe
3. Catch and effort data recording system (CEDRS)
The last mentioned is a monitoring system produeing data that is important for the research both on Kapenta and the inshore stoeks as well, and cannot be seen in separation from these.
With 'research' then generally is meant both short term projects and in depth analysis of data from the monitoring exercises to come to an understanding of the dynamics of the fishery and
the sto eks as seen a.o. in the CEDRS output.
1. Some notes on the development of the research objectives.
The way the projects' objectives are achieved is through formulation of polieies and
proposals towards the improvement of management of the Lake Kariba fisheries for
consideration of both DoF and DNPWLM. Institutional coordination to come to joint management needed to be addressed. This was seen as one of the most important parts of the project. Studies andresearch were needed to substantiate proposals and policies. Although it was recognised that soeial and economic studies and research was important to come to a management system, this work did not form part of the core of the project. In part this was due to the dominant role of biologists in the formulation of management of the fishery in both institutes as almost anywhere else in the world. This approach is reflected in the initial formulation of the development objectives of the two sub-projects on the kapenta and the artisanal fisheries where 'all else' hinged on and would be developed from the MSY of the two fisheries. Such an objective was not derived directly from the working prineiples of the two institutes as such: DoF has as its mission statement a much more development oriented objective, while the DNPWLM worked with a system of adaptive management. However, as was explained to us, it was felt that for a joint management system of the Kapenta fishery to work a goal should be set from which both countries could derive their share of the yield of kapenta stoeks. It was felt that MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) was a reasonable goal, while it also reflected the fear that the fishery - which had grown considerably in the decade before the start of the project - had reached catehes dose to or over sustainabilty. MEY (Maximum Economic Yield) seems to have been discussed as well in the development phase of the project but was not chosen as it was felt that such an objective could interfere with maximizing participation and equity concerns. However, in a later formulation of the kapenta sub-project objective economic maximisation of the kapenta yields returned.The main concern of the project was with the joint management of the kapenta fishery. The development objective of the Artisanal Fishery both for Zambia and Zimbabwe reflected the
need to come to a cohesive development plan of the lakeshore, where several major
constraints - one of which was the security regarding access to land and water - were frustrating the development of the lakeshore fishing communities. Although this was the major concern in both countries, MSY again was put central in the overall objective of the sub-project: "The exploitation of the resources of Lake Kariba by artisanal fishers is at MSY". Some consequences of this choice wil be discussed under the assessment of the inshore research activities. It does however, reflect the general approach of the project where
biological research is given a central role in the development of management of the fisheries, while this approach may not reflect or address the actual concerns and bottlenecks in the operation of the inshore fishers.
2. Kapenta research: Zambia/Zimbabwe
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH GOALS
From the outset the Kapenta sub-project and the biological research needed was considered as the most important part of the project. The high economic value of the fishery for both countries surpassed the artisanal fishery by a considerable margin; it offered employment in an area with little other opportunities and it provided a cheap source of protein. There was felt an urgent need for a bilateral agreement plan resulting in long term optimisation of the fishery, which was to be a major goal for both countries. Research was needed to settle some controversies existing around the status of the Kapenta stoeks - assessments ranged from
'overfished' (Marshall) to 'room for expansion of number of licences' (P. Degnbol), disagreements on growth rate, mortality, feeding periodicity and reasons for the stunted size of the Kariba populations of the speeies - and the creation of a management strategy based on this research was seen as the single most important component of the project. In anticipation of the project providing guidelines as to the appropriate levels of fishing effort allowed, neither Zambia nor Zimbabwe were issuing more licences. Information on the status of the stoeks therefore was urgently needed.
The Kapenta fishery sub-project planning workshop hel d in September 1990 developed two
outputs relating to Kapenta research:
"Output 2: models for the exploitation of kapenta stoeks are developed and adopted through