The study of the abduction theory of Peirce (1906; 1905; 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f) and Bakhtin’s (1981, 1975) philosophical study of a language have some correlated conditions of their use as the methods in the scientific research.
Thus, the first condition is a situational condition. After having studied the theory of Bakhtin’s (1981, 1975) philosophy of language and the theory of Peirce’s (1906; 1905;
1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f) abduction, in this Chapter we try to imagine how these theories can be applied to study such language as a smile. Summing up the basic theory of Bakhtin (1981, 1975), we have concluded that dialogism consists of Bakhtin’s (1981, 1975) concepts. These concepts are inherently dialogical. Considering the language in the philosophy of Bakhtin (1981, 1975), it is also inherently dialogical. In this thesis, as it is mentioned above, a smile is studied as one language. Hence, the smile has also a dialogical nature. Dialogical nature consists of the use of the language in the social and cultural content.
The dialogue is implemented in the communication between persons through the language.
We may conclude that dialogue and language are interrelated.
Also, it should be noted that language is interrelated with a dialogue only in the situations. It has a dialogical nature and situational conditioning. Situational conditioning expresses the person’s experience in the socio-cultural content, thinking that is realised in the certain conditions. This situational conditioning creates the situational senses for the language within the socio-cultural content. The situational sense is the implementation of the inferences which are created on the base of different possible senses and content. As we are talking about a smile as a language while studying this concept, it should be done within the situational conditioning. Thus to understand the nature of a smile, its concept, it has to be studied in the close relation with a dialogue within situational conditioning.
This idea that any concept should be studied within the situational conditions is strictly presented in the studied above Bakhtin’s (1981, 1975) philosophy of language and Peirce (1906; 1905; 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f) abduction theory in this thesis. Such concept in this work is a concept of smile as one language. It should be noted again that a language is created by words which have special social situational conditioning and direct the communication. Situational conditioning of word is one’s own background about the world and experience of the use of the language.
If it is said about a smile as one language, the word should be concerned as a cultural background of experimental knowledge of the use of a smile within the socio-cultural content.
Besides a smile is one language. Any language is social. Social language has the borders, which have mentioned as ‘language diversity’ by Bakhtin (1981, 1975). Thus a smile as a social language has also the borders. These borders are expressed by different inside misunderstanding between the persons (Bakhtin 1975).
There is an example of the data of research. Presenting a smile as one language, a misunderstanding of a culture is the most common border. Thus having got a practice of organising data of research of the smile in Russian and Norwegian culture, one of the experiments was a ‘circle-table’ dialogue with the representatives of one and other cultures.
During this talk, it was mentioned different points of views to the concept of smile between Norwegian and Russian representatives. These views have shown that misunderstanding between cultures through the smile as one language should be changed with understanding within the dialogue (Appendix 2).
According to Bakhtin (1981, 1975), the breaking of the borders ought to be implemented with the approach to the study of language through the excepting of the language as a whole world view, which has mutual understanding in the situational socio-cultural condition.
If breaking a border is seen through Peirce’s abduction method, the language will be presented as a collection of different facts of the hypothetical guessing, between one of them is the inference to the best explanation which gives the mutual understanding within the situational socio-cultural content.
Thus a smile as one language ought to be researched through the dialogical analysis of the language and abductive analysis of its situational sense.
The second is an interpretation of this situational condition. Firstly understanding of any situational conditions is built on the base of assumption. Both Peirce (1906; 1905;
1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f) and Bakhtin (1981, 1975) in their researchers write about the situational interpretation of conditions of the phenomenon.
According to Peirce (1906; 1905; 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f), if it is a situational condition of any phenomenon, different situational facts will be observed by the researcher in the socio-cultural content in the logical abductive sequence.
According to Bakhtin (1981, 1975), the logical sequence is presented in the logical position of the words in the dialogical utterance within the cultural content or socio-cultural situational conditions.
Hence, the use of both methods involves consideration of the situational conditions and its interpretation that create a further definite sense among all assumed interpretations. On the base of the situational conditions, it is possible to organise the analysis of senses of a smile as one language.
Finding out the senses is the necessity for a further understanding of the phenomenon.
In the dialogical situations, the concepts are created in the process of production of the utterance in the communication. The language of the communication may be different, but the concept is produced only with the accordance of the situational conditions. For instance, when a person sees a smile as one language in the dialogical situation, he or she can interpret it in a different way. Then for producing the concept to this language he or she chooses the best interpretation and gives the best concept to that language within the situational conditions. In this example, we can see how both methods may be complemented each other in the research of the phenomenon as a smile in the dialogue.
The third one - the reflexive process of inferencing. There is one more aspect that should be mentioned about the use of methods based on Peirce’s (1906; 1905; 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1903e, 1903f) and Bakhtin’s (1981, 1975) theories. They are both based on the reflexive way of inferencing.
If we are studying a smile as one language within the situational understanding of utterance we will firstly reflect on its situational conditions and then find out the concept for further acquiring the best explanation and understanding. According to Carston (2005), Linell (2006, p. 170) understanding of utterance assumes reflexive. ‘Reflexive process of inferencing’ (Linell 2006) suggests the process of arguing and guessing the inference to make logical inferencing for finding out the best understanding.
According to Bakhtin (1986) utterance is the unit of communication
For the purpose to study the sense and to find out the best understanding of it in the language in the dialogical situational conditions, it is needed to organise the empirical data – the dialogical data, based on the language of the socio-cultural context or situational conditions (Linell 2006).
In this research, such empirical data is the data within the reflexive analysis of essay (Appendix 2) of the second year study in the Joint Master Degree Programme “Borderology”.
The necessity to use this essay (Appendix 2) as the empirical material is reasonable. It is connected with the fact that the reflexive analysis of the first essay (Appendix 1), which reflects the started point of this research, has shown two ways of the study of the philosophy of smile. We consider that these two ways lead to its understanding. There is a way of causality used in the study of a smile in the first essay (Appendix 1). In the second essay (Appendix 2) the smile is studied within the way of causality in several situational contents.
Also in the second essay (Appendix 2), the reflection and study are presented within the intuitive-factual way that leads to the ‘clear conscious’ understanding. The main idea of all this work is to present the philosophy of smile: beyond the border. But before, it is necessary to be in this border and cross it. Crossing a border, as a result, to be “beyond the border”, that perhaps leads to the ‘clear’ understanding from my view. Therefore It seems that finding out the best understanding of the philosophy of smile lie in the reflection on the text of the second essay (Appendix 2) by the given above theoretical and methodological foundation.
5.0 Chapter 5 Five Borders of reflection on the Data of the experience of research of the