3. Field work
3.1. Study area and sampling sites
3.2.1. Austre Brøggerbreen
Supraglacial material and glacier water samples from Austre Brøggerbreen were collected from seven points. A map of sampling points is shown in Figure 3.3 and their respective coordinates are presented in Table A.1. A total of 14 supraglacial material samples, two at each point, were collected from cryocoonite holes (water-filled holes) or small mounds on the surface of the glacier. The supraglacial ma-terial was fine grained with varying color, texture and density. The samples are descried in more detail in Table 3.2 and example photos are shown in Figure 3.4a-3.4d.
Supraglacial material was collected in 50 mL metal free polypropylene (PP) tubes.
For the samples collected from cryoconite holes, water was included in the sampling tubes. Sample ID and sampling points are presented in Table 3.2. Supraglacal ma-terial samples were later transferred to metal free cc-cups and stored in the freezer at -20°C. Excess water from samples collected in water was avoided transferred to cc-cups. The remaining water was kept in the PP tube and frozen at−20°C. These water samples are denoted with a ”W” after its respective supraglacial material sample number (Table 3.2). Supraglacial material and glacier water sampling and handling was carried out based on ISO 5667-3:2018(E) Water quality — Sam-pling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples,ISO 5667-6:2014(E) Water quality Sampling Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams [82], ISO 5667-14:2014(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on qual-ity assurance and qualqual-ity control of environmental water sampling and handling [88], [86], ISO 5667-12:2017(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments from rivers, lakes and estuarine areas [83] and ISO 5667-15:2009(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 15: Guidance on the preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples [87].
3.2. Sampling
Table 3.2.: Sampling ID and description of color, the sampling point, texture and density of supraglacial material samples collected from the glacier Austre Brøggerbreen. Example photos of the supraglacal material are shown in Figure 3.4a-3.4d. Respective coordinates for the sampling points are presented in Table A.1.
Sample Point Color Found in Description 1 + 1W
2 + 2W P1 Red Cryoconite
hole Light
3 + 3W
4 P2 Red-brown Cryoconite
hole 5
6 P3 Black Mound Dense
7 + 7W
8 P4 Brown Cryoconite
hole 9 + 9W
10 + 10W P5 Red Cryoconite
hole Light
11
12 P6 Brown Cryoconite
hole Dense
13 + 13W
14 + 14W P7 Brown Cryoconite hole
Figure 3.3.: Map of sampling site and points on the glacier Austre Brøggerbreen. Respective coordinates for the sampling points are presented in Table A.1. Source: Norwegian Polar Institute n.d.
3.2. Sampling
(a) Photo of mound with black, dense supraglacial material.
(b)Photo of cryoconite hole with red, light supraglacial material.
(c) Photo of cryoconite hole with brown supraglacial material.
(d)Photo of cryoconite hole with red-brown supraglacial material.
Figure 3.4.: Photos of supraglacial material collected from Austre Brøggerbreen.
3.2.2. Bayelva
River water and overbank sediment samples were collected from eight different points along the river Bayelva. A map of sampling points is shown in Figure 3.5 and their respective coordinates are presented in Table A.1. A total of 16 water samples, two at each point, were collected in 50 mL metal free PP tubes. A total of 12 overbank sediment samples were collected in metal free cc-cups. Two samples were collected at each point except for at point P12, P13 and P15. Only one sample of overbank sediment was collected at point P12 and P13 and none at point P15 due to limited sampling equipment. Sample ID and sampling points are presented in Table 3.3.
River water samples were filtered with a 0.5µm filter and 10 mL filtered water was transferred to 15 mL metal free PP tubes. Samples were conserved with three drops of ultra-pure concentrated (65%) nitric acid (HNO3) before stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. Overbank sediment samples were stored in the freezer at
−20°C. River water sampling and handling was carried out based on ISO 5667-3:2018(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples, ISO 5667-6:2014(E) Water quality Sampling Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams [82] and ISO 5667-14:2014(E) Water quality
— Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and handling [88]. Overbank sediment sampling and handling was carried out based on [86], ISO 5667-12:2017(E) Water quality
— Sampling — Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments from rivers, lakes and estuarine areas[83] andISO 5667-15:2009(E) Water quality — Sampling
— Part 15: Guidance on the preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples [87].
3.2.Sampling Figure 3.5.: Map of the sampling area and sampling points along the river
Bayelva. Respective coordinates for sampling points are pre-sented in Table A.1. Source: Norwegian Polar Institute n.d.
Table 3.3.: Sample ID for river water and overbank sediment samples collected from the river Bayelva and their respective sampling points. Re-spective coordinates for the sampling points are presented in Table A.1.
3.2. Sampling
3.2.3. Kongsfjorden
Sample collection in the fjord Kongsfjorden was carried out by boat (Teisten [128]) at eight different points. A map of sampling points is shown in Figure 3.6 and their respective coordinates are shown in Table A.1. Seawater was collected at different depths, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, 10 m and close to the bottom, if possible. Seawater samples at 1 m was sampled with a hose. For depths below 1 m, water samples were collected with metal free Teflon 10 L Niskin bottles. A total of 34 seawater samples were collected in 15 mL metal free (PP) tubes. For sampling point P16-P19, a total of 16 seawater samples were also collected in 50 mL metal free PP tubes for filtering. Seawater samples at each sampling point at the different depths are shown in Table 3.4.
Seawater samples collected in 50 mL metal free PP tubes (sample 77-92) were filtered with a 0.5 µm filter. 10 mL of filtered seawater was transferred to 15 mL metal free PP tubes and conserved with three drops of ultra-pure concentrated (65%) HNO3. Unfiltered seawater samples (sample 43-76) were conserved with five drops of ultra-pure concentrated (65%) HNO3. Seawater sampling and handling was carried out based on IS0 5667-9: 1992(E) Water quality - Sampling - Part 9:
Guidance on sampling from marine waters [84] and ISO 5667-14:2014(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and handling [88].
Marine sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen Grab 500 cm2. 12 sam-ples, two samples at each point, of the top 2 cm was collected in metal free cc-cups.
Sediment was not sampled at site P16 and P17 due to seaweeds and gravel at the bottom. Sampling points and sampling depths are presented in Table 3.5. Sed-iment samples were stored in the freezer at −20°C. Marine sediment sampling and handling was carried out based on ISO 5667-19:2004(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments [85] and ISO 5667-15:2009(E) Water quality — Sampling — Part 15: Guidance on the preser-vation and handling of sludge and sediment samples [87].
ldwork
3.2. Sampling
Table 3.4.: Sample ID for unfiltered and filtered seawater samples collected from the fjord Kongsfjorden. Respective coordinates for sampling points are presented in Table A.1.
Sample
Table 3.5.: Sampling ID, sampling point and sampling depth (m) for marine sediment samples collected from the fjord Kongsfjorden. Respec-tive coordinates for sampling points are presented in Table A.1.
Sample Point Depth [m]
- P16 5
- P17 5
93
94 P18 50
95
96 P19 142
97
98 P20 27.6
99
100 P21 5.7
101
102 P22 18.6
103
104 P23 47.6