LEDER: ADOLF HOEL
SKRIFTER
Nr. 85
THE
DOWNTONIAN AND DEVONIAN VERTEBRATES OF SPITSBERGEN. VIII.THE E NG LISH-NORWEGIAN-SWEDISH EXPEDITION 1939.
GEOLOGICA L RESULTS
BY
S V EN FØYN AND ANA TOL HEINTZ
WITH 3 PLATES AND 1 8 TEXT·PIG U RES
OSLO
I KOMMISJ O N H OS JACOB DYBWAD 1943
1 906-1 926 P U B L I S H E D IN OTH E R S E R I ES (See Nr. l of this series.)
T he resul ts of the P r i n ce o f M o n a co 's exped i tions ( M ission I s a c hs e n) in 1906 and 1 907 were publis hed under the ti tle of 'E x P I o r a t i o n d u N o r d - O u e s t d u S P i t s b e r g e n t r e p r i s e s o u s l e s a u s p i ce s d e S. A . S. l e P r i n ce d e Nl.o n a co p a r l a M i s s i o n I s a e hs e n ', i n Re s u l ta ts d e s C a m p a g n e s s ci e n t i f i q u e s , A l b e r t ler, P r i n ce d e M o n a co, Fa s e. X L-X L I V. Mona co.
ISACHSEN, G U N N A R, Pre m i ere Par tie. Reei t d e voyage. Fase. XL. 1 9 1 2. Fr. 1 20.00.
W i th map : Spi tsberg (C ote Nord -Oues t) . Seale I : 1 00 000. (2 shee ts.) C harts : De l a Partie Nord d u Foreland li l a Baie Magdalena, and Mouillages d e la C ote Oues t du Spi tsberg.
ISAC H S EN, G U N N A R e t A D O L F HOEL, De uxi em e Par tie. Deserip tion d u e hamp d 'opera tion.
Fas e. X L I . 1 9 1 3. Fr. 80.00.
H O EL, A D O L F, Troisi eme Par tie . G eologie . Fase. X L I I . 1 9 1 4. Fr. 1 00.00.
S C H ET E L l G, JAKOB, Qua tri eme Partie. Les forma tions pri m i tives. Fase. XLI I I . 1 9 1 2. Fr.
16.00.
RESVO L L H O L M S E N , H A N N A, C i n qu i eme "Parti e . Observa tions b o taniques. Fase. XLI V, 1 9 1 3. Fr. 40.00.
A considerable part of the resu Its of the ISAC HSEN exped i tions in 1 909 and 1 9 1 0 has b een publ i s he d in V i d e n s k a p s s e l s k a p e ts S k r i f te r. l. M a t. - N a tu r v. K l a s s e . K r i s t i a n i a (O s l o ).
ISAC H S E N , G U N N A R, Rappor t sur l 'Expedi tion I saehsen au Spi tsberg. 1 9 1 2, No. 1 5.
Kr. 5,40.
A L EXAN DER, ANTON, Observa tions as tronomiques. 1 9 1 1 , No. 1 9. Kr. 0,40.
G R A A R U D , AAG E, O bserva tions m e teorologiques. 1 9 1 3, N o . l. Kr. 2,40.
H E LLAN D- H A N S EN, BJØ R N and F RIDTJOF N A N S EN, The sea wes t of Spi tsberge n . 1 9 1 2, No. 12. Kr. 3,60.
ISACHSEN, G U N N AR, T he hyd rograp hi c observa tions. 1 9 1 2, No. 1 4. Kr. 4,20.
W i th e har t: Wa ters and an chora ges on the we st and nor th eoas t. Publ. by the Nor w Geogr. Survey, No . 1 98.
H O E L, A . et O . H O LTEDAHL, Les nappes d e lav e, les voleans et les sourees thermale s dans les environs de la Baie Wood au Sp itsberg. 1 911, No. 8. Kr. 4,00.
G O L D S C H M I DT, V. M . , Pe trograph is che U n tersu chung e i n iger Eru p tivge s teine von Nord· wes tspi tzberge n . 1 9 1 1 , No. 9. Kr. 0,80.
BACKL U N D, H . , Ober e i n ige O livinknollen aus der Lava von Wood-Bay, Spi tzbergen UH l, No. 16. Kr. 0,60.
H O L TEDA H L , O LAF, Zur Kenn tnis der Karbonab1agerungen des wes tli chen Spi tzbergens.
I. Eine Fauna d e r Moskauer S tufe. 1 9 1 1 , No. 1 0. Kr. 3,00. I l . Allgemeine s tra tigraphiseh e und tek tonis ch e Beoba ch tungen. 1 9 1 2, No. 23. Kr. 5,00.
H O EL, A D O L F, Observa tions sur la vi tesse d 'eeoulemen t e t sur I'abla tion du Gla cie r Li llie hiiiik au S p i tsberg 1 907- 1 9 1 2. 1 916, NO. 4 . Kr. 2,20.
VEGA R D, L., L 'i n fluenee du sol sur la gla ci a tion au Spi tsberg. 1 9 1 2, No. 3. K r _ 0,40.
ISACHSEN, G U N NAR, Travaux topographiques. 1 9 1 5, No. 7. Kr. 1 0,00.
Wi th map : Spi tsberg ( Par tie Nord-Oue s t) . Seale l: 200 000 (2 shee ts ).
G U N NA R ISAC H S E N has also publis he d : Green H arbour, in N ors k G eagr. Sels k. A ar b., Kri s tiania, 1 9 1 2- 1 3, Green H arbour, Spi tsberge n , in Sea t. ge ogr. M ag., Edin burgh, 1 9 1 5, and, Spi tsberge n : No tes to aeeompany map, i n G eogr. j o ur n., London , 1 9 1 5.
All the above publiea tions have bee n collee ted in to two volu rnes as E x p e d i t i o n
I s a c h s e n a u S p i t s b e r g I 9 O 9 -I 9 l O. Re s u l ta t s s c i e n t i f i q u e s. I , I I. C hr i s t i a n i a 1 9 l 6.
As the resul t of the exped i tions of ADOLF H OEL and ARVE STAX R U D 1 91 1 -19 1 4 the follo wing memoir has been publish ed i n V i d e n s k a p s s e l s k a p e ts S k r i f te r. I . M a t. N a tu r v. K l a s s e.
H OEL, A D O L F, N ouvelles observa tions sur le dis tri ct vo lcanique d u Spi tsberg du Nord.
1 9 1 4, No. 9. Kr. 2,50.
Exped i tions of T H. VOGT 1 925 and 1 928:
STØ RMER, LEIF, Down tonian Meros to rna ta from Spi tsberge n . - Skr. N orske Vid.- Akad I. M a l.-Na l. Kl. 1 934. No. 3. Kr. 3,00.
T he following topograp hi cal maps and charts have been published separa tely : M a p s :
Bear Island. l: 25 000. 1 925. Kr. 1 0,00.
Bear Island. l: 1 0 000. (In six shee ts ). 1 925. Kr. 30,00.
Eas t Greenl and. Eirik Raudes Land from So nasu nd to You ngsund . l: 200 000. 1 932. Kr 5,00.
LEDER: ADOLF HOEL
SKRIFTER
Nr. 85
THE DOWNTONIAN AND DEVONIAN VERTEBRATES OF SPITSBERGEN. VIII.
THE ENGLI SH-NORWEGIAN- SWEDISH EXPEDITI ON 1939.
GEOLOGICAL RESULTS
B Y
S V EN FØYN AND ANA TOL HE I N TZ
WI TH 3 PLATES A N D 18 TEXT·FI GURES
OSLO
I KOMMISJON H O S JACOB DYB W AD 1943
Contents.
Page
Previous Work and Progress of the Exped i t ion . . . . 5
The Downto n i an and Devonian A reas of North Spi t sberge n . Previ ous I nves tigati ons 9 Woodfjorden . . . . . 1 3 T h e Fau na i n t he Wood B ay Series ....... . . . ... ... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Lower Limi t o f the W ood Bay Series . . . • . . . 19
T he Wes t S i de of Woo dfj orden ..... ..... .. .. ......... ... . .... ... ... . . .. 22
The T hi ckness of the Kapp K jeldsen Division . . . 23
T he Eas t Side of Woo dfjorde n I nside Kapp Augus te-Vi k toria ... .. . . ... . . .. 23
T he Th i ck n ess of the Lykta Division . . . . .. 24
T he Th i cknes s o f the S tjør dalen Division . . . .. . .... .... .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. .. , 26
The Eas t Sid e of Wood fjorden fro m G r åhuken to Kapp Augus te-Vi k toria ... 26
T he Fauna in the Grey Hoek Series . . . . . .. 27
Wi jdefjorden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Eas t Side of V estfj orden and G r åkammen . .... .. . . . ... . . .. . . .. ... 28
Wes t Side of Ves tfjord e n ... . . ..... ... ....... ..... . . ... . . .. 30
West Si de of W i j d e fj orde n Nor th of Ves tfjord e n . . . . • . . . . .. 30
T he W i j d e Bay Series .... ..... .. . . ... . . . .. .. ... . ... .. .. . .. . . .. . . .... 31
The Fau n a of the Wijde Bay Se ries . . . 32
The T hi ckness of th e G rey H oek and Wijde Bay Series . . . 34
Remarks on E. S che n k 's Determi n a tion of th e Wijde Bay Series . . . . .. ... . . �5
Vogtdalen . . . .. 36
I sfj orden . . . . .. 37
Di ckson fjorden ... 37
Ekmanfjorden .. . ..... . . ... . .. .. . . . ..... ... . . .. . ... .. . ... ... . . . ...... 39
B i l lefj orden . . . , 41 Mim erdalen . . . . .. 41
The Approxi mate Age of the Di fferent Dow ntonian and Devonian Series i n Spi tsber ge n 42 The Re d Bay Series ... 42
T he Wood Bay, Grey H oek, and Wi jde B ay Seri e s ... , 45
Literature ... . . . .. 49
Previous Work and Progress of the Expedition.
E
arlier expeditions to the Devonian areas in Spitsbergen were chiefl y geol ogical ones, a n d the fossiIs, as a rule, had n o t been collected by specialists. T h e experiences, however, of previous expeditions conducted by Stensi6 (mostly to the Triassic regions), and by Vogt (to the Devonian areas), and the Danish expeditions to Greenland, h ave shown that paleontologists working in the field are more competent to discover and collect val uable paleontological m aterial than the geologists. I t had, therefore, already long ago been plan ned, both in Stockholm and Oslo, to arrange an exclusively paleontological expedition to Devonian areas in Spitsbergen. As the m ost valuable paleontological collections previously had been made in Raudfj orden ( 1 9 1 0, Il, 25, 28) and partly in Wijde
fj orden ( 1 9 1 2, 25, 28) and Billefjorden ( 1 9 1 7, 25, 28), it was n atural, as the main working field of the expedition , to choose the Wood Bay Series -- the m ightiest Devonian deposits in Spitsbergen -, especially as the fossiIs fou n d in 1 9 1 2 in Woodfjorden com prised m any inter
esting pieces.
The English- Norwegian-Swedish ( E . N.S.) Spitsbergen Expedition during the sum m er of 1 939 was the result of an intimate collaboration between the British Museum ( Natural H istory), London, the Paleo
zoological Department of the Riksmuseum in Stockholm, and the Paleontological Museum i n Oslo. The initiator, and the one wh o accomplished most towards its realization, was Professor Dr. Erik A:son Stensi6, Stockhol m . For severai years he had plans of starting an expedition, and, partly i n collaboration with Dr. Errol I . White, London, an d Professor Dr. A. H eintz, Oslo, h e worked out the program . The expedition was financed by a l l the three countries. T h e trustees of the British Museum ( Natural History) had granted lOaa.f, the Swedish Governm ent and private donors 30 000 Swedish K roner, and finally the Norwegian Funds ( Forskningsfondet and Varekrigs
fondet) 1 0 000 N orw. Kroner. It was decided that not m ore than 4 scientists should take part fro m each country. The list of the m e m bers of the expedition was as follows : Prof. Dr. Sten siO (Stockholm), the 1eader of the expedition; Dr. White ( London), chief of the English
party; Prof. Dr. Heintz (Oslo), chief of the Norwegian party. Dr. Moy
Thomas (Cam bridge), Dr. Brough (Edinburgh) and Mr. Croft ( London) - mem bers of the English party. Amanuensis J a rvik (Stockholm) and Amanuensis Wangsjo ( Uppsala) - mem bers of the Swedish party;
Lektor Cand. Real. Føyn ( Kongsberg), and Stud. Real. Aarhus (Oslo) - mem bers of the Norwegian party. Dr. Delle ( Riga) also took part in the expedition . Mr. Andreassen, a fisherman, was engaged as assistant in Tromsø (Fig. 1 ) . The E. N.S. expedition freighted its own ship - MIS " Heimen " of Tromsø ( Fig. 2), Captain Lars J akobsen , with a crew of 1 0.
" Heimen " left Tromsø on the 30th of June with 6 of the members, while the other 6 went with SIS " Lyngen " fro m Tromsø on the following day. Both parties a rrived in Longyearbyen, Adventfjorde n , o n the 3rd o f J uly. The fi rst object was investigations at Dicksonfjorden. One party, consisting of StensiO, Brough , Croft, and Andreassen, was landed on the 5th of J ul y in the southern part of the fj ord to collect Triassic fossils, the rest of the expedition cam ped below Mount Lykta on the east side of the inner part of the fjord, and began at once investigating the Devonian deposits belonging to the Wood Bay Series, which is excellently exposed in this place. After a few days Stensio's party m oved to the west side of the inner part of the fj ord to investigate the Devonian deposits there.
On the 1 3th of J uly the whole expedition left Dicksonfjorden, and, a fter a short visit to Adventfjorden, left for Woodfj orden. On the north coast o f Spitsbergen the fog was so thick that it prevented us from finding Woodfjorden, so we were forced to wait not far from the west point of the Reinsdyrflya ( Reindeer Peninsula). Some o f us went ashore and found that the red Wood Bay sandstone here was strongly com
pressed. On the 1 7th of J uly, in spite o f h eavy fog, we arrived in Bockfjorden , where the following 3 days were spent i n collecting fossiIs in the deposits on its south coast. Two or three parties worked independently at various parts of the coast.
From Bockfjorden we went straight to the very bottom of Wood
fj o rden working on both sides of the fjord until the 26th of July. We kept head-quarters onboard ship, and every morning three parties left the ship to investigate the coast, the mountains, and the side-valleys.
As a rule the three parties were as fol lows: l st party : Stensio, Brough , Croft, Andreassen . 2nd party : White , Moy-Thomas, J a rvik, Aarhus.
3rd party: H eintz, Føyn , Wangsjo, Delle. I n the last d ays of July one party was landed not far from the very point of Gråhuken ( H eintz, Føyn , Jarvik and Delle) , while the rest of the expedition went with the " Heimen " to Liefdefjorden making investigations on Pteraspistoppen and the neigh bouring mountains.
On the 2nd of August the party at Gråhuken was taken up by the
" Heimen " , which with all members onboard started for Wijdefjorden .
Fig. 1.
Me mbers of the Exp edition i n Vestfjorden (7-8- 1 939). From l eft to righ t : Ste n s io, Wangsjo, Andreassen, Føyn , Delle, M oy-Thomas , White,
H ei n tz, Aarhus, Brough, Jarvik, Croft. (Wangsjo phot. ).
Fig. 2.
M /S " H e i m en" in Raudfj o rden. (Føyn phot.).
An unusually strong wind prevented us from going to the bottom o f Austfjorden, a s originally plan ned , a n d forced us t o east anchor at the very bottom of Vestfj orden. H ere the red sandstone of the Wood Bay Series is beautifully exposed , and d uring the next two d ays we investigated and collected fossils on both sides of the fjord as far north as Kartdalen . Conti nuously bad weather preven ted us from going to Austfjorden , and we made on ly two short trips to the coast further north (by Sjettedalen, Andredalen and Vatnedalen) . Only small collections were made here.
After a sh ort visit to Bockfjorden to meet the SIS" Lyngen " , with which one of the members of the English party, Dr. Brough, was forced to leave us to get earlier back to England, the " Hdm en " sailed on the 1 0th of August to Raudfjorden . H ere we collected foss,ils in the local ities so weII known fro m earlier expeditions ( Frænkelryggen and Ben Nevis).
We left Raudfjordelf on the 12th of August, and went back to Isfjorden , where we a rrived in Adventfj orden on the 1 4th . On the following day we came to Skansbukta and coIIected Triassic and Carboniferous fossiIs there. Fro m Skansbukta we visited BiIlefjorden and made two sh ort trips to the west side of the fjord , coIIecting some fossils in the Devonian beds. The foIIowing day, the 1 8th of August, was spent in Mimerdalen in visiting a few of the fossiI-localities there.
The 20th and 2 1 st the greater part of the expedition (Mr. Croft and Aarhus were left in Adventfjorden coIIecting Tertiary p1ants) spent in Ekmanfjorden, investigating the Devonian deposits on the east side.
H ere a very valuab1e coIIection of fossiIs from the Wood Bay Series was brought together. On the 22nd the three last members of the English party ( Dr. White, Dr. Moy-Thomas and Mr. Croft) had to leave Spitsbergen by the SIS " Lyngen", owing to the very strained political situation in Europe. The rest of the expedition spent the last days o f August visiting various parts of I sfjorden, coIIecting fossiIs fro m the Triassic, J u rassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and also Carboniferous marine fossiIs. We left the Adventfjord on the 29th by the" Heimen " , arriving at Tromsø on the 1 st of September.
As a result of the expedition a large coIIection of different fossiIs was brought together, the greater part consisting of Devonian fossiIs, especiaIIy from the Wood Bay Series. Valuable coIIections from the Red Bay and Wijde Bay Series, h owever, were also m ade. I n addition must be men tioned the coIIections of Stegocephals, fishes, and A m m onites from the Triassic, J u rassic, and Cretaceous, the Brachiopods from the Carboniferous, and the Tertiary plants. AII this material is to be distri buted among different specialists, in the fi rst instance to members of the expedition , for description.
The geological part of ·the work during the expedition was done by N. DeIIe and the authors of the present paper (S. Føyn and A. H eintz) .
As the chief task, h owever, was to collect fossiIs, the geological investigation was m ade in connection with the fossil-hunting on ly, thus necessarily being of a more or less casual character. The preliminary determination o f the fossiIs has mostly been done by Heintzo.
In this paper we shall shortly discuss the geological results obtained during the expedition in the Devonian area, but must poin t out that they cannot be regarded as an exhaustive description of the geol ogical conditions in the districts we visited . The paleontological part o f this paper is written by A . Heintz, the geological by S. Føyn. The authors are very m uch obliged to N . Delle for his kind and valuable assistance during the field-work.
In this pl ace we want to express our best thanks to N o rges Sval bard
og Ish avs-undersøkelser in Oslo and its leader Adolf H oel. This office has with its great experience con cerning the organisation and supply of Arctic expeditions helped us in all possible ways. We must also mention the air photographs of Spitsbergen which the expedition o btained from the Svalbard office. They were o f great support, especially in the geological work done by the authors.
Finally we wish to express our most cordial thanks to the leader and initiator of the expedition, Professor Dr. E. A:son Sten siO, and to all our other com panions. The preliminary work which Pro fessor StensiO had un dertaken to realize the expedition and to supply it in the best way was enormous. H is inexhaustable energy, enth usiasm and brilliant spirits m ade the work easy and pleasant for us all. This interesting expedition rem ains for us as a m ost glorious exam ple of a real international collaboration, where representatives of different nations worked together for the good o f the whole, under the leadership of a man who was at the same time a com rade to each o f us.
The Downtonian and Devonian Areas of North Spitsbergen.
Previous Investigations.
The Downtonian and Devonian deposits of N drth Spitsbergen form a down-faulted area, which to the east and west is limited by N S running faults (Fig. 3 ; Pl. I). In the west there are two faults : the fi rst running along the western shore of Raudfjorden and further south
wards, the second from Breibogen (= Broad Bay) to Liefdefjorden , Bockfjorden and further southwards in the direction of Ekmanfjorden.
The block between these two faults consists of sedi m ents of upperm ost Downtonian and Dittonian age ("The Red Bay Series " ) , resting un
conformably on the metamorphic H ec1a H oek rocks. As the block dips to the west, the H ec1a H oek rocks occur along the second fault.
A - Adventf,orden Bi ·Bi' lefjorden Bo-Bockfjorden
D -O ick50nfjorden
E -EkmoofjOrden
L -Liefoefjorden V -Ve5tfjorden
Fig. 3.
.-Downt." Devonion
The eastern fault runs along Wijdefjorden, and contin ues into BiIlefjorden on the north side of I s
fjorden. The block between this eastern fault and the second western fault con
sists of rocks of Devonian age. Only near the faults to the west there are small areas with deposits of the Red Bay Series ( Liefde
fjorden, Bockfjorden and Sigurd fjella at the head of Woodfjorden) . I n this Devonian area there aIso occur volcanic rocks, which, according to A. H oel ( 1 91 1 , 14, 1 .), are partly of Cretaceous, partly o f Quaternary age. T h e De-
Ill-CaleClonian Roe\<5
(He<1a Hook �Gron;te) vonian area extends west-
wards to Kongsfjorden
M a p showi ng t h e distribution of t h e Downtonian and Devonian deposi t s in Spitsberge n .
( Kings Bay), and south
wards to the innermost parts of the northern branches of I sfjorden ( Ekmanfjorden, Dickson fj orden, and BiIlefjorden).
The Devonian is h e re covered , unconformably , in some places by the Culm, in others by the U pper Carboniferous.
In addition to this large Devonian area in the north, there is also a smaller one, around H ornsund. It was, however, not visited by the E. N. S. expedition.
Fossils proving the Devonian age of the rocks were for the fi rst tim e found by Malmgren and N ordenskiOid at Liefdefjorden in 1 868.
In 1870 N athorst and Wilander found fragments of Devonian fishes on the west coast of Billefjorden, and in 1 882 N athorst discovered that Devonian fishes were abundant both in the inner part of Dicksonfjorden and in Mimerdalen . During the Swedish Arctic Expedition of 1898 the Devonian fossiIs were collected at Gråhuken, and finally in 1 899 Tschernichew and De Geer discovered the Devonian area at H ornsund ( N athorst, 1 9 1 0). During the Monaco Expedition of 1 906, conducted by Isachsen, Staxrud discovered fossils of Downtonian age on Pteraspis
toppen, between Raudfj orden and Liefdefj orden (H oel, 1 909, 29). The following year H oel found Lower Devonian fishes at the inner end o f
Woodfj orden (Hoel 1909, 29) . Further collections and geologi ca I investig
ations in Raudfjorden, Woodfjorden and Wijdefjorden were m ade chiefly by H oel and H oltedahl, during the expeditions of Isachsen in 1909 and 1 9 1 0. and during those of H oel and Staxrud in 1911 and 1 9 1 2 (H oel , 1 913,29). In 1 917 Stensio made colle'ctions and geological investigations in Mimerdalen and Billefjorden (Stensio 1918, l, 2). In 1924 Høeg crossed the Devonian area between Dicksonfjorden and Wijdefjorden (Lid 1929).
The expeditions of Vogt in 1925 and 1928 had as their special task to study the Downtonian and Devonian deposits in north Spitsbergen (Vogt 1926, 29). The geological investigation and collection of fossiIs was made in Raudfjorden, D icksonfjorden , Wij defjorden , and Billefjorden (Mimerdalen) . The geological results of Vogt's expeditions are not yet published, with the exception of a short abstract of a comm unication read at a meeting of the Geological Society of London in April, 1 938 (Vogt 1 938) and a paper about the cannei coal fro m Spitsbergen (Vogt 1 941) . A more detailed publication fro m Vogt is awaited with great interest. Finally it m ust be mentioned that Schen k in 1 936 carried out geological researches on the peninsula between Woodfjorden and Wijde
fjorden (Schenk, 1937).
On the basis o f investigations in 191 1 -12 and a preliminary determination of the fossiIs collected, made by Kiær ( Kiær, 1 9 1 6), Hoel and H oltedahl ( Holtedahl 1 913, 14) proposed dividing the Downtonian-Devonian deposits in North Spitsbergen into the four following series ( PI. I ) :
The Wijde Bay Series.
The Grey H oek Series.
The Wood Bay Series.
The Red Bay Series.
Orvin in his last paper about the geological history of Spitsbergen ( 1 940), proposed to alter these names into Norwegian ones - Wijde
fjord Series, Wood fjord Series, Gråhuk Series and Raudfjord Series.
The authors do not agree with Orvin in this alteration. They tind that the names for the geological series, which h ave been internationally used for nearly 30 years, cannot thus be changed only because the geographical names of the localities have been translated into Norwegian.
These names have been used in all paleontological and geological Spitsbergen literature which has appeared in Norway since 1913 (e. g.
H oel , 1914,29, H ol tedahl, 1925,26, H eintz, 1929,35,37, Kiær, 1916, 30,32,35, Quenstedt, 1 926. Stensio, 1927, Vogt, 1941 etc.) and further in all pa pers printed abroad. discussing the geo10gy or paleontology of Spitsbergen ( Holtedahl, 1913, 14, H eintz, 1934. King, 1 925,34, Stensio,
1 918,26,32, Siive-Soderbergh, 1934, 4 1 , Schenk, 1937, Vogt, 1938 etc.).
Also in both the reviews on the geology of Spitsbergen , published by
Nathorst ( 1 9 1 0) and Frebold ( 1 935) , the original English names h ave been used . Taking these faets into consideration we prefer to keep the old names, finding the new ones proposed by Orvin less satisfactory.
The Red Bay Series was originally determined as belonging to Downtonian. Later (H eintz, 1 937, Vogt, 1 938) it was regarded as belonging to the upper part of Downtonian and Dittonian.
The age of the Wood Bay Series was determined as being Lower Devonian . This opinion is still maintained by later investigators, with the only difference that the Wood Bay Series is regarded as belonging to the lower part of Lower Devonian (Stensio, 1 927, H ein tz, 1 929, 37, Vogt, 1 938) . The age of the two other series is more uncertain. Originally the Grey H oek Series was regarded as being probably of Middle Devonian age and the Wijde Bay Series as U pper Devonian. Since then other views have been suggested. Thus Stensio ( 1 927) and H eintz ( 1 929) regarded the former as being of upper Lower Devonian or lower Middle Devonian. Later Quenstedt ( 1 926) and H ein tz ( 1 937) determined it as be ing upper Lower Devonian, and Vogt ( 1 938) was of the same opinion.
The age of the Wijde Bay Series was also determined very differently.
Thus Stensio ( 1 927) regarded it as probably being U pper Devonian , but older than the upper De'vonian U rsa sandstone ( Bear I sland). H eintz ( 1 937) cIassed it as being of middle Middle Devonian, and Vogt ( 1 938) (who proposed the new name Mimer Valley Series) as upper Middle Devonian.
Finally Schenk ( 1 937) regarded the Wij de Bay Series as upper Lower Devonian to lower Middle Devonian. As shall be diseussed later, however, Schenk has certainly mistaken the name proposed before, and regarded a part of the Grey H oek Series as Wijde Bay Series.
The paleontologieal eollections have been studied by different specialists. The first investigation and determination was made by the late j. Kiær (1916). He contin ued later the study ing of H eterostraci, and published four pa pers ( 1 927, 30, 32,35 ; the two latter papers edited by H eintz) . E. A:son Stensio has studied the Crossopterygians ( 1 918 2, 3), Pteraspids ( 1 926) , Cephalaspids (1927) and Arythiarchi ( 1 93 1 ) ; A. H eintz various Arth rodira ( 1 929, I, 2, 34, 35, 37) . Quenstedt has treated the Lamellibranchiates ( 1 926), and Solle ( 1 935) the Ostracods. Finally Wiingsjo ( 1 938) has described a new Benneviaspis, and N ilsson Anthiarchi ( 1 94 1 ) .
The geology and stratigraphy of the Devonian deposits on North Spits
bergen have been treated by N athorst ( 1 9 1 0), H olted ahl ( 1 9 1 3, 1 4, 26, I), H oel ( 1 909, 1 3, 1 4) , Stensio ( 1 9 1 8) , Sch enk ( 1 937) and H eintz ( 1 937) . A general review o f the geology of Spitsbergen has 1ately been given by H. Frebold ( 1 935), giving a complete bibliography. Recently an excellent pa per has been published by Orvin ( 1 940).
W oodfjorden.
(Pl. I; P l . Il, Fig. 1 and 2.)
Of the th ree series into which the Devonian of Spitsbergen is divided, the Wood Bay Series is by far the mightiest; its thickness is greater than that of the Grey H oek and the Wijde Bay Series together. With regard to extension, it makes up the major part of the Devonian area o f North Spitsbergen ( Pl. I). Mostly being intensively r�d , its sandstones distinguish it easily from the other series and m ake it visible at a great distance.
In Woodfjorden the Wood Bay Series is complete, and both its lower a n d upper limits can be studied. During our 1 7 days' investigation in Wood fjorden (1717-3/8) we succeeded in dividing the whole series into three divisions and mapping their extension along the shore (Pl . Ill).
We were u ncertain as to what names we should choose for these divisions: should we name them a fter the most characteristic guide-fossils, or after the localities where they are most distinctly exposed. The names based upon the guide-fossils have many advantages, but also some d raw
backs, as many of the fossiIs are not yet described , and many names of already described fossiIs will have to be changed as they are not in accordance with th e international rules of nomenclature. Thus it is prefera ble to use a geographical terminology, especially as the names of the various parts o f the Red Bay Series are also based on the geograph ical distribution of the deposits ( Frænkelryggen Division and Ben N evis Division). We have thus ch osen the following names for the three divisions o f the Wood Bay Series, from the oldest to the youngest (Pl. Il; P l . I l l) .
1 ) Ka p p Kj e l d s e n D i v i s i o n , after a point of that n a m e between Bockfjorden and Woodfjorden .
2) L Y k t a D i v i s i o n, after the mountain in Dicksonfj orden.
3) S t j ø r d a l e n D i v i s i o n , after a valley on the east side o f Wood
fjorden.
Each of these th ree divisions is characterized by a group o f guide
fossils, some fossiIs of one group m ay, h owever, also occur in another division . With our present knowledge of the stratification and of the fossils it is therefore impossible to draw distinct limits between the various divisions, and we h ave thus to reckon with the presence of transitional zones.
In appearance all three divisions have certain characteristics m a king it possible to distinguish them "more or less accurately at a distance.
A m ountain-side in the St j ø r d a l e n D i v i s i o n has an intense purple colour, and an even surface. In addition the uppermost part of this division is easily recognizable by a zone of a yellowish-grey limy
sandstone, 20-40 m in thickness. Above this there follow some layers of red sandstone covered conformably by the grey rocks of the Grey H oek Series. This transitional zone can be seen at severai points between Kapp Auguste-Viktoria and Scott Keltiefjellet, for instance in the valleys Stjørdalen and Verdalen . In con trast to the Stjørdalen Division, the two l ower divisions are m o re brownish-red, and the sur
face is slightly m ore rough and irregular owing to a richer con tent o f thick sandstone beds a n d a m ore frequent occurrence o f grey-coloured beds.
Especially in the uppermost part o f the Kapp Kjeldsen Division grey-coloured sandstones occur abundantly ; thus as a rule this zone, which in Woodfjorden is more than 1 00 m etres thick, is easily recognized in the mountain-side by its paler colour. This zone we regarded as the upper limit o f the Kapp Kjeldsen Division .
The Fauna o f the Wood Bay Series.
The fauna of the Wood Bay Series is pa rtly very rich, but at the same time quite uniform ; the fossiIs in some parts occurring very abundantly, while in others they may be totally absent. Only seldom have fossiliferous horizons continuing uninterrupted for any longer distance been observed. As a rule the fossiIs occur quite locally. The state o f preservation varies, m ostly being fairly good . I n s o m e localities especially fine fossiIs have been found, such as complete Pteraspids, Cephalaspids with well-preserved endocraniu m , and others. I n other parts, on the contrary, only isolated plates or fragm ents of fossiIs occur.
I n one and the sa m e horizon parts with a very rich fauna may inter
ch ange with completely empty ones. I n some places deposits of many hund red m etres seem to be alm ost without fossiIs.
The fauna in the Wood Bay Series consists, as a whole, m ostly of Ostracoderms, Arthrodirs, and Crossopterygians. Of in vertebrates only Ostracodes were collected in a few localities.
Of the Ostracoderms the Pteraspids a re represented by a num ber of forms. As none of these forms has hitherto been described , we shall only mention a few of the m ost characteristic types. Giganthaspis ( Fig. 4, A, B) (a name proposed by Kiær for a large Pteraspid, with dorsal shield about 1 5-20 cm) occurs abundantly in the Kapp Kjeldsen • Division. The shield is flat, very thin , with relatively broad, flat, and even ribs ( Fig. 4, B). The sensory canal s are indistinct. As a rule only isolated plates, such as dorsal and ventrai shields, o r rostrai plates, have been found. Another unusually abundant and characteristic Pteraspid is Doryaspis (Fig. 5, A, B, C). This form, fi rst described by Lankaster ( 1 884) and later by Woodwa rd ( 1 900) as Pteraspis nathorsti, was by Kiær referred to a new genus, Doryaspis, because its structure is quite different fro m that of the typical Pteraspis. Kiær, however, did not
B c
Fig. 4.
The guide-fossils from the Kapp K j eldsen Division : A -G iganthasp is sp., dorsal shield. B - G iga nthasp is sp., sculpture. C -A rctasp is sp., s cu l pture.
D - A rctasp is kiær i H tz., ventraI sh ield (C and D after H e i n tz, 1 929).
Sea le : The lines on the flgs. is like l cm.
give any com plete description of it. Lately White ( 1 935) m entioned and depicted a single shield from Spitsbergen. Most common are isolated, relatively flat dorsal shields and strongly curved ventrai sh ields.
But also complete speeimens have been found, a few ones during Vogt's expedition in 1 925, later a large n u m ber during our expedition. The m ost characteristic feature of this relatively small form (dorsal shield a bout 7-8 cm) is the sculpture, which consists o f two sets o f l ines, - one concentric line parallei to the outside m a rgin of the shield, the other radiating from the hind median part of the sh ield ( Fig. 5, C). The crossing o f these lines gives the sculpture a very characteristic outline_
The com plete forms show that the rostrai plate is unusually narrow and long (about 5-6 cm), the orbital plates are large, and the dorsal median spine is a bsent ; the lateral spine, however, is enormously developed.
The tail is covered by relatively thick, quadrangular scales. Many different species of Doryaspis are without doubt represented i n the Wood Bay Series. Perhaps they later on may allow one to m ake' a more detail ed division of the middle part of the series into single horizons. At the present, we can only state that Doryaspis is a perfect guide-fossil for the Lykta Division of the Wood Bay Series. So far
as could be determined it occurs on ly in this division. A few m ore uncertain specimens h ave h owever been collected in other parts of the Wood Bay Series.
Finally we m ust mention a very small form of which we know only isolated dorsal and ventraI shields. I t measures between l and l.S cm , and has a very coarse sculpture of concentrically arranged ribs. In some deposits of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division i t occurs very abundantly.
Cephalaspids are also quite abundant, but so far none of them can be regarded as especially good guide-fossils. As is known , Stensio ( 1 927) has described the following speeies of Cephalaspis from the Wood Bay Series : Cephalaspis watneliei St., C. oblongus St. , C. isachseni St. (all fro m Kapp Kjeldsen Div.) , C. acuticornis St. , C. borealis St., C. lata St.
(probably from Kapp Kjeldsen Div.), C. høegi St. (Lykta Div.), C. lati
cornis St. , and C. brevicornis st. (probably Lykta Div.). Further Stensio has mentioned 9 indeterminable speeimens from various parts of Wood
fj orden. He has described a new gen us Boreaspis (B. rostrata St.) based on 2 cephalic shields found in the Wood Bay Series. They were collected in the lowest part of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division (West of Von breen (= Hoffnung Glacier) ) . On Vogt's expedition 1928 a num ber of new specimens were found in the Wood Bay Series. T h e collections m ade in 1 939 consist of a num b e r of Cephalaspids, m ostly large forms, corresponding to the earlier described forms which were also m ostly large ones. N one of the new forms have h itherto been determined or described , but in all cases it is evident that the new collection contains a num ber of new speeies. Boreaspis appears to be a very com mon form in the Wood Bay Series, occurring m ostly in the two lower divisions (Kapp Kjeldsen and Lykta). In the Stjørdalen Division on ly uncertain fragments were found. Boreaspis often appears in a great num ber of species, many different specirrtens being represented, fro m very small on es (about 1 - 1 ,5 cm) to relatively large ones (about 3-5 cm). It seems very likely that, when the whole material has been described, some of the speeies will prove them selves to be good guide
fossiIs. In addition to the typical Boreaspis, other forms, pro babl y belonging to new genera related 'to Boreaspis, were found. I n the lowest part of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division also Benneviaspis appeared (Sigurd fjella, 1 939). As is known , this form was previously only known fro m the Red Bay Series and the Dittonian in England. The investigation of this material has been left to Dr. Wiingsjo, U ppsala .
The most com mon group of Arth rodira , represented in the Wood Bay Series, is the Phlyctænaspids, earlier named " Acanthaspids". As H eintz m entioned in 1 937 the name " Acanthaspis " cannot be used , being already preoccupied for certain insects ( 1 843). The name o f t h e order " Acanthaspida" must accordingly be altered. I n 1 937 Heintz
A B
c
D E
Fi g. 5.
The guide-fossils from the Lykta divis io n . A D oryasp is nathors ti (Lank.), one d ors al s hield (above) and two ven tra I shields (below). B - D oryasp is sp. , ventra I shield wi th fi n ely preserved sculpture. C -Doryasp is sp., sculpture . D -Arc tol ep is (=ja ek elasp is)
l ew ini Htz., ventra I shield . E -Arc tol ep is dec ip iens (Wd .), sculpture ro an d E a fte r H e i ntz, 1929).
Scal e : The l i n e s on the figs. i s like l c m.
used the n ame " Arcto1epida", corresponding to the name Arctolepis, proposed by Eastman in 1 908 for the forms from Spitsbergen which H eintz in 1 929 named as "jaekeIaspis " . The name "jaekeIaspis " must according1y be changed into A rctolepis Eastman, but the name of the who1e order may better be derived from Phlyctænaspis, a Canadian form described as ear1y as 1 890 by Traquair.
2
A num ber of Phlyetænaspida was deseribed from the Wood Bay Series by H eintz ( 1 929, l, 2). The new and very rieh m aterial eolleeted in 1 939 gives a m ore eomplete pieture of the strueture and distribution of these interesting Arthrodirs. The forms earlier deseribed are as follows :
Arctolepis decipiens (Wd .), A .lata ( Htz.), A . lewini (Htz.), A. longi
cornis ( H tz.), A. brevis ( H tz.), A. solnørdali (Htz.), and Arctolepis sp.
As m entioned above these forms were originally deseri bed by Heintz as
"jaekeiaspis " . But th is name must be dropped in favour of the older name, Arctolepis Eastman. The Arctolepis forms ( Fig. 5 , D , E) are all eharaeteristic of the Lykta Division, but el ose ly related forms occur, without doubt, both in the upper part o f the Kapp Kjeldsen Division and in the Stjørdalen Division. The new material consists of a num ber of new species.
Arctaspis forms are represented in former collections by 6 speeies : A . kiæri H tz., A. holtedahli H tz., A . hoeli H tz., A . minor H tz. , A. maximus Htz., and Arctaspis sp. A num ber of new speeies will be added to this list, when the description of the new material is issued. The Arctaspis forms ( Fig. 4, C, D) are excellent guide-fossils for the Kapp Kjeldsen Division, the charaeteristic seulpture of the shield making even the most minute fragments definable (Fig. 4, C) .
Eleganthaspis reticornis Htz. is probably related to the A rctaspis, forms. New speeimens of this form have not been found, but may occur in the Kapp Kjeldsen Division.
Heintz has previously described as Svalbardaspis d i fferent head
shields of Phlyctænaspida, which were found without eonnection with the body carapace. The rich new m aterial is sure to reduce this gro up, and prove that many of the " Svalbardaspis " heads belong to body
carapaees deseribed under other names (for inst. A rctolepis, A rctaspis, and others). Up to the present the following Svalbardaspis speeies have been described : S. typicus H tz., S. rotundus H tz. , S. polaris H tz. , S . angulatus H tz., a n d S . stensiOi H tz. N aturally none o f t h e Sval
bardaspis forms can be regarded as guide-fossils - in faet the genus Svalbardaspis com prises only quite occasional forms.
The same is the case with the genus Monaspis, also comprising various forms, wh ich hitherto have not been differentiated with full certainty. This genus will probably disappear o r be strongly diminished, when the new material from 1 939 has given us a better knowledge of the various forms fro m Spitsbergen. 5 different speeies have hitherto been described: M. giganteus H tz., M. minutus H tz., M. acuticornis H tz., M. borealis H tz., and M. hornsundi H tz. A mong these forms a re some relatively small ones with narrow spines, of ten more or less strongly curved (M. acuticornis, M. borealis, M. minutus). A num ber of corre
sponding forms h ave now been collected from the different parts of the Stjørdalen Division . It appears that these forms must be regarded as guide-fossils for this d ivision.
One new type, known fro m the earlier col lections, is found in great numbers. It is a relatively large form, with short, round MD plate, and large head. The sculpture is very characteristic, consisting of m ore or less concentrically arranged tubercul ated ridges, and there is a peculiar pattern of the sensory can als on the head. There can be n o doubt that this form, which H eintz ( 1 937) has mentioned as " Rotundaspis " , is identical with Actinolepis, recently described by Gross (1940) fro m t h e Heterostius-deposits in t h e Balticum. According to Gross' figs. , it is also obvious that the AVL + S P + I L fragments which H eintz described ( 1 929, l) as " Plataspis " , must b e regarded as body-plates of the sa m e form. A ctinolepis is probably characteristic of t h e upper part o f the Lykta Division .
Fragments of other types of Arth rodirs, belonging to the Brachy
thorasia, occur quite abun dantly in the Wood Bay Series, but are as a rule only represented by smaller fragments or indeterminable plates.
Some, h owever, are large and th ick, indicating the presence of large or even very large Arthrodira. Only a few fragments could be determined as belonging to the family H o m osteidæ and possibly to the genus Homostius or c10sely related forms. One fragment belongs to the genus Angarichthys, a form earlier only known fro m Siberia (Obrucev 1 927). Some fragments of Heterostius have also been collected. The occurrence of typical Homostius and Heterostius is m ostly l imited to the uppermost parts of the Stjørdalen Division (grey layers), while A ngarichthys- and Homostius-Iike forms were found as low down as in the Lykta Division. As a whole, it is evident that the Arthrodira play a very great part in the fauna of the Wood Bay Series.
No certain remains of Acanthodii, other Elasmobranchii, Chondrostei or Dipnoi are hitherto found in the deposits fro m the Wood Bay Series.
Reversely the representatives of the Crossopterygii occur quite abundantly, but are limited to the so-called «Porolepis " type. The rectangular scales of this type occur in all sizes and forms in a great num ber. A num ber of jaws and head-fragments, partly with well preserved neurocrani u m , have been collected i n 1 939. Dr. Jarvik, w h o is going to describe these forms, supposes that the name " Porolepis" represents a n u m ber of very different forms, only sh owing a resemblance in the shape of the scales and in the sculpture of the surface.
The Lower Limit of the Wood Bay Series.
While the borders between the single sub-divisions of the Wood Bay Series are somewhat indistinct, it is possible to indicate the l ower limit fairly exactly, petrographically as well as faunistically. The contact with the underlying Red Bay Series is hitherto known in three localities:
the south side of Liefdefjorden, west side of Bockfjorden, and south
side of Sigurd fjellet west of the head of Woodfjorden. The fi rst and l ast localities were discovered by A. H oel ( 1 9 1 4) . I t is, however, only at Von breen (= H o ffnung Glaeier), south of Sigurdfjellet that we can state with certainty that the Red Bay Series is normally covered by the Wood Bay Series. The contact is found at the foot of Sigurd fjellet about 5 km from the fjord ( Fig. 6) . The layers generally dip towards the south-east, slightly near the fjord, gradually becoming steeper further west. The lowest part of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division consists of red sandstones resting conformably on the greyish-green sand
stones, which on the top, contain layers of quartz-conglomerate. These l ower red layers h ave a relatively rich and peculiar fauna, and may prove to be a separate sub-division. Especially characteristic of these layers is a comparatively large and flat Pteraspid, wh ich systematically no doubt lies near to the large Pteraspids fro m Ben N evis in the Red Bay Series. They h ave a rather coarse sculpture and are to som e degree reminiscent of Doryaspis fro m the Lykta Division, b u t probably without being closer related to the l atter. A num ber of s m all and large Cephalaspids were likewise found, and especially abundant were the small or somewhat larger Boreaspis forms. (We may add that both speeimens of B. rosfrafa St. were collected here in 1 9 1 1 ). Also Benneviaspis, a typieal Red Bay fossil, was found here i n 1 939.
In the greyish-green division on ly a few fossiIs were found. From this plaee, however, we have fossiIs fro m H oel's expeditions in 1 9 1 0 to 1 9 1 2. The fossils collected by H oel and by us are quite identical, mainly being represented by a peculiar, narrow, relatively small Pteraspis sp. with a large and flat, almost recta ngular rostrai division.
In addition some shields of Homaspis nitidus (Kiær) were found here.
The same form is also known from Ben-Nevis ; Homaspis is in reality
a guide-fossil for this division, leaving n o doubt that the grev layers belong to the Red Bay Series.
The thickness of the greyish-green sandstones may amount to a couple of hund red metres. To the west occurs a red-brown coarse conglomerate with out any distinet strati fication. It consists of quartzite and gneiss. The conglomerate evidently belongs to the Red Bay Series . U n fortunately we could not ascertain whether the grev sandstones nor
m ally rest upon the conglomerate. The eonglomerate is farther west separated by a faultline from the metamorphic H ecla-Hoek rocks.
B o c k fj o r d e n . On J uly 27th we went ashore on the west side o f the middle part o f Bockfjorden. A full account !of the geological conditions there would require a far m ore thorough investigation, we shall therefore confine ourselves to give a summary only of the ob
servations made during our short stav.
Already at a distance our attention was drawn to the red colour of the rocks in the shore-section at the point of the headland (loe. No. 5
-21-
Fig. 6.
Vonbreen (= H o ffnung Glacier) and Sigurd fjel l e t seen fro m the sou th . O n e can see the l i mi t between the Red Ba y Seri es ( Re) and the Kapp K jeldsen Division ( K j) of the Wood Bay Se des, a n d the fa ult bet ween the Red Bay deposits and H e cla Hoek ( H . H .) .
E -the vol canic mas s at t h e top of Sigurdfjellet (Norges Sval bard- og Isha vs-u ndersøkelser. A i r photograph N o . OlD).
on the map in Fig. 7). We found fossiIs, but they gave no indication as to what series the strata belong to. Further south (loe. No. I) there are greyish-green sandstones with beds of conglomerate ; scanty fossiIs i n the grey sandstones show that these strata belong to the Red Bay Series. At Ioc. No. 2 we found a coa rse red conglomerate similar to those com mon in the Red Bay Series. All three localities lie on the shore, separated from each other by covered areas. The position of the l ayers does not indicate the sequence of the rocks. Further, all these localities are sepa rated fro m the greyish-green sandstones forming the eastern slope of Germaniahøgdene. According to its appearance, the latter surely belongs to the Red Bay Series. In the north-eastern corner of the mountain-slope (Ioc. N o. 3) there is a precipice consisting of f1atlying, red beds. These rocks are bounded towards the greyish
green sandstones by a fault, which has the direction N 25 W. The red beds contain fossiIs belonging to the Wood Bay Series, more exactly to the undermost beds of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division, found n ear Von breen on Sigurdfjellet. Fossils from the same part of the division were also
HH
HH
Fi g . 7 .
Map of Bockfjord e n . K j - K a p p Kj eldsen deposits. Re - Red Bay deposits.
HH - Hecla H oek deposi ts. Localities 1 and 2 - Red Bay deposi ts. Localities 3 and 4 -basal layers of the Kapp K j e ldsen Division. 5 -probable Red Bay deposits.
found in detached pieces on the shore (ioc. No. 4) .
The beds of the localities N os. l and 2 and of the mountain slope thus belong to the Red Bay Series ; the beds of Ioc. No. 3 to the under
m ost part of the Wood Bay Series, while the age of the beds of Ioc.
No. 5 is unknown . More faults are probably present.
Between Bockfjorden and Liefde
fjorden two borderlines can be c1early seen from Bock fjorden : the one separating the red Wood Bay beds from the grey Red Bay beds, and the other the grey Red Bay beds from rocks of a yellowish colour (probably H ecla Hoek).
The last- mentioned border cuts the outermost part of the ridge north of the glaeier north of Germania
høgdene. The border appears there as a steep line in the m ountain-side ( Fig. 7).
The West Side of Woodfjorden.
( Pl . Il, Fig. 2.)
From Liefdefjorden and inwards the west side of Woodfjorden consists of strata belonging to the Kapp Kjeldsen Division . The layers largely .have a dip of 10-20 degrees towards the SE. In the section along the fjord from Kapp Kjeldsen to Sigurdfjellet the layers are seen as fairly horizontal lines, with only slight undulations, in some places interrupted by faults. About half-way up the m ountain-side a stripe of greyish green sandstone is seen in the otherwise red rocks ; towards the south , in Risefjella, this stripe wedges out. I n the mountain-block north of Risefjella it is cut by three faults, further north of the Halvdan
dalen it disappears.
The Thickness of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division.
In the m ountains along the west side of Woodfjorden the easily distinguishable, pale zone of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division is not visible, thus the sequence h ere does not represent the youngest layers of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division. This is also the case with Grevefjellet south of Von breen . In the mountain-side south and south-east of the head of the fj ord the uppermost paler l ayers are present, and, j udging from the dip, their continuation see ms to have been just above the present top of Grevefjellet. Further, the layers in Grevefjellet seem to corre
spond approximately to the layers in Sigurd fjellet, the dip being the same (slightly towards S E) and no fault-Iine of any great dimension seems to run between these mountains. The sequence in Grevefjellet thus represents almost the whole Kapp Kjeldsen Divisjon. I n these nearly flat-Iying strata we therefore have a · possibility o f measuring their thickness by the altitude o f the peak. As the peak is 1 200 m above sea level , the thickness of the Kapp Kjeldsen Division can be estimated at 1 000- 1 500 m . As guide-fossils for the Kapp Kjeldsen Division can be mentioned different Giganthaspis and A rctaspis forms ( Fig. 4).
The East Side of W oodfjorden Inside Kapp Auguste-Viktoria.
(Pl. Il, Fig. l , B.)
The mountain-sides along the fjord consist for the greater part of red rocks of the Wood Bay Series. The layers, as a whole, dip towards S E, the inclination being 1 0-25 °. Owing to n u m erous faults, however, constantly older and older beds are met with , southwards towards the head of the fjord , the block south of the fault plane being always relatively raised . The faults are very distinctly seen where the mountain-side consists partly of the Wood Bay Series, partly of the Grey H oek Series ( Fig. 9), and also when the faults cut the uppermost pale zone in the Kapp Kjeldsen Division ( Fig. 8). It would have been interesting to map the exact course of at least some of these faults, but time did not allow it. We had to content ourselves with drawing them as they were seen in the mountain-sides along the fjord (Pl. I l , Fig. I, B ) and i n the large valleys, Verdalen land Stjørdalen ( Pl . I l , Fig. I, F , G). There seem to b e two system s o f fault-Iines, one with a d irection a bout W-E (or a Iittle S of E), the other directed about N - S ( o r a little E of S). T h e fi rst-mentioned system correspond s t o the direction of the outer part o f the valleys Verdalen and Stjørdalen ; these valleys have probably been form ed along fault-lines. The second runs parallei to the large faults limiting the whole Devonian area in N orth Spitsbergen. By closer studies more faults may be found than those marked on the map and on the section.
Fig. 8.
Scott Kelti efjellet on the East coast of Wood fj o rd e n . E - volcanic rocks at the top of the mou ntai ns. G r - G rey H oek deposits. Ki - Kapp Kj eldsen deposits (the u pper pale zone i s l i m ited by . . . l i ne). Ly - Lykta deposits. St - Stj ørdalen deposits.
- - - Faults. x - the point where Delle and Føyn start ed the c l i mbing of Scott Keltiefjellet. 1 - -Tavlefj e llet. 2 - Purpurdalen. 3 -Wijdefjorden.
( N S l U . A i r photograph N o. 437.)
The Thickness of the Lykta-Division.
Delle and Føyn clim bed up the steep mountain-side to the western
m ost part of the lava-plateaus in Scott Keltiefjellet (Fig. 8 x). The altitudes were m easured by a large aneroid barometer. The decline of the strata is largely 1 0- 1 5 o , towards SSE. The layers in the lower part of the mountain-side belong to the Kapp Kjeldsen Division ; h ere Gigantha
spis was found. The pale zone is located between 2 1 5 and 335 m above sea-leve!. No guide-fossils were found in it. On top of these layers comes a zone of rather thin-bedded red sandstone. At 475 m above sea-leve! begins a m ore coarse-bedded part of the sequence, containing Arctolepis decipiens and Doryaspis. A comparatively rich horizon was discovered about 840 m above sea-leve!. The lower limit of the lava was met with at 990 m above sea-leve! . (At 950 m a bove sea-level were two lava-dykes) .
Fig. 9.
Sørl i fjellet on the East coast o f Wood fj orden. Verdalen to the lert, delta from Stjør
dalen to the right. In the background Wijdefjord e n . One can see from lert to right Vatn edalen l (on the map erroneously called Vassdalen), A n d redalen (2) and Fork
d a l e n (3). E - volca n i c rocks at the top of Sørli fj ellet. G r -- G rey Hoek deposits.
Ly - Lykta d e posits. St - Stjørdalen d e posits . . - - . Fa ults.
( N S l U. Air photograph No. 443.)
Thus 600-700 m of the Lykta Division are present here. The continuation o f the layers upwards must be studied somewhere else, for instance about 5 km further north. lf we had known exactly where the uppermost layers in the d escri bed section were located i n t h e sequence, we coul d h ave given t h e thickness o f t h e whole Lykta Division. With our present knowledge of the sequence, however, we cannot exactly determine it, but we suppose that not more than a couple o f hundred metres are laeking in the section studied, which thus includes the main part of the Lykta Division. Accordingly the thickness of the division should be between 600 and 900 m. As guide
fossils must be regarded the different speeies of Doryaspis and A rctolepis ( = jaekelaspis) (Fig. 5).
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