3
Veien som vilje og forestilling
Analysemetoder for landskap og estetisk erfaring
The road as will and representation Landscape analysis and aesthetic experience
Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Marius Fiskevold
Dept. of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Ås 2011
Thesis number 2011: 24 ISSN 1503-1667 ISBN 978-82-575-0988-0
4
5
Raum greift aus uns und übersetzt die Dinge:
'DȕGLUGDV'DVHLQHLQHV%DXPVJHOLQJH ZLUI,QQHQUDXPXPLKQDXVMHQHP5DXP GHULQGLUZHVW8PJLHELKQPLW9HUKDOWXQJ (UJUHQ]WVLFKQLFKW(UVWLQGHU(LQJHVWDOWXQJ
LQGHLQ9HU]LFKWHQZLUGHUZLUNOLFK%DXP
505LONH
6
Innholdsfortegnelse
8 Forord 8 Sammendrag 10 Summary
13 1 Profesjonsytring og individuell erfaring
15 1.1 Kulturell velferd i et felles og delt landskap )DJOLJRSHUDVMRQDOLVHULQJDYLQGLYLGXHOOHUIDULQJ
/DQGVNDSHWVDQDO\VHUEDUKHWWLOJMHQJHOLJJM¡ULQJDYNXOWXUHOO YHOIHUG
/DQGVNDSIRUVWnWWVRPoppfatning DYRPUnGHU 19 1.2 Avhandlingens empiri og metode
6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQV+nQGERN.RQVHNYHQVDQDO\VHUIDJ WHPDODQGVNDSVELOGH
)RUWHOOLQJRJWHNVWSURIHVMRQV\WULQJHQVWHRULJUXQQODJ )HUGRJPDWHULDOLWHWWLOHJQHOVHDYHWVDPWLGLJODQGVNDS 5HWRULVNIUHPVWLOOLQJ
29 2 Veien som en felles og delt erfaringssituasjon
31 2.1 Individet tar del i en felles og delt erfaringssituasjon /DQGVNDSLDNWWDVJMHQQRPGHOWDJHOVHLHWNYDOLWDWLYW
RSSWDNVRUJDQ
/DQGVNDSLDNWWDVJMHQQRPGHOWDJHOVHLHQNXOWXUHOOYLUNVRPKHW 6DPVSLOOHWPHOORPGHWV\PEROVNHRJGHWNYDOLWDWLYHODQGVNDSHW /DQGVNDSJM¡UHVIDWWEDUWVRPHWVHWWRJPHQLQJVE UHQGHELOGH 47 2.2 Analysemetoden innlemmer erfaringssituasjonen i en profesjonsytring
$QDO\VHPHWRGHQLHWSOXUDOLVWLVNODQGVNDS $QDO\VHPHWRGHQVRPDQYHQGWODQGVNDSVELOGH $OWHUQDWLYHWHRULWUDGLVMRQHURJDQDO\VHPHWRGHU
57 2.3 Veien muliggjør et felles og delt landskapsbilde $QDO\VHDYHWVDPWLGLJVHWWRJPHQLQJVE UHQGHODQGVNDSV
ELOGH
%LOGHWVKRULVRQWYHLHQVRPJUXQQODJIRUNYDOLWDWLYHRJ V\PEROVNHODQGVNDS
%LOGHWVIUHNYHQVIHUGVHOODQJVYHLRJHVWHWLVNDNVHQWXHULQJ %LOGHWVPRWLYYHLHQYLVHUYLUNVRPKHWHUVYDOJRJGLVSRVLVMRQHU $QDO\VHPHWRGHQVIUHPVWLOOLQJDYPRWLYHWnatur som landskap
75 3 Et scenisk og ruralt profesjonsbilde
77 3.1 Konseptualisering av landskapsbildet i Statens vegvesen
7HPDWLVNHKnQGERNVHULHURJQRUPHULQJDYIDJOLJHRSSIDWQLQJHU +%.RQVHNYHQVDQDO\VHU
.RQVHSWXDOLVHULQJDYGHWHVWHWLVNYLVXHOOHODQGVNDSELOGHW 85 3.2 Landskapsbildets karakter og verdi
/DQGVNDSVELOGHWHUHWXWWU\NNIRUHQhelhetlig karakter /DQGVNDSVELOGHWVkarakterVRPIHOOHVWHPDIRUHQ SURIHVMRQVYLUNVRPKHW
/DQGVNDSVELOGHWVkarakter XWOHGHWDY+%
6FHQLVNNRPSRVLVMRQRJUXUDOHRPUnGHU
93 Karakter RJGHQSLWWRUHVNHEHWUDNWQLQJHQDYRPUnGHVRP ODQGVNDS
'HQSLWWRUHVNHEHWUDNWQLQJHQQDWXUDOLVHUHV /DQGVNDSVELOGHWVNarakterRJNDUDNWHUHQVverdi 101 3.3 Kriterier for veianleggets omfang og bilistens reiseopplevelse
%HVNULYHOVHQVRSSKDY
3DUNYHLHURJGHWVFHQLVNHODQGVNDSVELOGHW
9HLDQOHJJHWVRmfangHUGHODYHQVFHQLVNODQGVNDSVWUDGLVMRQ %LOLVWHQVNRPSRQHUWHUeiseopplevelse
110 3.4 Fagprofesjonens landskapsbilde 0RWLY(WVFHQLVNODQGVNDSVELOGH
+RULVRQW(QIRUWLHWNXQQVNDSVWUDGLVMRQDQYHQGWXWHQIRUE\HURJ tettsteder
)UHNYHQV5HSHWLVMRQDYHWVWDWLVNODQGVNDSVELOGH
113 4 Inventeringsstrategi og det skalerte landskapsbildet
115 4.1 Modernisme og inventeringsstrategi ,QYHQWHULQJVRPDQDO\VHWHNQLNNLPRGHUQLVPHQ
,QYHQWHULQJVRPSURIHVMRQVYLUNVRPKHWHQVDQDO\VHVWUDWHJL 120 4.2 Iakttagelsen skaleres
+%RJGHWVNDOHUWHODQGVNDSVELOGHW
/DQGVNDSHWVVNDODXWOHGHWDYGHWNYDOLWDWLYHODQGVNDSHW 137 Fagtema landskapsbilde RJNYDOLWDWLYHKDQGOLQJVURP 139 4.3 Anvendbarhet innenfor et metodekultur
$OOHNRQVHNYHQVHUVNDOY UHVDPPHQOLJQEDUHVDPPHQVWLOOLQJ 7HPDHWPnY UHRSHUDVMRQDOLVHUEDUWGRNXPHQWHUEDUKHW (QNRQVHNYHQVVNDOEDUHWHOOHVHQJDQJDYJUHQVQLQJ 0HWRGHQVNDOGHNNHDOOHDQDO\VHVLWXDVMRQHUÀHNVLELOLWHW 0HWRGHQVNDOI¡OJHVSURVHG\UH
.RPSDWLELOLWHWPHOORPKnQGERNPHWRGHQVDQDO\VHWULQQ"
3URIHVMRQHQVODQGVNDSIUHPVWLOWLGHQVDPIXQQV¡NRQRPLVNH YHOIHUGVWHRULHQELOGH
147 4.4 Analysemetodens landskapsbilde
0RWLY(WVFHQLVNODQGVNDSVELOGHNRPSRQHUWLQQHQIRUUDPPHQH DYVDPIXQQV¡NRQRPLVNYHOIHUGVWHRUL
+RULVRQW,QYHQWHULQJVWHNQLNNHQVYHNNHUELOGHWVHUIDULQJVRJ VW\UNHUELOGHWVIRUVWnHOVHVKRULVRQW
)UHNYHQVJMHQWDWWIUHPVWLOOLQJLQQHQIRUHQDYJUHQVHW PHWRGHNXOWXU
7 151 5 Profesjonsbildet og samtidig ferdsel langs
vei
153 5.1 Veianlegget fremstilt av ulike virksomheter /RNDOLVHULQJDYYHL
$QOHJJHOVHDYYHL
9HLQHWWHWVRPGHODYHWWUDQVSRUWV\VWHP 9HLHQVRPXWWU\NNIRULGHRORJLRJYHUGLYDOJ 'HQDQODJWHYHLHQHUHQYLUNHOLJJMRUWPRGHOO 162 5.2 Normalisert ferd
)HUGHQVRUJDQLVNHPRPHQWQRUPDOLVHUHV )HUGHQNDQDOLVHUHV
'HQIDUHQGHDQYLVHV
9DQGUHUHQVIHUGGH¿QHUWDYYHLQRUPDOHQ.LUNHYHLHQ
9HLHQVRPHQQRUPHUWNYDOLWDWLYV\PEROVNHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ 170 5.3 Bilen som transformator
)DUNRVWHQVRPHQK\EULGDYVMnI¡URJELO 6HSDUDVMRQDYI¡UHUIUDRPUnGH
.URSSVOLJJM¡ULQJDYIDUNRVWHQ
6WDQGDUGLVHULQJDYGHWRUJDQLVNHPRPHQWHWPHOORPI¡UHURJ
RPUnGH
174 5.4 Det normaliserte hverdagslandskapet 9HLHQVRPDQODJWQRUPDO
9LUNHOLJKHWVVNDSHQGHNXQQVNDSVSUDNVLV
/DQGVNDSHUHWRPUnGHVOLNELOLVWHQRSSIDWWHUGHW
183 5.5 Inventeringsstrategi og samtidig ferdsel langs vei 0RWLYIDJWHPDlandskapsbildeDYYLNHUIUDGHWVDPWLGLJHUIDU EDUHODQGVNDSVELOGHW
+RULVRQWODQGVNDSVELOGHWIUHPVWLOOHVLKHQKROGWLOHQVWDWLVN IRUVWnHOVHVKRULVRQW
)UHNYHQVODQGVNDSVELOGHWNRQVHUYHUHVDYJMHQWDWW PHWRGHSUDNVLV
191 6 Dannelse og begrepsliggjøring av motivet natur som landskap
193 6.1 Natur iakttatt gjennom ferd og fortelling /DQGVNDSVRPHVWHWLVNQDWXUHUIDULQJ
7LOSDVQLQJWLOHNVLVWHUHQGHHVWHWLVNHNRQVHSWHU 1DUUDWLYRPYXUGHULQJDYRPUnGHU
6SUHGQLQJQRUPDOLVHULQJRJQRUPHULQJDYODQGVNDS <WULQJHQVPRWLYPHOORPIHUGRJRPWDOWRPUnGH
203 6.2 Landskap begrepsliggjort som estetisk naturerfaring -RDFKLP5LWWHUODQGVNDSVRPKLVWRULVNEHWLQJHW
PRGHUQLWHWVIHQRPHQ
-RKQ'+XQWODQGVNDSVRPWULSSHOQDWXU 0DUWLQ6HHOODQGVNDSVRPHQKHWXWHQWRWDOLWHW 0LFKHO&RQDQODQGVNDSVRPHUIDUWQDUUDVMRQ (WWHRULEDVHUWSURIHVMRQVELOGH
213 7 Narrativ fremstilling av motivet natur som landskap
215 7.1 Analysefortellingens narrative merverdi %LOOHGÀDWHQVRPV\PEROVNDNW¡U
5HSUHVHQWDVMRQDYGHWVHWWHELOGHW .RPSHQVDVMRQDYHUIDULQJVWDS
9LVXDOLVHULQJVRPHQUHSUHVHQWDVMRQDYV\QVDNWHQ $QDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJHQVNDOVHWWHHWY UHQVIRUO¡SLVSLOO 227 7.2 Automobilitet og det pastorale landskapsbildet 3URJUDPPHUWIHUGRJQDWXUOLJHYDULDVMRQHU
$NVHQWV\NOLVNHYDULDVMRQHU $NVHQWWHUUHQJYDULDVMRQHU
$NVHQWYDULDVMRQHUV\QOLJJMRUWJMHQQRPORNDOLWHWHQ
$NVHQWVNLIWHPHOORPVMnI¡UHQVRJYDQGUHUHQVKDQGOLQJVURP 'HWSDVWRUDOHPRWLYHWELOOHGGDQQHOVHRJKYHUGDJVSUDNVLV
239 8 Analysefortellingen som stemme i en kvali tativ dialog
241 8.1 Fortellingen skal samle forteller og tilhører i et felles bilde
,QYHQWHULQJVVWUDWHJLRJEHVWLOWYHOIHUG
1DWXUHQNDONXOHUWVRPEHVWDQGRJIUHPVWLOWVRPJMHQVWDQG 1DUUDWLYVWUDWHJLRJWLOEXGWYHOIHUG
)UDNDONXOHUWLQYHQWHULQJWLOQDUUDWLYYLVXDOLVHULQJ 249 8.2 Den avklarte profesjonsytringen og subjektets anskueliggjøringsevne
'HQDYNODUWHSURIHVMRQV\WULQJHQ /DQGVNDSVRPLDNWWDWWWHPSRU UWELOGH 'HQVXEMHNWLYHDQVNXHOLJJM¡ULQJVHYQHQ
261 Referanser
270 Refererte håndbøker fra Statens vegvesen
8
Forord
'HQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQEOHSnEHJ\QWPHGHWVS¡UVPnORPKYRUGHWYDUEOLWWDYIHUGHQRJGH QDWXUOLJH YDULDVMRQHQH L ODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWHQV GDJOLJH YLUNH (WWHU QHVWHQ WL nU VRP SUDNWL VHUHQGHODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWPHGHQKYHUGDJI\OWDYKRQRUDUUDPPHUSURVMHNWHULQJVJUXSSHU LQQOHYHULQJVIULVWHUODJVWUXNWXUHUSURJUDPYDUHRSSGDWHULQJHU166$.RJ7(.NXQQH GHWYLUNHVRPRPIRUELQGHOVHQPHGGHQHJHQWOLJHDUEHLGVRSSJDYHQODQGVNDSHWYDUVYHNNHW HOOHUNDQVNMHHQGDYHUUHWRWDOWIUDY UHQGHKYLVMHJEDUHKDGGHKDWWPRWWLOnVWLOOHVS¡UVPnOHW GLUHNWHQRN0HGDYKDQGOLQJHQKDUMHJJMRUWHWIRUV¡NSnnXQGHUV¡NHRPGHWIRUWVDWWHUHQ nSHQKLPPHOMHJKDURYHUPHJHOOHURPGHWJODVVNODUHO\VHWXWHOXNNHQGHVN\OGHVEU\WQLQJHQ JMHQQRPHWSULVPHDYNXOWXUHOOHIRUWHOOLQJHU
)¡UVW RJ IUHPVW VN\OGHU MHJ KRYHGYHLOHGHU$QQH .DWULQH *HHOPX\GHQ PDQJH WDNN IRU GHQ WURHQ RJ UDXVKHWHQ KXQ KDU YLVW SURVMHNWHW IUD I¡UVWH P¡WH RJ JMHQQRP KHOH DYKDQGOLQJV SHULRGHQ6DPWDOHQKDUY UWnSHQRJXWIRUGUHQGHPHQRJVnI¡UWPHGHQIDWWHWURVRPKDU WLOODWWNUHYHQGHVS¡UVPnOnVWnXEHVYDUWI¡UGHJUDGYLVHQNHOWHOOHURPVWHQGHOLJKDUJLWWVHJ WLONMHQQHPHGGHWLQQKROGHWGHVnOHQJHKDUKDWW3nDUEHLGHWVRSSO¡SVVLGHKDUMHJRJVnEOLWW GUHYHWIUHPDYELYHLOHGHU,QJHU/LVH6DJOLVRSSPXQWUHQGHRJSUHVLVHWLOURS
-HJYLORJVnWDNNH-¡UJHQ'HKV%M¡UQ7RUGVVRQRJ-¡UJHQ3ULPGDKOIRUDYJM¡UHQGHLQQVSLOO XQGHUGHWUHVHPLQDUHQHVRPKDUEOLWWDYKROGW0HGLQQVSLOOIUD'HKVEOHDYKDQGOLQJHQVIRUVWn HOVHIRUGHQHVWHWLVNHNRPSOHNVLWHWHQXWYLGHWGLVNXVMRQHQPHG7RUGVVRQnSQHWDYKDQGOLQJHQ IRU IHUGHQV VDPWLGVSHUVSHNWLY PHQV NULWLNNHQ IUD 3ULPGDKO KDU VNMHUSHW NREOLQJHQ PHOORP GHQDOOPHQQHIHUGHQVRJGHQIDJOLJHIRUWHOOLQJHQVODQGVNDS
'LVNXVMRQHU PHG ELYHLOHGHU ,QJHUOLVH $PXQGVHQ RJ .LQH +DOYRUVHQ 7KRUpQ KDU JLWW PHJ DYJM¡UHQGHLQQVLNWLEnGHJHQHUHOODQDO\VHSUREOHPDWLNNRJVSHVLHOOHXWIRUGULQJHUNQ\WWHWWLO YHLHVWHWLNNRJODQGVNDS)UD6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQKDUMHJRJVnP¡WWVWRUYHOYLOMH9HGVLGHQDY n¿QDQVLHUHVWLSHQGHWKDUUHSUHVHQWDQWHUIRUXOLNHGHOHUDYRUJDQLVDVMRQHQODWWPHJGHOWDSn LQWHUQHP¡WHUVHPLQDUHURJVWLOWRSSWLOLQWHUYMXHUXQGHUYHLVLSURVMHNWHW
(QGHOLJYLOOHLNNHDYKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHWKDEOLWWWLOGHPLQQHYHUGLJHnUHQHMHJQnNDQVHWLOED NHSnXWHQNROOHJHURJPHGVWLSHQGLDWHU'HWODQJYDULJHVDPY UHWPHG.ULVWLQ.UHXO%M¡UQ
$QGHUV )UHGULNVHQ RJ +HOHQD 1RUGK KDU EHULNHW GDJHQH Sn cV RJ Y UW XWIDOOVJLYHQGH IRU DUEHLGHWVUHWQLQJRJLQQKROG
Sammendrag
Problemstilling
)RUPnOHW PHG DYKDQGOLQJHQ HU n XQGHUV¡NH KYRUGDQ DQDO\VHPHWRGHU IRU ODQGVNDS KnQG WHUHUHVWHWLVNHUIDULQJQnUGHWVNDOWDVRIIHQWOLJHSODQEHVOXWQLQJHU3UREOHPHWPHGnRSHUD VMRQDOLVHUHODQGVNDSVRPHWREMHNWLYWRJYHUGLQ¡\WUDOWEHVOXWQLQJVJUXQQODJKDURSSWDWWGHOHU DYGHQODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWRQLVNHIDJSURIHVMRQHQL1RUJHVLGHQWDOOHW5DWL¿VHULQJHQDY GHQHXURSHLVNHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQLIRUVWHUNHWGHQRIIHQWOLJHHWWHUVS¡UVHOHQHWWHU HNVSHUWEDVHUWHDQDO\VHPHWRGHUVRPNXQQHJLDNWXHOONXQQVNDSRPGHWVDPWLGLJHODQGVND
9
SHW6DPWLGLJLQWURGXVHUWHNRQYHQVMRQHQHWODQGVNDSVEHJUHSGHUGHQPHQQHVNHOLJHoppfat- ningen DYRPUnGHURJODQGVNDSHWVEHW\GQLQJIRULQGLYLGXHOOLGHQWLWHWRJYHOIHUGEOHYHNWODJW 1nUGHWVWLOOHVNUDYWLODWODQGVNDSEnGHVNDOWMHQHVRPREMHNWIRUHQDQDO\VHPHWRGHRJVRP ELGUDJWLONROOHNWLYHOOHULQGLYLGXHOOYHOIHUGRSSVWnUGHWHQSUREOHPVWLOOLQJVRPRPKDQGOHUKYRU GDQGHWLQGLYLGXHOOHKDQGOLQJVURPPHWODUVHJJULSHDYSURIHVMRQV\WULQJHQ
Hvordan er det mulig for den ekspertbaserte analysemetoden å tilgjengeliggjøre det individu- elt erfarte landskapet slik at det anerkjennes som et uttrykk for felles og delt velferd?
Individuelt erfart og profesjonelt anvendt landskapsbilde
-HJKDUDUJXPHQWHUWIRUDWIUHPVWLOOLQJHQDYHWIHOOHVODQGVNDSGHOWDYVnYHOSURIHVMRQVRP LQGLYLGPnIRUVWnVVRPHWVHWWRJPHQLQJVE UHQGHbildeLDNWWDWWDYIHUGVHOODQJVYHL9HLHQ WLOE\ULQGLYLGHWHWIHOOHVRJGHOWNYDOLWDWLYWRJV\PEROVNKDQGOLQJVURPVRPGHWkan WDGHOLRJ GHQ WLOE\U SURIHVMRQV\WULQJHQ HQ IHOOHV RJ GHOW HUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ n XWOHGH DQDO\VHPHWRGHQ IUD6RPkommunikativ ytring%DNKWLQHUDQDO\VHPHWRGHQYHGVLGHQDYYHLHQVRP IHOOHV RJ GHOW HUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ RJVn UHWWHW PRW HQ EHVWHPW WHRULWUDGLVMRQ RJ PnOJUXSSH 'HQIRUPXOHUWHDQDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJHQXWJnUGHUIRUIUDHWUHWQLQJVJLYHQGHODQGVNDSVELOGHPHG HQEHVWHPWEHYHJJUXQQmotivVRPHUEHWLQJHWDYHQVDPWLGLJHUIDULQJRJNXQQVNDShori- sontRJVRPV\QOLJJM¡UHVLYHNVOLQJHQPHOORPYDQHPHVVLJRJDYEUXWWSUDNVLVfrekvens.
HB140 fagtema landskapsbilde: inventering
$YKDQGOLQJHQ XQGHUV¡NHU GHOHU DY ODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWXUHQ SURIHVMRQVELOGH YHG n EHQ\WWH fagtema landskapsbildeIUD6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQV+%Håndbok 140 Konsekvensana- lyser6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQDVRPHPSLUL9HGnWRONHWHNVWHQVOLNGHQIRUHOLJJHULXOLNH YHUVMRQHU EDNJUXQQVGRNXPHQWHU RJ EHVOHNWHGH DQDO\VHPHWRGHU RJ VDPWLGLJ NRQIURQWHUH WHNVWHQVLQQKROGPHGVDPWLGLJHHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHUDUJXPHQWHUHUMHJIRUDWSURIHVMRQVELO GHW EnGH NDQ WLOEDNHI¡UHV WLO GHQ ODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWRQLVNH IDJ RJ WLO GHQ VDPIXQQV¡NRQR PLVNHPHWRGHNXOWXUHQGHQHUHQGHODY)DJSURIHVMRQHQVHOYDQYHQGHUHWODQGVNDSVELOGHGHU motivetNDQWLOEDNHI¡UHVWLOHQVFHQLVNLDNWWDJHOVHDYXEHE\JGRJVSUHGWE\JGODQGPHGU¡WWHU WLOEDNHWLOIUHPYHNVWHQDYODQGVNDSVKDJHQL(QJODQGSnWDOOHWGHUhorisonten med en IRUWLHW NXQQVNDSVWUDGLVMRQ SHNHU PRW HUIDULQJHU DY RPUnGHU XWHQIRU E\HU RJ WHWWVWHGHU RJ GHUELOGHWVfrekvens EHJUHQVHUVHJWLOHQPHWRGLVNJMHQWDJHOVHDYHWVWDWLVNELOGH6DPWLGLJ SUHJHVELOGHWYHVHQWOLJDYNUDYHWWLODQYHQGEDUKHWLQQHQIRUGHQVDPIXQQV¡NRQRPLVNHPHWR GHNXOWXUHQGHWLQQOHPPHVL9HGnWLOSDVVHVPHWRGHNXOWXUHQNDQELOGHWVmotiv WLOEDNHI¡UHV WLOHQVDPIXQQV¡NRQRPLVNYHOIHUGVWHRULELOGHWVhorisont NQ\WWHVWLOHQVWDWLVNLDNWWDJHOVHRJ ELOGHWVfrekvens WLOYDQHPHVVLJUHSHWLVMRQDYHQDUEHLGVSURVHG\UHLQQHQIRUPHWRGHNXOWXUHQ VHOY 1nU ODQGVNDS NRQVHSWXDOLVHUHV DY HQ PHWRGH GHU KHOH WHUULWRULHW JM¡UHV NDONXOHUEDUW YHGKMHOSDYNDUWRJDUHDONDWHJRULHURJGHQQHWHNQLNNHQHUOHJLWLPHUWXWIUDKHQV\QWLOPHWR GHQVHOYHQGHUYLRSSPHGHWODQGVNDSGHUIRUELQGHOVHQPHOORPHUIDULQJRJRPWDOHWRQHV QHGWLOIRUGHOIRUPHWRGHQVIXQNVMRQDOLWHWRJDQYHQGEDUKHW/\RWDUG1nUSURIHVMRQV ELOGHWI¡UHVRYHULHQPRGHOOEDVHUWYLUNHOLJKHWVIRUVWnHOVHGHUV\QRJELOGHEOLUKnQGWHUWVRP NDONXOHUEDUH ODQGVNDSVHOHPHQWHU WLORUGQHW HQW\GLJH DUHDONDWHJRULHU JLWW DOOPHQQ J\OGLJKHW RJQRUPDWLYYHUGLVHSDUHUHVDQDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJHQIUDODQGVNDSVELOGHWVOLNGHWHUIDUHVJMHQQRP GHQQRUPDOLVHUWHRJSURJUDPPHUWHIHUGHQODQJVVDPWLGHQVYHL
10
Narrativ metodestrategi
'HQQDUUDWLYHPHWRGHVWUDWHJLHQUHSUHVHQWHUHUHWDOWHUQDWLYWLOIDJSURIHVMRQHQVLQYHQWHULQJV VWUDWHJL(QWHQODQGVNDSIRUVWnVVRPHQIRUPIRUYLUNHOLJKHWVIRUVWnHOVHPHGRSSKDYLPRGHU QLWHWHQV VDPIXQQVHQGULQJHU 5LWWHU HOOHU VRP DOOPHQQ HVWHWLVN QDWXUHUIDULQJ *URK *URK6HHO+XQW&RQDQNDQODQGVNDSJMHQQRPXOLNHIRUPHUDY PRWLYHWnatur som landskap,IRUVWnVVRPHWNRUUHNWLYRJWHPSRU UIULJM¡ULQJIUDGHVHQHUH nUKXQGUHQHVWLOWDJHQGHQDWXUEHKHUVNHOVHRJUHJXOHULQJVSUDNVLV'DJHQVIHUGVHOODQJVYHL GHUGHQIDUHQGHLWLOWDJHQGHJUDGEH¿QQHUVHJLHQUHJXOHUWRJNRQWUROOHUWWLOVWDQGUHSUHVHQ WHUHUHWSURJUDPPHUWGDJOLJOLYVRPPRWLYHWnatur som landskap IRUWVDWWNDQXWOHGHVIUDRJ UHSUHVHQWHUHUHQPRWYHNWWLO
Subjektiv anskueliggjøringsevne
*MHQQRPJDQJHQDYIDJSURIHVMRQHQVLQYHQWHULQJVVWUDWHJLRJGHQDOWHUQDWLYHQDUUDWLYHVWUD WHJLHQXWOHGHWDYGHQHXURSHLVNHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQYLVHUKYRUGDQIRUVNMHOOLJHPHWR GHVWUDWHJLHUJLUDQDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJHQXOLNHIRUXWVHWQLQJHUIRUnNXQQHYLUNHVRPNRPPXQLNDWLY
\WULQJLHWVDPWLGLJODQGVNDS-HJKDUJMHQQRPDYKDQGOLQJHQDUJXPHQWHUWIRUDWGHQLQYHQWH UHQGHVWUDWHJLHQVOLNGHQDYVSHLOHUVHJL+%KDUJLWWHQVDPPHQEODQGLQJDYWHRULRJ PHWRGHQDWXUDOLVHULQJDYGHWSLWWRUHVNHEOLNNHWP\WRORJLVHULQJDYRPUnGHURJNRQVHUYHULQJ DYODQGVNDSVELOGHU'HWWHKDUUHVXOWHUWLDWDQDO\VHPHWRGHQVODQGVNDSVELOGHEnGHKDUEOLWW LVROHUWIUDGHQVDPWLGLJHIHUGHQRJLWLOOHJJEOLWWWDSSHWIRUHVWHWLVNSRWHQVLDO6RPDOWHUQDWLY KDUMHJDUJXPHQWHUWIRUDWGHQQDUUDWLYHPHWRGHVWUDWHJLHQNDQWLOE\HQWLOYHNVWWLOGHWLQGLYLGX HOOHKDQGOLQJVURPPHW$QDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJHQVNDOVDPOHIRUWHOOHURJWLOK¡UHULHWIHOOHVELOGHGHW VNDOJLHQDYNODUWYHUVMRQDYPDQJHPXOLJHODQGVNDSGHQVNDOLQQU¡PPHGHWPLGGHOEDUHRJ LNNHJULSEDUHLRYHUJDQJHQPHOORPIHUGRJIRUWHOOLQJRJGHQVNDOLNNHPLQVWEnGHIRUEHUHGH RJRYHUODWHGHQHQGHOLJHELOOHGGDQQHOVHQWLOLQGLYLGHWRJGHQVXEMHNWLYHDQVNXHOLJJM¡ULQJVHY nen.
Summary
The problem
7KHVFRSHRIWKLVGLVVHUWDWLRQLVWRVWXG\KRZPHWKRGVRIODQGVFDSHDQDO\VLVLQWKHFRQWH[W RISXEOLFGHFLVLRQPDNLQJGHDOZLWKDHVWKHWLFSHUFHSWLRQ7KHSUREOHPRIPDNLQJODQGVFDSH RSHUDWLYHDVDQREMHFWLYHDQGYDOXHIUHHUDWLRQDOHIRUSODQQLQJGHFLVLRQVKDVSUHRFFXSLHG SDUWV RI WKH SURIHVVLRQDO FRUSV RI ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWV LQ 1RUZD\ VLQFH WKH LHV7KH (XURSHDQ /DQGVFDSH &RQYHQWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV UDWL¿HG LQ HQIRUFHG WKH GHPDQG IRU H[SHUWDQDO\VHVWKDWFRXOGSURYLGHXSWRGDWHNQRZOHGJHRQFRQWHPSRUDU\ODQGVFDSHV$W WKHVDPHWLPHWKH&RQYHQWLRQLQWURGXFHGDFRQFHSWRIODQGVFDSHZKLFKHPSKDVLVHVWKH KXPDQSHUFHSWLRQRIDUHDVDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIODQGVFDSHIRULQGLYLGXDOIUHHGRPDQGZHOO EHLQJ:KHQODQGVFDSHLQRQHDQGWKHVDPHFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQLVDGYRFDWHGDVDQREMHFW RI DQDO\VLV LQ SODQQLQJ SURFHVVHVand DV DQ HVVHQWLDO GHWHUPLQDQW RI SXEOLF RU LQGLYLGXDO ZHOIDUHWKHSURIHVVLRQLVIDFHGZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWKHLQGLYLGXDO¿HOGRIH[SHULHQFH PD\EHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHSURIHVVLRQDODFFRXQW
11
How is it possible for the expert based method of analysis to make evident an individually experienced landscape so as that is recognized as an aspect of a shared common good?
Individually experienced and expertly conceived landscape images
,DUJXHWKDWWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDVKDUHGODQGVFDSHVKDUHGE\WKHSURIHVVLRQRIODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWXUHDVZHOODVE\LQGLYLGXDOVLQJHQHUDOPXVWEHFRQFHLYHGDVDVHHQDQGPHDQ LQJIXOimage, UHVXOWLQJIURPPRYHPHQWDORQJDURDG. 7KHURDGRIIHUVWKHLQGLYLGXDODERGLO\
DFTXLUHGTXDOLWDWLYHDVZHOODVDFXOWXUDOO\DFTXLUHGV\PEROLF¿HOGRIDFWLRQZKLFKKHRU VKHFDQPDNHKLVRUKHURZQLWRIIHUVWKHH[SHUWDVKDUHG¿HOGRIH[SHULHQFHWRGHSDUWIURP DVVKDUHGUHIHUHQFHLQDODQGVFDSHDVVHVVPHQW$VDFRPPXQLFDWLYHXWWHUDQFH%DNKWLQ ZLWKLQDSODQQLQJVLWXDWLRQEHVLGHVEHLQJGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVWKHURDGDVVKDUHGDQG FRPPRQ¿HOGRIH[SHULHQFHDODQGVFDSHDQDO\VLVDOVRZLOODGGUHVVDVSHFL¿FWKHRU\WUDGL WLRQDQGDVSHFL¿FDXGLHQFH7KHDUWLFXODWHGODQGVFDSHDVVHVVPHQWWKHUHIRUHPXVWEHVHHQ DVHPDQDWLQJIURPDSXUSRVHIXOODQGVFDSHLPDJHZLWKDFHUWDLQPRWLYDWLRQLWVmotifDVEHLQJ GHWHUPLQHGE\FRQWHPSRUDU\NQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHULHQFHLWVhorizonDQGDVDSSHDULQJLQWKH LQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQKDELWXDOSUDFWLFHDQGWKHLQWHUUXSWLRQRILWLWVfrequency.
Handbook 140, theme landscape image: landscape as inventoried
7KH GLVVHUWDWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWHV SDUWV RI WKH ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWXUH SURIHVVLRQ¶V ODQGVFDSH LPDJHXVLQJGRFXPHQWVRQlandscape imageLQWKH1RUZHJLDQ3XEOLF5RDG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ +%LQHandbook 140 on Impact Assessment6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQDVHPSLULFDO PDWHULDO%\LQWHUSUHWLQJWKHWH[WLWVHOIDVLWH[LVWVLQYDULRXVYHUVLRQVDVZHOODVEDFNJURXQG GRFXPHQWVDQGUHODWHGPHWKRGVRIDQDO\VLVDQGE\MX[WDSRVLQJWKLVPDWHULDOWRFRPPRQDQG FRQWHPSRUDU\H[SHULHQFH,DUJXHWKDWWKHUHYHDOHGH[SHUWimageLVDUHVXOWRIDODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWXUDOWUDGLWLRQLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFPHWKRGRORJ\LWLVPDGHSDUW RI7KHSURIHVVLRQFXOWLYDWHVDQLPDJHZKRVHmotifLVWKHODQGDHVWKHWLFL]HGDVODQGVFDSH DFFRUGLQJWRDQthFHQWXU\ODQGVFDSHJDUGHQLGHDOZKRVHhorizonLVIRUPHGE\DQLPSOLFLW NQRZOHGJHFXOWXUHWKDWLJQRUHVFLWLHVDQGLQGXVWULDOL]HGDUHDVDQGZKRVHfrequencyLVOLPLW HGWRWKHPHWKRG¶VV\VWHPDWLFUHSHWLWLRQRIDQLGHDOLPDJHU\,QDGGLWLRQWKHLPDJHLVDGDSWHG WRDVRFLRHFRQRPLFWKHRU\RIZHOIDUH,QFRPSO\LQJZLWKWKLVPHWKRGRORJ\WKHmotifRIWKH LPDJHEHFRPHVODQGVFDSHDVFDOFXODEOHUHVRXUFHLWVhorizonUHVXOWVIURPDVWDWLFPRVW O\HOHYDWHGYDQWDJHSRLQWDQGLWVfrequencyLVJLYHQE\LWVEHLQJPDGHDSURFHGXUDOKDELW :KHQODQGVFDSHLVWKXVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\PHDQVRIPDSVDQGFDWHJRUL]DWLRQVDQGWKHVH WHFKQLTXHVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQGUDZWKHLUMXVWL¿FDWLRQIURPWKHLUSUDFWLFDOLW\ZLWKLQWKHPHWKRG RQHHQGVXSZLWKDODQGVFDSHZKHUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQH[SHULHQFHDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LVVXVSHQGHGIRUWKHVDNHRIWKHPHWKRG¶VIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGSHUIRUPDWLYLW\/\RWDUG :KHQWKHH[SHUWLPDJHLVWUDQVIHUUHGWRDPRGHOOHGUHDOLW\ZKHUHVLJKWDQGLPDJHDUHWUHDWHG DVLQYHQWRULHGODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVZLWKD¿[HGDQGJHQHUDOO\YDOLGPHDQLQJDQGYDOXHWKH DQDO\WLFDOQDUUDWLYHORVHVLWVFRQQHFWLRQZLWKDODQGVFDSHLPDJHDVLWPD\DULVHWKURXJKWKH OHYHOOHGDQGSURJUDPPHGIDULQJRQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\URDG
A narrative methodological strategy
$ QDUUDWLYH VWUDWHJ\ UHSUHVHQWV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKH LQYHQWRU\LQJ VWUDWHJ\ :KHWKHU ODQG VFDSHLVXQGHUVWRRGDVDQLQVWDQFHRIWKHZD\VRIVHHLQJWKHZRUOGWKDWHPDQDWHGIURPWKH VRFLHWDOFKDQJHVNQRZQDVPRGHUQLW\5LWWHURUDVDFRPPRQDQGKLVWRULFDOO\LQGH
12
SHQGDQWDHVWKHWLFSHUFHSWLRQRIQDWXUH*URK *URK6HHO+XQW&RQDQ ODQGVFDSHDVYDULDWLRQVRIWKHPRWLInature as landscape, FDQEHVHHQDVFRUUHFWLYH WRDQGWHPSRUDU\OLEHUDWLRQIURPWKHLQFUHDVLQJGRPLQDWLRQDQGUHJXODWLRQRIQDWXUHWKURXJK WHFKQRORJ\ DQG FRQWUROOLQJ GHYLFHV LQ WKH ODVW FHQWXULHV 7RGD\¶V URDGV ZKHUH WKH WUDYHO OHU¿QGVKLPVHOILQDPRUHDQGPRUHUHJXODWHGDQGFRQWUROOHGVHWWLQJRIIHUVDSURJUDPPHG H[SHULHQFHWRZKLFKWKHPRWLInature as landscape can act as an antithesis.
Subjective ways of imaging
7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH FRPPRQO\ XVHG H[SHUW VWUDWHJ\ RI LQYHQWRU\ DQG WKH DOWHUQDWLYH QDUUDWLYHVWUDWHJ\IROORZLQJIURPWKH(XURSHDQ/DQGVFDSH&RQYHQWLRQVKRZVKRZWKHWZR GLIIHUHQWPHWKRGRORJLFDOVWUDWHJLHVSURYLGHWKHUHVSHFWLYHO\HQVXLQJODQGVFDSHDQDO\VHVZLWK KLJKO\XQHTXDOSRWHQWLDOVDVFRPPXQLFDWLYHXWWHUDQFHQFHVLQDFRQWHPSRUDU\ODQGVFDSH, KDYHDUJXHGWKDWWKHLQYHQWRU\LQJVWUDWHJ\DVH[HPSOL¿HGE\+%UHVXOWVLQDFRQIX VLRQ RI WKHRU\ DQG PHWKRG LQ QDWXUDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH SLFWXUHVTXH YLVLRQ LQ P\WKRORJL]LQJ RI DUHDVDVKDYLQJFHUWDLQ¿[HGFKDUDFWHUVDQG¿QDOO\LQSUHVHUYDWLRQRIDODQGVFDSHLPDJHU\
VRWKDWWKHLPDJHSUHVHQWHGLQH[SHUWPHWKRGVKDVGULIWHGRXWRIUHDFKRIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\
H[SHULHQFHRIWKHURDGDQGWKXVORVHVWKHDHVWKHWLFSRWHQWLDOVHPEHGGHGLQWKHODQGVFDSH FRQFHSW$OWHUQDWLYHO\,KDYHDUJXHGWKDWDQDUUDWLYHPHWKRGRORJLFDOVWUDWHJ\RIIHUVDSRWHQ WLDOIRUDQLQFUHDVHGYDOXHWRWKHLQGLYLGXDO¿HOGRIH[SHULHQFH7KHDQDO\WLFDOQDUUDWLYHVKRXOG MRLQQDUUDWRUDQGDXGLHQFHLQDVKDUHGLPDJHLWVKRXOGSUHVHQWRQHFODUL¿HGYHUVLRQRXWRIWKH PDQ\SRVVLEOHLWPXVWDFNQRZOHGJHWKHPHGLDWHGDQGQRQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOLQWKHWUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQMRXUQH\DQGQDUUDWLYHH[SHULHQFHDQGH[SOLFDWLRQDQGODVWEXWQRWOHDVWLWPXVW SUHFRQGLWLRQEXWKRZHYHUUHIUDLQIURP¿[LQJWKH¿QDOLPDJHOHDYLQJWKDWWRWKHLQGLYLGXDO DQGVXEMHFWLYHSRZHURILPDJLQJ
13
3URIHVMRQV\WULQJRJLQGLYLGXHOOHUIDULQJ
14
15
/DQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQDUWLNNHO±0nO
0nOHQHPHGGHQQHNRQYHQVMRQHUnIUHPPHYHUQIRUYDOWQLQJRJSODQOHJJLQJDYODQGVNDS RJnRUJDQLVHUHHXURSHLVNVDPDUEHLGSnGLVVHRPUnGHQH
7KHDLPVRIWKLV&RQYHQWLRQDUHWRSURPRWHODQGVFDSHSURWHFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWDQG SODQQLQJDQGWRRUJDQLVH(XURSHDQFRRSHUDWLRQRQODQGVFDSHLVVXHV
'HQHXURSHLVNHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQ(XURSDUnGHWDYHGWDWWDY1RUJHRNWR EHURJVDWWLNUDIWPDUVKDUVRPPnOVHWWLQJnIUHPPHYHUQIRUYDOWQLQJRJSODQ OHJJLQJDYODQGVNDS.RQYHQVMRQHQJULSHULQQLLQGLYLGXHOOHVRVLDOHSROLWLVNH¡NRQRPLVNH DVSHNWHUYHGGDJHQVVDPIXQQRJnSQHURSSIRUHQUHNNHXOLNHLQQIDOOVYLQNOHUSUREOHPVWLO OLQJHURJVWUDWHJLHU(WWDYGLVVHWHPDHQHRPKDQGOHUGHQODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWRQLVNHIDJSURIH VMRQHQVDQDO\VHPHWRGHUIRUODQGVNDSRJKYRUGDQGLVVHIUHPVWLOOHUHVWHWLVNHUIDULQJQnUGHW VNDOWDVRIIHQWOLJHSODQEHVOXWQLQJHU$YKDQGOLQJHQHUIRUDQNUHWLHQODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWXUIDJOLJ NXQQVNDSVWUDGLVMRQ RJ UHWWHU VHJ YHG VLGHQ DY IDJHWV DNDGHPLVNH IRUVNQLQJVPLOM¡HU RJVn LQQPRWSHUVRQHULRIIHQWOLJRJSULYDWSUDNVLVVRPLQWHUHVVHUHUVHJIRUDQDO\VHSUREOHPDWLN NHQVPHUJUXQQOHJJHQGHVS¡UVPnO.ULWLNNHQHNVHPSOL¿VHUHUGHQSUDNWLVHUWHPHWRGHVWUDWH JLHQYHGKMHOSDYIDJWHPDlandskapsbilde VOLNGHWNRPPHUWLOXWWU\NNL6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQV+%
Konsekvensanalyser 6DPWLGLJ LQWURGXVHUHU MHJ HQ DOWHUQDWLY VWUDWHJL EDVHUW Sn HQ WRONQLQJDYGHQHXURSHLVNHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQWLOGHQUnGHQGHPHWRGHVWUDWHJLHQ
1.1 Kulturell velferd i et felles og delt landskap
3UREOHPHW PHG n IUHPVWLOOH ODQGVNDS VRP HW REMHNWLYW RJ YHUGLQ¡\WUDOW EHVOXWQLQJVJUXQQ ODJKDUL1RUJHVLGHQWDOOHWY UWGLVNXWHUWLHQUHNNHDUEHLGHU2WHUKROP%UXXQ 1RUGLVNPLQLVWHUUnG*HHOPX\GHQ*HHOPX\GHQ%UXXQ$VKHLP 6DPWLGLJKDUGHWEOLWWXWDUEHLGHWÀHUHDQDO\VHPHWRGHULQQUHWWHWPRWIRUVNMHOOLJHSODQ RJ IRUYDOWQLQJVRSSJDYHU )HVWH 2WHUKROP 0LOM¡YHUQGHSDUWHPHQWHW 6WDWHQV YHJYHVHQ6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQD'LUHNWRUDWHWIRUQDWXUIRUYDOWQLQJ 1RUJHVYDVV GUDJV RJ HQHUJLYHUN 1RUJHV YDVVGUDJV RJ HQHUJLYHUN 3XVFKPDQQ )OHP V WHU3XVFKPDQQ6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQD1RUJHVYDVVGUDJVRJHQHUJLYHUN 'HQ HXURSHLVNH ODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQ KDU DNWXDOLVHUW DUEHLGHW PHG NDUWOHJJLQJ DQDO\VHRJRYHUYnNLQJDYODQGVNDSRYHUKHOH(XURSD8QLVFDSH,1RUJHKDUGHWEODQW DQQHWEOLWWXWI¡UWUHJLRQDOHDQDO\VHUSnNRPPXQHRJI\ONHVQLYnRJIRUYDOWQLQJVRUJDQHUVRP 5LNVDQWLNYDUHQRJ'LUHNWRUDWHWIRUQDWXUIRUYDOWQLQJKDUXWDUEHLGHWHJQHYHLOHGHUH&OHPHWVHQ WLOEUXNLODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHU
%nGHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQRJGHVLVWHDUEHLGHQHNQ\WWHWWLODQDO\VHPHWRGHUIRUODQGVNDS L1RUJHNDQWLOGHOVRSSIDWWHVVRPHQYLGHUHI¡ULQJDYPHWRGHVWUDWHJLHQHVRPEOHLQWURGXVHUW SnWDOOHW0HGGHQQHDYKDQGOLQJHQ¡QVNHUMHJnNULWLVHUHIRUV¡NHWSnnIUHPVWLOOHODQG VNDSVRPHWYHUGLQ¡\WUDOWIHQRPHQRJKHOOHUIUHPKHYHKYRUGDQODQGVNDSNDQDQDO\VHUHVRJ IRUPXOHUHVVRPHQYHUGLODGHWNXOWXU\WULQJ,QQHQIRUHQVOLNIRUVWnHOVHUHSUHVHQWHUHUDQDO\VH PHWRGHQVLQQKROGRJRSSE\JQLQJLNNHEDUHHQQ¡\WUDORPWDOHDYIRUHOLJJHQGHODQGVNDSPHQ
16
RJVnHQV UHJHQPnWHnVHLDNWWDRJIRUVWnRPUnGHUVRPODQGVNDSSn
Faglig operasjonalisering av individuell erfaring
8WDUEHLGHOVHQDYDQDO\VHPHWRGHURJODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHUNDQIRUVWnVVRPHWVYDUSnNRQYHQ VMRQHQVPnORPnIUHPPHYHUQIRUYDOWQLQJRJSODQOHJJLQJDYODQGVNDS/DQGVNDSVDQDO\VHQ EUXNHVLGHQQHVDPPHQKHQJHQVRPHWPLGGHOIRUnNXQQHIUHPVWLOOHNXQQVNDSRPODQGVND SHW /DQGVNDS JM¡UHV EnGH WLOJMHQJHOLJ RJ DQYHQGHOLJ IRU GHEDWW HYDOXHULQJ RJ EHVOXWQLQ JHU,KHQKROGWLOODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQHURJVnNRQYHQVMRQVVWDWHQHIRUSOLNWHWWLOnKROGH VHJPHGVSHVLDOLVWHU(XURSDUnGHWD%DRJNRPSHWHQWHP\QGLJKHWHU(XURSDUnGHW DELQQHQIRUXOLNHRSSJDYHUVRPEHU¡UHUODQGVNDSHW2SHUDVMRQDOLVHULQJHQDYODQG VNDSYLOGHUIRULPDQJHWLOIHOOHUWDIRUPDYHQSURIHVMRQV\WULQJGHUPHWRGHQEnGHHUXWDUEHLGHW DYRJSUDNWLVHUWDYHQV UVNLOWNRPSHWHQWHNVSHUWJUXSSH
6DPWLGLJ YLO ODQGVNDS EUXNW L VDPVYDU PHG NRQYHQVMRQHQ I¡UH EHJUHSHW LQQ L HQ DQWURSR JHQ UHIHUDQVHYHUGHQ GHU GHW NDQ IRUVWnV VRPkulturell velferd 'HUPHG EOLU ODQGVNDS QRH PHUHQQEDUHHWPDWHULHOWRPUnGHRJYLORJVnLQQHKROGHHQLQWHJUHUWYHUGLEDVHUWGLPHQVMRQ 'HWWHDVSHNWHWEHWRQHVNODUWLNRQYHQVMRQHQVLQQOHGQLQJGHUGHWEODKHWHUDWODQGVNDS´«
ELGUDUWLOnGDQQHORNDOHNXOWXUHU´´«ELGUDUWLOIRONVYHOY UH´´«HUHQYLNWLJIDNWRUIRUIRONV OLYVNYDOLWHW RYHUDOW´ ´« HU HW YHVHQWOLJ HOHPHQW L GHQ HQNHOWHV VRVLDOH XWIROGHOVH«´ RJ DW
´«NYDOLWHWRJPDQJIROGL(XURSDVODQGVNDSHUHUHQIHOOHVUHVVXUV´9LGHUHNRPPHUEHW\G QLQJHQEODQWDQQHWIUHPLNUDYHWRPGHQHQNHOWHVVWDWVORYYHUNVNDOHUNMHQQHODQGVNDSVRP HW´«YHVHQWOLJHOHPHQWLIRONVRPJLYHOVHU>«@HWIXQGDPHQWIRUGHUHVLGHQWLWHW(XURSDUn GHWDD´%HWRQLQJHQDYODQGVNDSVRPHWIHOOHVJRGHRJELGUDJWLONXOWXUHOOYHOIHUGHU JMHQWDWWLGHVHQHUHUHWQLQJVOLQMHQHWLONRQYHQVMRQHQ+HUKHWHUGHWEODQWDQQHWDWNYDOLWHWHQ Sn IRONV KYHUGDJVRPJLYHOVHU HU ´«UHFRJQLVHG DV D SUHFRQGLWLRQ IRU LQGLYLGXDO DQG VRFLDO ZHOOEHLQJXQGHUVWRRGLQWKHSK\VLFDOSK\VLRORJLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDOVHQVH (XURSDUnGHW,´
/DQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQV NREOLQJ PHOORP RPJLYHOVHQHV NYDOLWHW RJ NXOWXUHOO YHOIHUG JMHQ VSHLOHUVDPWLGLJHWWHPDVRPIRUVNMHOOLJHIDJIHOWLQQHQIRUHQKXPDQLVWLVNWHRULWUDGLVMRQKDU EHKDQGOHWIUDKYHUWVLWWVWnVWHG,QQHQIRUODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWXUHQRJDUNLWHNWXUHQKDURSSPHUN VRPKHWHQV JMHUQH EOLWW UHWWHW PRW PDWHULDOLWHWHQ RJ GH NYDOLWDWLYH YDULDVMRQHQHV EHW\GQLQJ 1RUEHUJ6FKXO] 1RUEHUJ6FKXO] 0RRUH , GHOHU DY DQWURSRORJLHQ RJ NXOWXUJHRJUD¿HQKDULQWHUHVVHQY UWNQ\WWHWWLOODQGVNDSHWVRPOHYHVWHGplaceIRUHQNROOHN WLYJUXSSH5HOSK7XDQ+LUVFK 2¶+DQORQPHQVDQGUHRJVnKDUWUXNNHW IUHPVDPPHQKHQJHQPHOORPVXEMHNWLYWLOHJQHOVHDYRPUnGHURJGHQHQNHOWHVIRUVWnHOVHDY VHJVHOYRJVLQHRPJLYHOVHU-DFNVRQ-DFNVRQ)HOOHVIRUGLVVHLQQIDOOVYLQNOHQH HUOLNHYHODWGHEHKDQGOHUGHPDQJHIRUPHQHIRUODQGVNDSVRPHWIHQRPHQGHUGHQHQNHOWH HQWHQVHOYVWHQGLJHOOHUVRPGHODYHQVW¡UUHJUXSSHWLOHJQHUVHJNMHQQVNDSRJVNDSHUVHJ WLOK¡ULJKHWWLOHWQ UPHUHDYJUHQVHWRPUnGH´cEREHW\UnUHVSHNWHUHRPJLYHOVHQHMDnEOL venner PHGGHP1RUEHUJ6FKXO]´VLHU&KULVWLDQ1RUEHUJ6FKXO]/DQGVNDSNDQ IRUVWnVVRPHWVOLNWV UVNLOWYHQQVNDSPHOORPGHQHQNHOWHRJRPUnGHWVRPKXQHOOHUKDQ GHOHUPHGDQGUH
17 Landskapets analyserbarhet: tilgjengeliggjøring av kulturell velferd
9HG Sn GHQ HQH VLGHQ n NUHYH HW RSHUDVMRQDOLVHUW RJ NDUWODJW ODQGVNDS RJ Sn GHQ DQGUH VLGHQIRUHVNULYHNXOWXUHOOYHOIHUGVRPJMHQVWDQGIRUDUEHLGHWNRPPHUHQLQWHUQPRWVHWQLQJ IUHPLODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQ,RYHUJDQJHQPHOORPGHWVXEMHNWLYWHUIDUWHRJSURIHVMRQHQV IUHPVWLOWHODQGVNDSOLJJHUGHWLNRQYHQVMRQHQHQXQGHUIRUVWnWWDQWDJHOVHRPDWODQGVNDSODU VHJDOOPHQQJM¡UHVRPHWRSHUDVMRQDOLVHUEDUWIHOOHVJRGH'HWDQYHQGWHDQDO\VHYHUNW¡\HWVNDO JULSHHQNXOWXUHOONRPSOHNVLWHWVRPVWUHNNHUVHJOLNHLQQLHQJUXSSHVHOOHUHQNHOWPHQQHVNHV LGHQWLWHWRJGHUHWWHUJM¡UHGHQWLOJMHQVWDQGIRUSODQRJIRUYDOWQLQJVEHVOXWQLQJHU'HWIRUXW VHWWHVPHGDQGUHRUGDWODQGVNDSNDQKnQGWHUHVDYHQPHWRGHXWHQDWGHQPHQLQJVE UHQ GHIRUELQGHOVHQPHOORPHQNHOWPHQQHVNHRJRPUnGHJnUWDSW'HWDQWDVDWSURIHVMRQVPHWR GHQNDQXWJM¡UHHWIRUPDOLVHUWNRPPXQLNDWLYWELQGHOHGGPHOORPGHQHQNHOWHVHUIDULQJRJGH EHVOXWQLQJVRUJDQHUVRPEODQWDQGUHOHJJHUGHQQHYHUGLHQWLOJUXQQIRUVLQHYDOJ/DQGVNDS EOLUSnGHQQHPnWHQLNNHEDUHEHWUDNWHWVRPHWXWWU\NNIRUVXEMHNWHWVNROOHNWLYHWVHOOHUSURIH VMRQHQVIRUVWnHOVHPHQRJVnVRPHWDOOPHQWVDPIXQQVJRGH
3UHPLVVHQRPODQGVNDSVRPHWRSHUDVMRQDOLVHUEDUWDOOPHQWIHOOHVJRGHNDQP¡WHVPHGHQ UHNNHLQQYHQGLQJHU3nGHQHQHVLGHQYLOHWDUEHLGVRPIRNXVHUHUSnODQGVNDSRJLGHQWLWHW NXQQHVW¡WHSnYDQVNHOLJKHWHUPHGnInWLOJDQJWLOGHWLQGLYLGXHOOHKDQGOLQJVURPPHW6HOYL WLOIHOOHUGHUGHWOHJJHVDYJM¡UHQGHYHNWSnDOOPHQQPHGYLUNQLQJ-RQHV-RQHV +HUOLQ YLODQDO\WLNHUHQP¡WHXWIRUGULQJHQDOOHUHGHQnUGHQHQNHOWHEOLUEHGWRPnXWWU\NNHVLWW HJHWSHUVRQOLJHIRUKROGWLOHWRPUnGHVOLNDWGHWEOLUIRUVWnHOLJEnGHIRUVHJVHOYRJDQGUH 2J VHOY L IRUP DY DYNODUWH \WULQJHU NDQ GHW YLVH VHJ SUREOHPDWLVN n VNLOOH ODQGVNDS VRP NXOWXUHOOYHOIHUGIUDODQGVNDSEUXNWSnDQGUHPnWHU(UYHUGLHQHHJHQWOLJIHOOHVIRUHQJUXSSH PHQQHVNHUHOOHUHUODQGVNDSLVW¡UUHJUDGHWPLGGHOIRUVXEMHNWLYWGU¡PPHULQ\WHOVHRJUXV
*URK *URK:DOODFHHQJMHQWDWWRSSUDPVLQJDYQDVMRQDOHVWHUHRW\SLHU VRP IRU HNVHPSHO GHW ¡VWQRUVNH MRUGEUXNVODQGVNDSHW HOOHU GHW QRUGQRUVNH VDPLVNH ODQG VNDSHW -RQHV SROLWLVNLGHRORJLVNHsimulakra VOLN GH NDQ WRONHV L GH QRUGDPHULNDQ VNHLQGLDQHUUHVHUYDWHQH%DXGULOODUGLQQVDWVIDNWRUIRUHWNRPPHUVLHOWUHLVHOLYVOLNGHW IRUHNVHPSHOHUGUHYHWWLO\WWHUSXQNWHWUXQGW1LDJDUDIDOOHQH8UU\HOOHUVWUDWHJLVN IRUKDQGOLQJVNRUWIRUEHVWHPWHLQWHUHVVHJUXSSHU)DOOHWK +RYLN)DOOHWK+RYLNHWDO
"3nGHQDQGUHVLGHQNDQGHWRJVnUHLVHVLQQYHQGLQJHUPRWVHOYHSUHPLVVHQRPDW GHQHQNHOWHVODQGVNDSNDQEULQJHVLQQSnHQDOOPHQQIRUP+YDEOLUGHWLJMHQDYGHWVXEMHN WLYHODQGVNDSHWVWUDNVGHWPHWRGLVNLQQOHPPHVLHQHNVSHUWXWWDOHOVHGHUHUIDULQJHQDEVWUD KHUHVRJXWWU\NNHVJMHQQRPEHJUHSHUVRPIRUHNVHPSHOglobalt og lokalt-RQHV +HUOLQ
"
1nUGHWVWLOOHVNUDYWLOODQGVNDSHWRPDWGHWEnGHVNDOWMHQHVRPREMHNWIRUHQDQDO\VHPHWRGH RJ VRP ELGUDJ WLO NROOHNWLY HOOHU LQGLYLGXHOO YHOIHUG NDQ GHUIRU SUREOHPVWLOOLQJHQ IRUPXOHUHV PHGXWJDQJVSXQNWLKYRUGDQGHWLQGLYLGXHOOHKDQGOLQJVURPPHWODUVHJJULSHDYSURIHVMRQV
\WULQJHQ
Hvordan er det mulig for den ekspertbaserte analysemetoden å tilgjengeliggjøre det individu- elt erfarte landskapet slik at det anerkjennes som et uttrykk for felles og delt velferd?
18
Landskap forstått som oppfatning av områder
/DQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQDUWLNNHO'H¿QLVMRQHU
D´/DQGVNDS´EHW\UHWRPUnGHVOLNIRONRSSIDWWHUGHWKYLVV USUHJHUHWUHVXOWDWDY SnYLUNQLQJHQIUDRJVDPVSLOOHWPHOORPQDWXUOLJHRJHOOHUPHQQHVNHOLJHIDNWRUHU
D³/DQGVFDSH´PHDQVDQDUHDDVSHUFHLYHGE\SHRSOHZKRVHFKDUDFWHULVWKHUHVXOWRI WKHDFWLRQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQRIQDWXUDODQGRUKXPDQIDFWRUV
9HG VLGHQ DY n JL JUXQQODJ IRU n XWOHGH HQ SUREOHPVWLOOLQJ PHOORP GHW LQGLYLGXHOOH KDQG OLQJVURPPHWRJGHQIDJOLJHSURIHVMRQV\WULQJHQJLURJVnGHQHXURSHLVNHODQGVNDSVNRQYHQ VMRQHQV GH¿QLVMRQ DY ODQGVNDS HQ PXOLJKHW WLO n HWDEOHUH HW ELQGHOHGG PHOORP GH DQI¡UWH PRWVHWQLQJHQH2YHUJDQJHQPHOORPGHWVXEMHNWLYWHUIDUWHRJSURIHVMRQVPHWRGHQVIUHPVWLOWH ODQGVNDSNDQLOLNKHWPHGNRQYHQVMRQHQVEHJUHSRJVnIRUVWnVVRPHWP¡WHPHOORPIRUVNMHO OLJHoppfatninger av områder(QWHQLQQIDOOVYLQNHOHQOHJJHVIUDGHWHQHHOOHUGHWDQGUHVWDQG SXQNWHWYLOGHLEHJJHWLOIHOOHULNNHEDUHNXQQHYLVHWLOHWRPUnGHPHQHQoppfatning DYRPUn GHWIRUnNXQQHWLOJMHQJHOLJJM¡UHRJOHJLWLPHUHGHXOLNHODQGVNDSHQHVRPHUIDUHVRJ\WUHV)RU VS¡UVPnOHWRPODQGVNDSHWVDQDO\VHUEDUKHWEOLUGHWDYJM¡UHQGHDWGHQQHRYHUJDQJHQIRUVWnV XWIUDHQIHOOHVRJGHOWHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ
,QQOHPPHOVHQ DY RUGHWoppfatning L GH¿QLVMRQHQ SRHQJWHUHU DW RPUnGHU LNNH RSSVWnU VRP ODQGVNDSI¡UGHWLOHJQHVI¡UGHHUIDUHVHUNMHQQHVRJLDNWWDVDYPHQQHVNHU/DQGVNDSYLOLNNH NXQQHEHKDQGOHVVRPHQDOOHUHGHIRUHOLJJHQGHHJHQVNDSYHGPDWHULDOLWHWHQPHQRSSVWnU I¡UVWVRPHJHQVNDSQnUPDWHULDOLWHWHQLQQJnULHQEHVWHPWSUDNVLVHOOHUVOLN0LWFK5RVHDUJX PHQWHUHU´>L@WVSUHVHQFHLVQRWHQJHQGHUHGE\IHDWXUHVLQWKHODQGVFDSHLWVHOIEXWE\WKHYDUL RXVZD\VLWLVFDOOHGIRUWKDQGSXWWRWDVN5RVH´)RUHNVHPSHONDQRPUnGHWUXQGW +ROPHQNROOHQYXUGHUHVVRPHQLGUHWWVDUHQDDYVNLLGUHWWHQVXW¡YHUHVRPHQPDUNHGVDUHQD DYLGUHWWHQVVSRQVRUHUVRPHQXQGHUKROGLQJVDUHQDDYPHGLHSURGXVHQWHUVRPHQV\PEROD UHQDDYDNDGHPLNHUHHOOHUVRPHQYHUGLJPRWWDJHUDY1RUVNVWnONRQVWUXNVMRQVSULVIRU DYVWnOEUDQVMHQVRSSQHYQWHMXU\
2JVn0LFKDHO-RQHVXQGHUVWUHNHUDWODQGVNDS³«µDVSHUFHLYHGE\SHRSOH¶LPSOLHVWKDWODQG VFDSHLVQRWUHJDUGHGDVDQHXWUDOPDWHULDOREMHFWEXWDVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIDQLQWHUUHODWLRQ VKLSEHWZHHQSHRSOHDQGWKHLUSK\VLFDOVXUURXQGLQJV-RQHV +HUOLQ´'HI\VLVNH RPJLYHOVHQHVHOOHUPDWHULHOOHRPUnGHQHVV USUHJEOLUDYNRQYHQVMRQHQEHWHJQHWVRP´«
HWUHVXOWDWDYSnYLUNQLQJHQIUDRJVDPVSLOOHWPHOORPQDWXUOLJHRJHOOHUPHQQHVNHOLJHIDNWRUHU´
'H¿QLVMRQHQnSQHUSnGHQQHPnWHQRSSIRUHWNRPSOHNVWRJG\QDPLVNODQGVNDSVEHJUHS´«
GH¿QLQJODQGVFDSHDVWKHSHUFHLYHGLQWHUDFWLRQRIQDWXUHDQGFXOWXUH)DLUFORXJK´
VOLN*UDKDP)DLUFORXJKXWWU\NNHUGHW'HWRSSIDWQLQJVEDVHUWHODQGVNDSVEHJUHSHWVNRPSOHN VLWHW IRUVWHUNHV \WWHUOLJHUH JMHQQRP KYRUGDQ GH QDWXUOLJH RJ PHQQHVNHOLJH IDNWRUHQH HUID UHVRJWLOHJQHV$Y(XURSDUnGHWVXOLNHNRPPHQWDUGRNXPHQWHUWLONRQYHQVMRQVWHNVWHQIUHP JnUGHWDWoppfatningGHNNHUEnGHPRPHQWDQHVDQVHEDVHUWHIRUQHPPHOVHU(XURSDUnGHW E(XURSDUnGHW,RJPHUNRPSOHNVHLQQWU\NNDYOHQJUHYDULJKHWEDVHUWSnVn YHOVDQVQLQJVRPSnWLOHJQHWNXQQVNDSRPHWRPUnGHVJMHQVWDQGHURJKLVWRULH(XURSDUnGHW
19
,9HGVLGHQDYELGUDJHWIUDQDWXUOLJHHOOHUPHQQHVNHOLJHIDNWRUHUartikuleres RJVn RPUnGHUVRPKHQKROGVYLVIHUGRJIRUWHOOLQJ'HUODQJUHQQVXW¡YHUQHHUIDUHURPUnGHWJMHQQRP IHUGHQVNQHLNHUVOHWWHUXWIRUEDNNHURJIRONHKDYOHJJHVJUXQQODJHWIRUMRXUQDOLVWHQVGHNQLQJ DYGHWVDPPHRPUnGHWIUDHQSUHVVHWULEXQHRJHQIMHUQV\QVRYHUI¡UWEHJLYHQKHW
,QQHQIRUGHWWHNRPSOHNVHRJG\QDPLVNHODQGVNDSHWVNDOGHWHWDEOHUHVHWIHOOHVRJGHOWODQG VNDS PHOORP LQGLYLG RJ IDJSURIHVMRQ 2SSIDWQLQJHQH RSSVWnU RJ EHYDUHV L LQGLYLGHW PHQ SUHPLVVHQHIRURSSIDWQLQJHQHPnRJVnV¡NHVLGHRPJLYHOVHQHVRPLQGLYLGHWEHYHJHUVHJ JMHQQRPRJLGHNXOWXUHOOHYLUNVRPKHWHQHVRPGHWVOXWWHUVHJWLORJWDULEUXN3UREOHPVWLOOLQ JHQNUHYHUGHUIRUDWIRUKROGHWPHOORPLQGLYLGXHOOHUIDULQJRJSURIHVMRQV\WULQJQDWXURJNXOWXU IHUGRJIRUWHOOLQJXWIRUVNHVRJNODUJM¡UHVIRUnNXQQHGDQQHHWJUXQQODJIRUIHOOHVIRUVWnHOVH
1.2 Avhandlingens empiri og metode
9DOJDYDYKDQGOLQJHQVHPSLULRJPHWRGHWDUXWJDQJVSXQNWLODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWHQVIRUVWnHOVH DYGHQIHOOHVRJGHOWHHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHQVOLNGHQNRPPHUWLOXWWU\NNL6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQV Håndbok 140 KonsekvensanalyserRJLGHQSURIHVMRQVWUDGLVMRQHQVRPVWnUEDNXWYLNOLQJHQ RJIUHPVWLOOLQJHQDYIDJWHPDlandskapsbilde. $YKDQGOLQJHQUHWWHUVHJEnGHPRWGHWWHNVWPD WHULDOHWVRPWUDGLVMRQHQKDUIRUPXOHUWPHQRJVnPRWGHQNRQNUHWHHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHQVRP PHWRGHQVNDODQYHQGHVSnRJVRPDOWHUQDWLYHWNDQV¡NHVL
Statens vegvesens Håndbok 140 Konsekvensanalyser, fagtema landskapsbilde
Fagtema landskapsbilde som del av en profesjonskultur: landskap
$YKDQGOLQJHQ HU XWIRUPHW VRP HQ NULWLNN DY KYRUGDQ ODQGVNDS HU RSHUDVMRQDOLVHUW VRP landskapsbilde/bybilde GH ´«GH YLVXHOOH NYDOLWHWHQH L RPJLYHOVHQH 6WDWHQV YHJYHVHQ D´L6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQV+%Konsekvensanalyser)DJWHPDHWXWJM¡UHQGHO DYGHQikke-prissatte NRQVHNYHQVJUXSSHQ,LQQOHGQLQJHQWLOEHVNULYHOVHQDYGHLNNHSULVVDWWH NRQVHNYHQVHQHYLVHVGHWWLOODQGVNDSVNRQYHQVMRQHQRJODQGVNDSVRPRYHURUGQHWNRQVHS WXDOLVHUHQGHEHJUHS6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQDSP5XL3UHVWWXQHWDO
)DJWHPDHWKHUHWWHUEHQHYQWlandskapsbildeVNDOUHGHJM¡UHIRUGHQHVWHWLVNHVDPPHQKHQ JHQPHOORPV\QEDUPDWHULDOLWHWRJPHQQHVNHWVHUIDUWHRSSIDWQLQJDYGHQ'HWHVWHWLVNYLVX HOOHWHPDHWNDQEHWUDNWHVVRPHQYLGHUHI¡ULQJEnGHDYWLGOLJHUHKnQGERNXWJDYHURJ RJ GHQ ODQGVNDSVIDJOLJH PHWRGHWUDGLVMRQHQ VOLN GHQ KDU XWYLNOHW VHJ L 1RUJH VLGHQ WDOOHW)DJWHPDHWUHSUHVHQWHUHUSnGHQQHPnWHQLNNHEDUHHWHJHWODQGVNDSVV\QLQQHQ IRUIDJIHOWHWPHQJLURJVnXWWU\NNIRUHQPHUJHQHUHOOSURIHVMRQVKROGQLQJ(QVWXGLHDYIDJWH PDHWNDQGHUIRURJVnIRUVWnVVRPHQUHGHJM¡UHOVHIRUGHQODQGVNDSVIDJOLJHUHWQLQJHQVRP KDUInWWJMHQQRPVODJIRUVLQODQGVNDSVIRUVWnHOVHRJVLQHPHWRGHVWUDWHJLHU
Fagtema landskapsbilde som del av en metodekultur: konsekvens
6DPWLGLJHUIDJWHPDHWHQGHODYHQVDPIXQQV¡NRQRPLVNNRQVHNYHQVDQDO\VH)RUPnOHWPHG KnQGERNPHWRGHQHUnOHJJHWLOUHWWHIRU´«HQV\VWHPDWLVNYXUGHULQJDYDOOHUHOHYDQWHIRUGH
20
OHURJXOHPSHUVRPHWWLOWDNYLOI¡UHWLOIRUVDPIXQQHW6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQD´0HWR GHQHUSnGHQQHPnWHQUHWWHWLQQPRWYHUGLHUVRPWLOWDNHWYLOVNDSHRSSKHYHHOOHUIRUDQGUH LHQIUHPWLGLJWHQNWHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ9XUGHULQJHQDYGHQQHVLWXDVMRQHQEOLUGHUHWWHUODJW WLO JUXQQ IRU DNWXHOOH SODQEHVOXWQLQJHU )RUPnOHW PHG PHWRGHQ EOLU GHUPHG n DYNODUH GHQ QnY UHQGHRJIUHPWLGLJHVWDWXVHQWLOHWGH¿QHUWVDPIXQQVJRGH,GHQQHVDPPHQKHQJHQYLO HQXQGHUV¡NHOVHDYIDJWHPDHWNXQQHEHO\VHKYRUGDQGHQHNVSHUWEDVHUWHDQDO\VHPHWRGHQ KLVWRULVNKDULQQUHWWHWVHJIRUnNXQQHWLOJMHQJHOLJJM¡UHGHWLQGLYLGXHOWHUIDUWHODQGVNDSHWVOLN DWGHWDQHUNMHQQHVVRPHWXWWU\NNIRUIHOOHVRJGHOWYHOIHUG
Fortelling og tekst: profesjonsytringens teorigrunnlag
Om å forstå landskap gjennom tekst
+DQV*HRUJ *DGDPHU *DGDPHU KDU LSannhet og metode EHKDQGOHW SUREOHPHW PHGIRUVWnHOVHQDYWHNVWEXGVNDS7RONQLQJHQDYWHNVWHUVEXGVNDSNDOOHVhermeneutikkRJ NDQ I¡UHV WLOEDNH WLO WRONQLQJ DY MXULGLVNH RJ WHRORJLVNH WHNVWHU I¡U GHQ Sn EHJ\QQHOVHQ DY WDOOHW EOH EUXNW Sn DOOH WHNVWHU / JUHLG 6NRUJHQ , I¡OJH *DGDPHU HU KRYHGWDQNHQ L KHUPHQHXWLNNHQ DW ´« GHQ VDPPHQVPHOWLQJHQ DY KRULVRQWHU VRP VNMHU L IRUVWnHOVHQHUVSUnNHWVHJHQWOLJHYHUN*DGDPHU´'HWWHEHW\UDWVSUnNHWGHWYLO VLIRUVWnHOVHQDYVSUnNHWJLUOHVHUHQWLOJDQJWLOHQEHW\GQLQJJLWWDYWHNVWHQYHGDWOHVHUHQRJ WHNVWHQVRSSKDYVPDQQGHOHUHQIRUVWnHOVHVKRULVRQW+RULVRQWHQHUHQQnWLGVKRULVRQWJLWWDY NMHQQVNDSHQWLOIRUWLGHQ*DGDPHU
1nWLGVKRULVRQWHQHULYLUNHOLJKHWHQVWDGLJLIHUGPHGnGDQQHVIRUVnYLGWVRPYLKHOHWLGHQPn VHWWHYnUHIRUGRPPHUSnSU¡YH'HQQHXWSU¡YLQJHQLQQEHIDWWHULNNHPLQVWP¡WHWPHGIRUWLGHQ RJIRUVWnHOVHQDYGHQRYHUOHYHULQJHQYLNRPPHUIUD1nWLGVKRULVRQWHQGDQQHVDOWVnVOHWWLNNH XDYKHQJLJDYIRUWLGHQ'HW¿QQHVLQJHQQnWLGVKRULVRQWLVHJVHOYVOLNGHWKHOOHULNNH¿QQHV KLVWRULVNHKRULVRQWHUVRPI¡UVWPnHWDEOHUHV)RUVWnHOVHHUWYHUWLPRWDOOWLGHQSURVHVVKYRU VOLNHDQJLYHOLJHVHOYVWHQGLJHKRULVRQWHUVPHOWHUVDPPHQ
9HGnOHVHDQDO\VHPHWRGHUODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHUHOOHUDQGUHODQGVNDSVIDJOLJHWHNVWHUKDUMHJ LNNHP¡WWHQQ¡\WUDORPWDOHDYHWRPUnGHPHQJMHQQRPGHQPnWHQWHNVWHQHUVWUXNWXUHUW SnRJKYDGHQHUUHWWHWPRWRJVnNXQQHWWLOHJQHPHJHQIRUVWnHOVHDYKYLONHQRSSIDWQLQJDY RPUnGHUODQGVNDSVRPWHNVWHQHIRUPLGOHU
/HVLQJHQDY+%JLULQQVLNWLDNWXHOOODQGVNDSVIRUVWnHOVHPHQVOHVLQJHQDYWLGOLJH UH KnQGERNXWJDYHU RJ ODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHU KDU JLWW LQQVLNW L KYLONHQ WUDGLVMRQ GHW VDPWLGLJH ODQGVNDSHW VWnU L IRUELQGHOVH PHG )RU HNVHPSHO KDU XOLNH ODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHU IUD / UGDO XWI¡UWRYHUHQWLGVSHULRGHSnnULNUDIWDYVLWWRPIDQJWLONQ\WQLQJIUDVHQWUDOHIDJSHUVRQHU RJVDPWLGLJHDQYHQGHOVHVRPIDJOLJHUHIHUDQVHUELGUDWWWLOnEHO\VHHQNHOWHJUXQQOHJJHQGH SUREOHPVWLOOLQJHUYHGODQGVNDSVDQDO\VHQVRPHUOLNHDNWXHOOHLGDJVRPGDDQDO\VHQHEOH XWI¡UW 'HQ EHVWH LQQVLNWHQ L GHQ WHRULWUDGLVMRQHQ VRP PHWRGHQ VWnU L JLU GRNWRUJUDGVDY KDQGOLQJHQWLO,QJHUOLVH$PXQGVHQ$PXQGVHQVegutforming og landskapstilpassing.
$YKDQGOLQJHQJDEnGHHWVDPPHQGUDJDYRJEHIHVWHWVWRUHGHOHUDYGHQODQGVNDSVIRUVWn HOVHQVRPWLOGDKDGGHY UWSUDNWLVHUWL6WDWHQVYHJYHVHQ0HGJUXQQODJLHQOLWWHUDWXUJMHQ QRPJDQJDYQRUVNHVNDQGLQDYLVNHW\VNHRJDQJORDPHULNDQVNHWHNVWHUXWOHGHUKXQHWVHWW PHGHVWHWLVNHLGHDOHUVRPHWXWYDOJHNVLVWHUHQGHYHLHUEOLUYXUGHUWRSSPRW,PRWVHWQLQJWLO
21
$PXQGVHQYLOLNNHMHJDQYHQGHHWVOLNWEHJUHSVDSSDUDWIRUnYXUGHUHDNWXHOOHYHLVWUHNQLQJHU PHQGHULPRWIRUEHGUHnNXQQHIRUVWnKYRUGDQRJSnKYLONHSUHPLVVHUEHJUHSHQHKDURSSVWnWW RJEOLWWYLGHUHI¡UW$PXQGVHQVDUEHLGEOLUSnGHQQHPnWHQHQGHODYPLQHJHQHPSLUL6DPWL GLJDYYLVHUMHJLNNHLGHDOHQHVVDPWLGLJHDNWXDOLWHWVRPVYDUSnSUREOHPVWLOOLQJHULNRQNUHWH YHLSURVMHNWHU
Pliktarbeid og intervju av fagpersoner
,I¡UVWHGHODYDUEHLGVSHULRGHQGHOWRNMHJVRPKMHOSHO UHULNXUVGHUWHPDHWYDUODQGVNDSVD QDO\VHPHWRGHURJODQGVNDSVSODQOHJJLQJYHGVW¡UUHDQOHJJ,UROOHQVRPKMHOSHO UHU¿NNMHJ LQQVLNWLKYLONHWHRULHUPHWRGHURJODQGVNDSVIRUVWnHOVHUVRPSUDNWLVHUHVYHG80%GHQPHVW VHQWUDOHXWGDQQLQJVLQVWLWXVMRQHQIRUODQGVNDSVDUNLWHNWHUL1RUJH%nGHYHGnI¡OJHXQGHUYLV QLQJHQRJVDPWLGLJIRUPLGOHNXQQVNDSHQYLGHUHEOHLQQVDWVHQHQVY UWJRGPnWHnYXUGHUH SURIHVMRQHQVWHQNQLQJUXQGWDQDO\VHDUEHLGHWSn
,VLVWHKDOYGHODYDUEHLGVSHULRGHQVXSSOHUWHMHJWRONQLQJHQDYIDJWHNVWHQHYHGnLQWHUYMXH IDJSHUVRQHUVRPSnIRUVNMHOOLJYLVKDUELGUDWWWLOGRNXPHQWHQHVLQQKROG)RUPnOHWPHGLQWHU YMXHQHYDULNNHSULP UWnNDUWOHJJHHQIDJJUXSSHVRSSIDWQLQJHUDYPHWRGHUDQDO\VHUHOOHU DQQHQSODQOHJJLQJVUHODWHUWYLUNVRPKHWPHQnInVYDUSnVS¡UVPnOVRPOHVLQJHQKDGGHODWW VWnXEHVYDUW-HJKDUODJWYHNWSnnVWLOOHVS¡UVPnOHQHVnnSHQWRJGLUHNWHVRPPXOLJRJ UHWWHVDPWDOHQHLQQPRWKYLONHDYYHLQLQJHURJYDOJVRPIUHPVWLOOLQJHQDYGRNXPHQWHQHKDU VSUXQJHWXWDY8OLNHnSQHRJVHPLVWUXNWXUHUWHVDPWDOHUPHG,QJHUOLVH$PXQGVHQKDUJLWWHQ EUHGIRUVWnHOVHDYODQGVNDSVWUDGLVMRQHQIUDVOXWWHQDYWDOOHWRJIUHPWLOLGDJ,WUHP¡WHU PHGIDJSHUVRQHUVRPVWnUEDNPHWRGHQVXWIRUPLQJKDUGHULPRWLQWHUYMXHWIXOJWHWVWUXNWXUHUW IRUO¡S6S¡UVPnOHQHKDUEOLWWRYHUVHQGWGHOWDJHUQHSnIRUKnQGY UWI¡UHQGHXQGHUVDPWDOHQ RJGDQQHWJUXQQODJIRUUHIHUDWHWVRPGHUHWWHUEOHRYHUVHQGWGHOWDJHUQHIRUNRQWUROORJHYHQWX HOOHNRUUHNVMRQHU-HJKDUJMHQQRPI¡UWLQWHUYMXHUPHG*\GD*UHQGVWDGVRPGHOWRNLDUEHLGHW PHG+%PHG/LY0DULW5XL6XQQLYD6FKMHWQHRJ,QJYLOO+RIWXQVRPGHOWRNLDUEHLGHW PHG+%IDJWHPDlandskapsbildeRJ/LY0DULW5XL7RULO3UHVWWXQ$QQH.MHUNUHLWRJ
*XUR%HUJHVRPGHOWRNLDUEHLGHWPHG+%PHWRGHRSSOHJJIRUGHLNNHSULVVDWWHNRQVH NYHQVHQH
Ferd og materialitet: tilegnelse av et samtidig landskap
1nUHWIHQRPHQJM¡ULQQWU\NNSnRVVYnNQHUHW¡QVNHRPnIRUVWn0HQKYLVGHWWH¡QVNHW VNDOYDUHYHGPnYLJM¡UHRVVGHODNWLJHLWLQJHQHVOLNDWYLO UHUGHPQ UPHUHnNMHQQH )¡UVWPHUNHUYLGDHQXRUGQHWPDQJIROGLJKHWVRPWUHQJHUVHJSnRVVRJYLWYLQJHVWLO nVNLOOHWLQJHQHIUDKYHUDQGUHIRUDWYLVnNDQVWLOOHGHPVDPPHQLJMHQSnHQVOLNPnWH DWGHWOLWWHIWHUOLWWNDQRSSVWnHQRUGQHWPHUHOOHUPLQGUHRYHUVLNWOLJKHOKHW*RHWKH
Kritikk av den språklige forståelsen
'HQHVWHWLVNHHUIDULQJHQXWJM¡UJMHQVWDQGHQIRU´«YLWHQVNDSHQRPGHQVDQVHOLJHHUNMHQ QHOVH%DOH %¡5\JJ´VOLN$OH[DQGHU*%DXPJDUWHQLQWURGXVHUWHEHJUHSHWSn WDOOHW,GDJEUXNHVRUGHWRJEHJUHSHWLDGVNLOOLJÀHUHVDPPHQKHQJHU%DOHQHYQHUDOW
22
IUDEHWHJQHOVHSnYLVVHSUDNWLVNHIDJSnHWVDQVHWYHOEHKDJHQYDNNHUJMHQVWDQGQRHRYHU ÀDGLVN´EDUH´YDNNHUWWLOPHUDNDGHPLVNHWUDGLVMRQHUVRPNXQVW¿ORVR¿O UHQRJWHRULHURP GHXOLNHNXQVWDUWHQHVYLUNHPLGOHU%DOH)OHUHIRUIDWWHUHSHNHUSnHQWHQGHQVGHU HVWHWLNNHQIUDPLGWHQDYIRUULJHnUKXQGUHKDUEHYHJHWVHJIUDnUHWWHRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQIUD GHWIUHPVWLOWHNXQVWYHUNHWRJRYHUWLOGHQHUIDULQJHQVRPNXQVWYHUNHWGDQQHUPLGWSXQNWHWL 'HWHVWHWLVNHIHOWHWKDUVDPWLGLJEOLWWXWYLGHWIUDUHQNXQVWWHRULWLORJVnnLQQOHPPHIHQRPH QHUKHQWHWIUDKYHUGDJVOLYHW%|KPH6HHO/DUVHQ%DOH 'HQHVWHWLVNHHUIDULQJHQDYRPUnGHUVRPODQGVNDSRSSVWnUVRPGHODYHQIHUG)HUGHQHU EUXNWVRPHWNRUUHNWLYRJVXSSOHPHQWWLOWHNVWDUEHLGHW)HUGHQJLULQQVLNWLVDPPHQKHQJHURJ NXQQVNDSVRPNDQVNMHHUQHYQWLOLWWHUDWXUHQPHQVRPHUIDUHVPHGHQKHOWDQQHQLQWHQVL WHWRJYDULDVMRQVULNGRPXQGHUYHLVJMHQQRPIRUVNMHOOLJHRPUnGHU7LOGHOVNDQGHRJVnEDUH WLOHJQHVXWHQIRUVSUnNHWVGRPHQHVOLNGHWIRUKROGHUVHJPHGIRWHQVP¡WHPHGEDUEDNNH O¡VVQ¡VNDUHHOOHUDVIDOW%DUHYHGnLQYROYHUHPHJLRPUnGHWKDUMHJNXQQHWWLOHJQHPHJGHQ HUIDULQJHQVRPHUQ¡GYHQGLJIRUnNXQQHIRUPXOHUHHWDUJXPHQWRJDUWLNXOHUHHQDUJXPHQ WDVMRQVUHNNHPHGXWJDQJVSXQNWLHQEHVWHPWHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQ2JEDUHJMHQQRPGLUHNWH HQJDVMHPHQWKDUMHJNXQQHWNULWLVHUHSnVWDQGHUVRPKDUIUHPNRPPHWLYLWHQVNDSHOLJHHOOHU PHWRGHUHODWHUWHDUEHLGHUIUDHWDQQHWVWnVWHGHQQGHQQHYHUGHQHQVHOY0HWRGHQKDUWYXQJHW PHJWLOnKHYHEOLNNHWRSSIUDGHQYLWHQVNDSHOLJHYHUGHQHQ
)RU HNVHPSHO KDU NXQVWQHUHQ 5LFKDUG /RQJ L PDQJH DY VLQH DUEHLGHU IUHPVWLOW ODQGVNDS NXQVWQHULVNHWWHUHWSODQODJWSURJUDPGHUXOLNHPHQQHVNHVNDSWHRUGHQVSULQVLSSHUVRPIRU HNVHPSHOPnOLQJDYWLGHOOHUDYVWDQGNRPELQHUHVPHGYDQGULQJHQVIRUO¡S0RRUKRXVHL/RQJ
%U\WQLQJHQPHOORPIHUGHQVIRUPnOJMHQQRPI¡ULQJRJGRNXPHQWDVMRQVRPIRUWHO OLQJEHO\VHURJDYNODUHUGLPHQVMRQHUYHGODQGVNDSHWVRPHOOHUVJMHUQHIULVWHUHQWLOY UHO VH EODQW NRQYHQVMRQHOOH RJ XSUREOHPDWLVHUWH RSSIDWQLQJHU )RWRJUDIHU VRP 5REHUW$GDPV
$GDPV,QJULG%RRNRJ&DULQD+HGpQ%RRN+HGpQHWDOKDUYLVWKYRUGDQIRWR JUD¿HWVRPPHGLXPNDQnSQHEOLNNHWIRUVDPWLGHQVOLNGHQEOLUWLOGDJHWWHUGDJ7LOWURVVIRU XOLNKHWHQHKDUDOOHDUEHLGHQHGHWWLOIHOOHVDWGHLNNHEDUHV¡NHUNXQQVNDSLQQHQIRUHWDOOHUHGH WRONHWODQGVNDSPHQDWXW¡YHUQHVHOYWLOHJQHUVHJGHWWHODQGVNDSHWYHGDNWLYWRJSODQPHVVLJ nWDGHOLRPUnGHQHVHOY
,QWHQVMRQHQ EDN HUIDULQJVPHWRGHQ KDU LNNH Y UW n NRQVWUXHUH HW VHOYVWHQGLJ DOWHUQDWLY L IRUKROG WLO GHQ YLWHQVNDSHOLJH NXQQVNDSVYHUGHQHQ 7YHUW L PRW KDU MHJ IRUV¡NW n UHGXVHUH JDSHWPHOORPIHUGRJIRUWHOOLQJKYHUGDJVSUDNVLVRJDNDGHPLVNVHGYDQHIRUnNXQQHKROGH SnGHOHUDYGHQG\QDPLNNHQVRPXWYLGHUIDJIHOWHWRJGHWVSULQJHQGHSXQNWHWGHUSnVWDQGH QHHQWHQEOLUIRUVWnHOLJHHOOHUXKROGEDUH,GHQIRUVWDQGNDQGHWSHNHVSn:DOWHU%HQMDPLQV PHOORPNULJVDUEHLGHUVRPRJVnIRUV¡NHUnEHYDUHHQUHIHUDQVHWLOGHQIRUHOLJJHQGHPDWHULDOL WHWHQRJXQQJnDWWHNVWHQVHOYNXQHQGHURSSLHQVHOYUHIHUHUHQGHKHUPHWLVHUWWDQNHYHUGHQ
%XFN0RUVV
)RUPnOHWKDUY UWnWDGHOLGHWLVRP0LFKHO&RQDQNDOOHUHQPHOORPYHUGHQHQinterworld, GHUGHQVSUnNOLJHKHUPHQHXWLNNHQWLOI¡UHVDVSHNWHUVRPNXQNDQWLOHJQHVJMHQQRPHUIDULQJ
´0RWLRQ WKURXJK D ODQGVFDSH PHWDSKRU HQJDJHV YLVLWRUV LQWR D KHUPHQHXWLFDO DFWLYLW\ WKDW UHDFWLYDWHVWKHPHDQLQJRIDFXOWXUDOWUDGLWLRQDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKDWLWHQDEOHVWKHPWREULQJ
23
QHZPHDQLQJVWRWKHLUOLYHV&RQDQ´'HOWDJHOVHQLHQHUIDUWPHOORPYHUGHQEHYD UHUGHUPHGGHQPDWHULHOOHUHIHUDQVHQVDPWLGLJVRPGHQJM¡UGHWPXOLJnGLVNXWHUHIHUGHQV EHW\GQLQJVDVSHNWHU3nVWUHNQLQJHQPHOORP6DQGYLNDRJ+¡QHIRVVKDUMHJNXQQHWXQGHU V¡NHVDPPHQKHQJHQPHOORPIHUGRJDQDO\VHIRUWHOOLQJYHGEnGHnWDLEUXNDNWXHOWDQDO\VH PDWHULDOHRJGHQDNWXHOOHYHLOLQMHQ('HWWHKDUnSQHWRSSIRUHQVDPPHQOLJQLQJPHOORP WRONQLQJHQRJHUIDULQJHQDYPHWRGHRJDQDO\VHWHNVWHQ6DPWLGLJKDUIRUV¡NHWSnnWDGHOL HQKHUPHQHXWLVNEDVHUWPHOORPYHUGHQRJVnnSQHWIRUnVWLOOHVS¡UVPnOYHGKHUPHQHXWLNNHQV RJGHQVSUnNOLJHIRUVWnHOVHQVJUHQVHU
Estetikk i overgangen mellom allment erfaringsgrunnlag og subjektiv opplevelse )HUGHQEUXNWVRPPHWRGHKDUJLWWHQUHNNHXWIRUGULQJHU(QDYGLVVHHUNQ\WWHWWLOPLQHJHQ VHQWUDOHVWLOOLQJLWLOHJQHOVHQDYNXQQVNDS(VWHWLVNHUIDULQJNDQWRONHVVRPHVWHWLVNnærvær.
1 UY UWLOVYDUHUGHWHQJHOVNHpresenceRJGHWW\VNHGegenwartRJEHWHJQHUHWVDQVHOLJ LQQWU\NNVRPOHJJHVPHUNHWLORJLDNWWDVDYHWVXEMHNW'HQVXEMHNWLYHIRUQHPPHOVHQRJLDNW WDJHOVHQNDQI¡UHWLODWQ UY UHWIRUVWnVVRPXWHOXNNHQGHHQXQLNSHUVRQOLJRSSOHYHOVH'DJ
$QGHUVRQJM¡ULPLGOHUWLGRSSPHUNVRPSn:DOWHU%HQMDPLQVIRUVWnHOVHDYIRUVNMHOOHQSnGHQ IHOOHVHVWHWLVNHHUIDULQJHQRJGHQVXEMHNWLYHRSSOHYHOVHQ´%HW\GQLQJHQDYYnUWP¡WHPHG WLQJHQHGHUGHDQHUNMHQQHVLVLQDQQHUOHGHVKHWWUHUWLOEDNHIRUGHQVXEMHNWLYHI¡OHOVHIRUKYRU GDQGHYLUNHULQQSnRVV$QGHUVVRQ´)RUGHWI¡UVWHKDUGHWGHUIRUY UWYLNWLJn VNLOOHPHOORPI¡OHOVHQVHOYRJEHWLQJHOVHQHIRUI¡OHOVHQVRPJMHQVWDQGIRUHUIDULQJVNXQQVND SHQ)RUGHWDQGUHHUGHWPLQGUHYHVHQWOLJDWGHQQHI¡OHOVHQNDQJLVVWDWXVVRPPLQHJHQ, HUIDULQJVELOGHWHUGHWLNNHGHQVXEMHNWLYHI¡OHOVHQPHQGHWDOOPHQWWLOJMHQJHOLJHJUXQQODJHW IRUGHWHVWHWLVNLDNWWDWWHODQGVNDSHWVQ UY URSSKDYRJYDULJKHWVRPHULQWHUHVVDQW
9HGnIRNXVHUHSnGHQSUDNVLVRJGHVLWXDVMRQHUVRPDQJnU´«VHOYHHUIDULQJHQVRJHUNHQ GHOVHQVPXOLJKHGVEHWLQJHOVHU=DKDYL´KDUMHJVDPWLGLJIRUV¡NWnXQQJnDWPLQH SnVWDQGHUXWHOXNNHQGHEOLUHQJMHQWDJHOVHDYNRQYHQVMRQHOOHRSSIDWQLQJHUDYXOLNHRPUnGHU 6RPHQPHWRGLVNIRUVLNULQJPRWHJQHRJDQGUHVWLOYDQWHKROGQLQJHUKDUMHJGHUIRUIRUV¡NW n¿QQHIUHPWLORJGHUHWWHULOOXVWUHUHSnVWDQGHQHPLQHPHGGHWVRPNXQQHNDOOHVIRUtrivielle HNVHPSOHU9HGnYLVHWLOKYHUGDJVOLJHRJHQNOHHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHUKDUMHJIRUV¡NWnPRWDU EHLGHGHYHUGLODGHGHI¡ULQJHQHVRPOLJJHULHWNMHQWQDYQHOOHUHQDOPLQQHOLJIUHPVWLOOLQJV WHNQLNN+HQYLVQLQJWLOODQGVNDSLDNWWDWWLGDJOLJOLYHWHUHQPnWHnNODUJM¡UHGHWDOOPHQQHYHG ELOOHGGDQQHOVHQSn
2PnJM¡UHHUIDULQJHQGRNXPHQWHUEDUYHGKMHOSDYIRWRJUD¿HW
(QDQQHQPHWRGLVNXWIRUGULQJKDUGHUIRUY UWNQ\WWHWWLOKYRUGDQIHUGHQVHUIDULQJVNXQQVNDS ODUVHJGRNXPHQWHUHLQQHQIRUVSUnNHWVRJDYKDQGOLQJHQVIRUP)RWRJUDIHULQJDYODQGVNDS KDU XQGHU KHOH DYKDQGOLQJVDUEHLGHW DYGHNNHW HQ UHNNH YHVHQWOLJH DVSHNWHU YHG IRUKROGHW PHOORPIHUGRJIRUWHOOLQJ8QGHURSSVWDUWHQIRUV¡NWHMHJnNODUJM¡UHKYDHQYHLYDU6HOYJLNN MHJPHGHQVODJVDVIDOWHUWWRIHOWVULNVYHLPHGJXOPLGWVWULSHLWDQNHQHRJMHJIRUVWRGDWVNXOOH MHJNRPPHXWDYIRUHVWLOOLQJHQPnWWHMHJDNWLYHUHRSSIDWQLQJHQYHGKMHOSDYELOGHU$OWMHJSn HQHOOHUDQQHQPnWHNXQQHIRUELQGHPHGYHLEOHIRWRJUDIHUWWUnNNVWLHUNMHUUHYHLHUPRWRUYHL HUVNLO¡\SHUMHUQEDQHULVODJWHYDQQRJWHUUHQJIRUPDVMRQHU)RWRJUDIHULQJHQEOHXWI¡UWXNUL WLVNRJMHJHQGWHJDQVNHUDVNWRSSPHGnVHDWIHOWHWYLGHWVHJXWVDPWLGLJVRPXOLNHDVSHNWHU
24
25
YHGHPQHWDYWRQHWVHJ9HLHQEOHJDQVNHIRUWXLQWHUHVVDQWXWHQIHUGVHOXWHQPHQQHVNHWVRP WRNYHLHQLEUXNKYLONHQVLWXDVMRQGHEHIDQWVHJLRJKYLONHIDUNRVWHUGHSnGHQHQHVLGHQ KDGGHWLOGLVSRVLVMRQSnGHQDQGUHVLGHQEHQ\WWHWVHJDY
9HGnVHWWHIRWRJUD¿HQHYHGVLGHQDYKYHUDQGUHRJVWLOOHGHPRSSIRUVDPPHQOLJQLQJEOHGHW RJVnNODUWDWGHIRUWDOWHP\HRPIRUKROGHWPHOORPRPUnGHWVNMHQQHWHJQRJKYRUGDQRPUnGHW YDUIRUEHUHGWIRUIHUGVHO(QYLQWHUPHGP\HVQ¡EHVWHPWHMHJPHJIRUnGRNXPHQWHUHYDULD VMRQHQLQQHQIRUVNLO¡\SHQHWWHWSn.URNVNRJHQRJL1RUGPDUND,JMHQYDUPnOHWnIRWRJUDIHUH ÀHVWPXOLJXOLNHXWJDYHUDYO¡\SHUIUDGHVSRUVDWWHVNRJVELOYHLHQHPHGVN¡\WHWUDVpLPLGWHQ WLOXSUHSDUHUWHO¡\SHUNXQPHUNHWPHGU¡GPDOLQJSnVWDXURJVWDPPHUNDQVNMHJnWWRSSDY HQHOOHUWRHQWXVLDVWHUKYLVMHJYDUKHOGLJ'DVHVRQJHQQ UPHWVHJVOXWWHQVDWWMHJLJMHQ PHGHWEUHGWVSHNWHUDYO¡\SHULXOLNHXWJDYHU5LNWLJQRNKDGGHMHJVWRUWVHWWGHXWJDYHQHMHJ KDGGHEHVWHPWPHJIRUnJMHQJLPHQKYLVMHJVNXOOHInIUHPSRHQJHWPHGGHQDWXUOLJHYDULD VMRQHQHVEHW\GQLQJIRUGHQQHIRUPHQIRUYLQWHUIHUGVHOYLOOHGHLNNHKROGHPHGXOLNHXWJDYHU SnIRUVNMHOOLJHVWHGHU)RWRJUD¿HWVHJHQUHWRULNNKDGGHLJMHQRYHUOLVWHWPHJ6nOHQJHMHJVNLI WHWVWHGRJVWDQGSXQNWWLOWUDNNGHWWHVNLIWHWVHJRSSPHUNVRPKHWHQRJGHWSRHQJHWMHJYLOOH IRUPLGOHEOHVNM¡YHWLEDNJUXQQHQRJKHOWDYKHQJLJDYLQQJnHQGHELOGHWHNVWIRUnEOLnSHQEDU IRUÀHUHHQQMHJ
6HVRQJHQ YDU KHOGLJYLV ODQJ GHW nUHW RJ MHJ NXQQH VNLVVHUH HW Q\WW SURJUDP RJ EHJ\QQH RSSWDNHQH Sn Q\WW 'HQQH JDQJHQ YDOJWH MHJ HW VWDQGSXQNW VRP MHJ YLVVWH YLOOH Y UH OHWW WLOJMHQJHOLJKHOHnUHWRJVRPRJVnLQQHKROGWGHQnUVWLGVYDULDVMRQHQMHJYDUXWHHWWHUnGRNX mentere (1.01)(WWHUHQGU¡\PnQHGPHGRSSWDNDYXOLNHVLWXDVMRQHUVDWWHMHJSnQ\WWIRWR JUD¿HQHRSSYHGVLGHQDYKYHUDQGUH(QGDHQJDQJYDUYLUNQLQJHQVOnHQGH-HJVnYHJHWD VMRQHQVRPQ\LKYHUWRSSWDNMHJVnGHQKYLWHVQ¡HQVPHOWHERUWRJEOLVYDUWHUHRJVYDUWHUH NMHUUHYHLHQNRPJUDGYLVIUHPO\QJHQEOHJU¡QQGHQW¡UUHVDQGHQI¡UVWEOHNRJGHUHWWHUJMHQ QRPYnWRJIDUJHPHWWHWXQGHUUHJQY UHWOLNHHWWHUSn6HNYHQVHQJMRUGHPHJEHGUHLVWDQG WLOnEHVNULYHGHQDWXUOLJHYDULDVMRQHQHVYLUNQLQJLRPUnGHWHQQRPMHJKDGGHRSSKROGWPHJ SnVWHGHW2JMHJPnWWHLQQVHDWVDPPHQOLJQLQJHQVHOYLNNHYDUHWSURGXNWDYHUIDULQJHQL RPUnGHWPHQKRYHGVDNHOLJYDUPXOLJJMRUWDYDWMHJNXQQHOHJJHXOLNHRSSWDNDYRPUnGHW YHGVLGHQDYKYHUDQGUH'DMHJVHQHUHJMHQWRNSURJUDPPHWPHGHQNM¡UHYHLVRPMHJRIWH EUXNHUHQWHQVRPELOLVWHOOHUWLOIRWVEOHMHJVOnWWDYKYRUXQGHUOLJGHWYDUnVHHWYLQWHUELOGH RPVRPPHUHQ,GHWWHWLOIHOOHWIRUHJLNNLNNHOHQJHUVDPPHQOLJQLQJHQNXQPHOORPGHIRUHOLJ JHQGHIRWRJUD¿HQHPHQRJVnPHOORPGHQHUIDULQJHQDYRPUnGHWMHJGHURJGDVDWWPHGHQ VRPPHUHUIDULQJRJGHQYLQWHUVLWXDVMRQHQVRPIRWRJUD¿HWWLOORWPHJnGDQQHHQIRUHVWLOOLQJDY (UIDULQJHQJDQRNHWSURJUDP'HQQHJDQJHQOnLNNHEDUHVWDQGSXQNWRJSHUVSHNWLYIDVW PHQRJVnGHNOLPDWLVNHIRUKROGHQH2YHUWUHSnI¡OJHQGHGDJHUIRWRJUDIHUWHMHJHQVNRJVYHL GHUVROHQVJDQJVSLOOHWPHOORPO\VRJVN\JJHDNWXDOLVHUWHVS¡UVPnOHWRPOLNKHWHQVDUWHWKHW RJKHOKHW+YHUJDQJMHJWRNWXUHQQHGWLOSXQNWHWGHUWUHVWHLQHUPDUNHUWHVWDWLYHWVSRVLVMRQ EOHVS¡UVPnOHWVWDGLJPHUSnWUHQJHQGHRPMHJKYHUJDQJVnGHWVDPPHODQGVNDSHWRJLVn IDOOKYDEHVWRGVDPPHQIDOOHWL"
)RUV¡NHW Sn n NRQWUROOHUH DOOH YDULDEOHU L HW RPUnGH XQGHU nSHQ KLPPHO UHGXNVMRQHQ DY PDWHULHOONRPSOHNVLWHWJDDOWVnHWULNWRSSVODJDYVS¡UVPnO,NNHPLQVWEOHMHJVWDGLJPHUXVLN
26
NHUSnNREOLQJHQPHOORPIDVWVWDQGSXQNWXWVQLWWRJLDNWWDWWELOGH7YLOHQEOHHQGDPHUSUHN U GDMHJEHJ\QWHnIRWRJUDIHUHIUDELORJRSSGDJHWDWGHWLNNHQ¡GYHQGLJYLVYDUQRHQHQW\GLJ VDPPHQKHQJPHOORPELOGHWMHJIRWRJUDIHUWHRJELOGHWMHJLDNWWRN1nUMHJVHQHUHNRPKMHP RJEHWUDNWHWIRWRJUD¿HWIUDVMnI¡UVHWHWVWHPWHLNNHQ¡GYHQGLJYLVGHWWHELOGHWRYHUHQVPHG GHWMHJHULQGUHWRJIRUYHQWHWPHJ(UIDULQJHQIUDHQWXURYHU6DOWIMHOOHWPHGVSUHGWPRWO\V EOnE\JHVN\HUGHQKYLWHYLGGDRJGHQVYDUWHIXNWLJHYHLEDQHQEOHIXOOVWHQGLJPLVKDQGOHWDY IRWRJUD¿HWMHJ¿NNPHGPHJIUDIHUGHQ3nYHLQHGRYHU'XQGHUODQGVGDOHQJLNNGHWRSSIRU PHJDWGHWQ UPHVWHMHJKDGGHNXQQHWNRPPHHQGRNXPHQWDVMRQDYIHUGHQLNNHYDUIRWR JUD¿HWWDWWRSSIUDVMnI¡UVHWHWPHQKDGGHY UWnVWDQVHELOHQJnXWVHWWHRSSVWDWLYHWRJ DYELOGHKLPPHOGUDPDWLNNHQRJGHQSUDJPDWLVNHYHLOLQMHQPHGVWDWLYODQJOXNNHUWLGRJIRNXV VWLOWQHVWHQSnXHQGHOLJ
)RWRJUDIHULQJHQ KDU JMHQQRP KHOH DUEHLGHW IRUVWHUNHW IRUVWnHOVHQ DY IRWRJUD¿HW VRP VHOY VWHQGLJSUHVHQWDVMRQVPHGLXP*MHQQRPIRWRJUDIHULQJHQKDUMHJNXQQHWLDNWWDKYRUGDQIRWR JUD¿HW IUHPVWLOOHV VRP QRH PHU HQQ HQ PHNDQLVN YLUNHOLJKHWVNRSL *DSHW PHOORP ¿JXUDWLY DYELOGQLQJRJIUHPVWLOWIRWRJUD¿KDUGHUPHGLNNHEDUHSnYLVWNDUDNWHULVNHWUHNNYHGIRWRJUD IHULQJVWHNQLNNHQPHQRJVnDYGHNNHWGHOHUDYGHQEHW\GQLQJVGDQQHOVHQVRPOLJJHUWLOJUXQQ IRUODQGVNDSHWVHOY
Retorisk fremstilling
Skriving
6HOYHIUHPVWLOOLQJHQDYDYKDQGOLJHQJMHQQRPWHNVWRJLOOXVWUDVMRQHUKDURJVnY UWHQGHODY GHQPHWRGLVNHWLOHJQHOVHQDYNXQQVNDS)¡UVWJMHQQRPVNULYLQJHQKDUMHJNXQQHWEHNUHIWH HOOHUDYNUHIWHPLQIRUVWnHOVHLSUDNVLV6NULYHSURVHVVHQKDURJVnDYGHNNHWNXQQVNDSVKXOO PDQJOHQGH OHGG L DUJXPHQWDVMRQVUHNNHQ HOOHU XKHOGLJH IHLOWRONQLQJHU 6NULYLQJHQ KDU Y UW XWI¡UW HWWHU XWDOOLJH XWNDVW GLVSRVLVMRQHU RJ LGpHU WLO YLGHUH UHWQLQJ 'HW KDU LNNH Y UW HQ SURVHVVXWHQPnORJPHQLQJPHQPHUY UWSUHJHWDYJDQJHQVOLN2UKDQ3DPXNEHVNULYHU VLQHJHQVNULYHSURVHVVVRPHQ´«YHUGHQMHJXWIRUVNHUVNDSHURJE\JJHUYLGHUHSnYHGn IDEXOHUHRJYHGnnSQHVHLOHQHIRUXYHQWHGHNDVWHYLQGHUPHQVMHJXRSSK¡UOLJVWXGHUHUNDUWHW 3DPXN´
6NULYLQJHQKDUY UWHQVDPWLGLJXWIRUVNQLQJDYXQGHUV¡NHOVHQVPDWHULDOHRJDYKDQGOLQJHQV IRUP9HGnSUDNWLVHUHSnVWDQGHURJEHJUHSHUKDUMHJNXQQHWE\JJHRSSHWIRUPnOVWMHQHOLJ RJUHOHYDQWEHJUHSVDSSDUDWRYHUWLG9HGnEOLEUXNWKDUEHJUHSHQHEOLWWQ\DQVHUWMXVWHUWHOOHU E\WWHWXWRJMHJKDURJVnNXQQHWIRUDQNUHGHPLHNVLVWHUHQGHIRUVNQLQJVDUEHLGHUHWWHUKYHUW VRPMHJKDUEOLWWNMHQWPHGGHP'HWWHKDUVDPWLGLJY UWHQDYGHVWRUHIRUGHOHQHYHGnVNUL YHHQPRQRJUD¿7LGVURPPHWKDUWLOODWWPHJnXWIRUVNHHQQ\YHUGHQWLOHJQHPHJNXQQVNDS RJGHUHWWHUDQYHQGHGHQQHNXQQVNDSHQSnGHWIHOWHWMHJKHOHWLGHQKDUXQGHUV¡NW8OHPSHQ HUDWGHWVDPPHWLGVURPPHWKDUJMRUWGHWPXOLJnRPJnYDQVNHOLJHSUREOHPVWLOOLQJHURJXWVHW WHXXQQJnHOLJHYDOJVOLNDWDYKDQGOLQJHQVUHWQLQJOHQJHVWRGnSHQ
Dialog og sannsynliggjøring
/DQGVNDSHWV DQDO\VHUEDUKHW IRUVWnWW PHG XWJDQJVSXQNW L RYHUJDQJHQ PHOORP HUIDULQJ RJ
\WULQJNUHYHUHWNYDOLWDWLYWDUJXPHQWRJHQUHWRULVNRSSE\JJHWDUJXPHQWDVMRQVUHNNH)RUVWn
27
HOVHQJLWWDYVNULYLQJOLWWHUDWXUVWXGLHURJHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHUHULDYKDQGOLQJHQIRUPXOHUWPHG WDQNH Sn n OHJJH WLO UHWWH IRU Q\H KRULVRQWVDPPHQVPHOWLQJHU )RUPnOHW PHG GH IUHPVWLOWH IRWRJUD¿HQHKDULNNHSULP UWY UWnDYELOGHRPUnGHUPHQnIRWRJUDIHUHGHPXWIUDGHWland- skapetMHJKDU¡QVNHWnSUHVHQWHUH/D]]DUR3nWLOVYDUHQGHPnWHVNDOGHPDQJH WHNVWVLWDWHQHW\GHOLJJM¡UHGHWDOOPHQQHYHGPDQJHDYGHHUIDULQJVVLWXDVMRQHQHMHJWUHNNHU LQQLDUJXPHQWDVMRQHQ-HJKDURJVn¡QVNHWnODGHPDQJHDXWRULWHWHQHMHJKDUVW¡WWHWPHJ WLONRPPHPHGVLQHEXGVNDSVOLNGHVHOYKDURUGODJWVHJ'HWWHKDUWLGYLVJLWWUHODWLYWODQJH VLWDWHUPHQHUDOWVnJMRUWIRUDWLNNH\WULQJHQVSUHVLVMRQVNDOIRUVYLQQHLRPVNULYQLQJHU
$YKDQGOLQJHQKDUGHUIRUInWWHQUHWRULVNIRUPGHUMHJJMHQQRPWHNVWRJLOOXVWUDVMRQHUIRUV¡
NHUnLQQOHPPHOHVHUHQLHQEHVWHPWIRUVWnHOVHVKRULVRQWRJQnOHVHUHQPHGDYKDQGOLQJHQV EXGVNDS.M¡UXSNDUDNWHULVHUHUUHWRULNNHQVRPHQWHQNHPnWHRJVWUDWHJLVNKDQGOLQJ.M¡UXS VRPLNNHLQQODWHUVHJSnnIRUI¡OJHSnYLVHHOOHUYHUL¿VHUHHYLJYDUHQGHVDQQKHWHU 'HULPRWUHWWHUPHWRGHQVHJLQQPRWnSUHVHQWHUHKHQGHOVHUKHQWHWIUDKYHUGDJVYLUNHOLJKHWHQ YXUGHUWVRPVDQQV\QOLJHRJPHGWURYHUGLJHUHIHUDQVHUWLOSUDNVLVRJNXQQVNDSSnHQRYHUEH YLVHQGHPnWH.M¡UXS,WUnGPHGDYKDQGOLQJHQVIRUVWnHOVHDYODQGVNDSGHURPUn GHWRJIRUHVWLOOLQJHQRPGHWLNNHWLOK¡UHUWRVHSDUDWHYHUGHQHUPHQGDQQHVLXWYHNVOLQJHQ PHOORPGHWLQWHQGHUWHRJGHWIRUPnOVO¡VHGHWHUNMHQWHRJGHWHUIDUWHLQGLYLGRJVDPIXQQYLO GHQUHWRULVNHIUHPVWLOOLQJHQNXQQHWLOE\HWYHUNW¡\GHUDUJXPHQWHWJM¡UHVDOOPHQWWLOJMHQJHOLJ XWHQnJM¡UHNUDYSnXQLYHUVHOOHOOHUDEVROXWWJ\OGLJKHW
28
29
2 Veien som en felles og delt erfaringssituasjon
30
31
ƌŝŬŬĞĚĞƩĞďŝůĚĞĂǀǀĞƌĚĞŶƐLJŶůŝŐĨŽƌĂůůĞƐŽŵŚĂƌƐŝŶĞƐĂŶƐĞƌŝďĞŚŽůĚ͍,ǀŽƌĨŽƌƚĂůĞƌĚĞƚĚĂŝŬŬĞ ůŝŬĞĚĂŶƟůĂůůĞ;ƵŐƵƐƟŶƵƐϮϬϬϴ͗ϭϴϴͲϭϴϵͿ͍
ŌĞŶĞƐĚĞŝůŝŐŚĞƚůĊŽŵŬƌŝŶŐŚĞŶŶĞ͕ŽŐŚƵŶƐĊĚĞŶŝŬŬĞ͖ŵĞŶDŝĚƚƐŬŽŐƉůĂƐƐĞŶĚĂŶŶĞƚĞƚůLJƐĞƌĞ ƉƵŶŬƚŝůĂŶĚƐŬĂƉĞƚ͕ŽŐŬƵŶƉĊĚĞƩĞƉĂƌƟŚĂĚĚĞŚĞŶŶĞƐůLJƐĞƆLJŶĞĚǀĞůĞƚ͕ŶĊƌŚƵŶŝĚĞůĂŶŐĞ͕
ĞŶƐŽŵŵĞĚĂŐĞƌǀŽŬƚĞƚƐŝŶĞŬƌĞĂƚƵƌĞƌ;,ĞƌƌĞϭϵϵϳ͗ϭϭͲϭϮͿ͘
Slik både Augustin antydet i tiden ved Romerrikets oppløsning og romantikeren Bernhard Herre observerte på en av sine mange skogsvandringer nesten 1500 år senere, stiller også avhandlingens problemstilling til skue vanskelighetene med å henvise til en allmenn billed- verden. Problemet kan imidlertid ikke overses eller reduseres til et spørsmål om subjektiv opplevelse dersom oppfatningen som bindeleddet mellom individ og profesjonsytring skal kunne opprettholdes. Analysemetoder for landskap kan ikke slå seg til ro med vandrerens og seterjentens ulike iakttagelser, men må søke bakgrunnen for ulikhetene i hvordan land- skap forstås og fremstilles. Landskapskonseptet selv og de teoritradisjonene som mange av analysemetodene støtter seg til, må derfor undersøkes nærmere. Formålet er å kunne argu- mentere for berettigelsen av å operere med en felles og delt erfaringssituasjon som individet på den ene siden tar del i, og som analysemetoder for landskap på den andre siden innlem- mer i et avklart profesjonsbilde.
2.1 Individet tar del i en felles og delt erfaringssituasjon
Innenfor en begrepsverden der landskap forstås som oppfatninger av områder, der naturlige og menneskelige faktorer erfares og artikuleres som ferd og fortelling, vil den rene erfarin- gen gradvis og umerkelig gå over i en allerede kjent og avklart billedverden slik dikteren og empirikeren Johan Wolfgang von Goethe beskrev hendelsen allerede tidlig på 1800-tallet (Goethe 1994:15):
Enhver iakttagelse går over i en rolig betraktning; betraktningen vekker til eftertanke, og efter- tanken forbinder tingene med hverandre.
Men man kunne like gjerne reversere prosessen og følge de sammenstilte tingene tilbake til deres opphav. Geografene Dennis Cosgrove og Stephen Daniels påpekte det gjensidige bidraget til landskapsdannelsen fra både kvalitative variasjoner og kulturelle virksomheter i innledningen til en samling artikler på 1980-tallet (Cosgrove & Daniels 1988:1):
A landscape park is more palpable but no more real, nor less imaginary, than a landscape painting or poem. Indeed the meanings of verbal, visual and built landscapes have a complex interwoven history. To understand a built landscape, say an eightheen-century English park, it is usually necessary to understand written and verbal representations of it, not as ‘illustra- tions’, images standing outside it, but as constituent images of its meaning and meanings.
Landskap kan derfor like gjerne iakttas gjennom individets deltagelse i et kvalitativt skiftende område som den enkeltes deltagelse i en kulturell virksomhet som i sine tekster og illustra- sjoner tar de ulike områdene i bruk på hvert sitt vis.
32
2.0133 Landskap iakttas gjennom deltagelse i et kvalitativt opptaksorgan
Det kvalitative opptaksorganet som kropp, farkost og område
I The Two Landscapes of Northern Norway0HO¡HEHVNULYHU¿ORVRIHQ-DNRE0HO¡H
¿VNHUHQVHYQHWLOnJMHQNMHQQHHQQDWXUOLJRJJRGKDYQRJUHLQJMHWHUHQVIHUGLJKHWWLOnJMHQ- kjenne en god jassaVQ¡ÀHNNGHUUHLQHQNDQV¡NHWLOÀXNWIUDP\JJRJYDUPHVRPPHUVWLG 6HQWUDOWL0HO¡HVEHVNULYHOVHDY¿VNHUHQVODQGVNDSVWnUfarkosten, båten. På oversiden er EnWHQWLOSDVVHW¿VNHUHQVNURSSKDQVUHGVNDSRJJM¡UHPnO3nXQGHUVLGHQHUEnWHQWLOSDVVHW havet den styres gjennom og havnen den landes i (Meløe 1988:391). Til sammen danner dermed farkost, kropp og område et kvalitativt enhetlig opptaksorgan som danner grunnlaget IRU¿VNHUHQVHUIDULQJRJNMHQQVNDSWLOGHWRPUnGHWKDQIHUGHVL'HWWHRUJDQHWRSSVWnULNNH som en addisjon av elementene kropp og område, men utgjør derimot en enhetlig sammen- stilling av kropp, område og, i dette tilfellet, båt som organets farkost.
Kvaliteten kommer til syne gjennom et forløp av variasjoner
:ĞŐŚĂĚĚĞǀĞůǀčƌƚŚĞƌŚƵŶĚƌĞĚĞŐĂŶŐĞƌ͖ŵĞŶĚĞŶŶĞŬůĞǀƐƐƚƆƌƐƚĞǀĞƌĚĞƌĚĞƚ͕ĂƚĚĞŶĂůĚƌŝĞƌůŝŬ ƐĞŐƐĞůǀ;,ĞƌƌĞϭϵϵϳ͗ϯϬͿ͘
Det kvalitative organet vil foreligge i forskjellige utgaver alt etter kroppens, områdets og IDUNRVWHQVWLOVWDQG'HQW\VNH¿ORVRIHQ+DQV*HRUJ*DGDPHUVLHUDW´>L@NDWHJRULDOIRUVWDQG er enhver forandring (alloiósis) en kvalitet, det vil si en aksidens ved substansen (Gadamer
´,GHQQHEHW\GQLQJHQHUNYDOLWHWHQWLOIHOGLJRJWHPSRU UHJHQVNDSYHGPDWHULDOL- teten. Den sier i utgangspunktet ikke noe mer om denne tilstandens varighet eller formålstje- nelighet utover å konstatere materialitetens beskaffenhet, dens aktuelle egenskaper iakttatt i en bestemt situasjon og fra et avklart standpunkt. For at kvaliteten skal vise seg som en særskilt utgave ved seg selv, kreves det likevel at de kvalitative variasjonene iakttas, slik at varigheten og karakteren til hver enkelt tilstand kommer til syne. På denne måten vil den rene observasjonen, den umiddelbare forbindelsen mellom øye og område, gi et fattbart organisk bilde. Fra et bestemt punkt lar jeg øye følge en vei (2.01). Gjennom dagen ser jeg fra det samme punktet hvordan lyset skifter i trekronene og hvordan skyggene samler eller strekker trærne utover, mot meg eller fra meg, før spillet opphører idet en sky eller horisonten skygger for solen. Fra et annet punkt like i nærheten ser jeg hvordan et stykke av E6 forandrer seg fra morgen til kveld, med sollyset rett mot og gjennom skrått inn fra siden eller helt fraværende i den skogkledde skråningen bak (2.02). I det iakttatte, organiske bildet fastholdes et utvalg av områdenes kvalitative variasjoner.
Opphavet til det organiske bildet tilskrives materialitetens kjennetegn
'HWRUJDQLVNHDVSHNWHWYHGODQGVNDSVGDQQHOVHQKDULQWHUHVVHUWÀHUHIRUVNHUHLGHQIHQRPH- QRORJLVNHYLWHQVNDSVWUDGLVMRQHQ´\HWHUHWredskap som beveger seg selv, et middel som selv setter sine mål; øyet er det som er satt i bevegelse med et bestemt sammenstøt med YHUGHQ0HUOHDX3RQW\´KHYGHU0DXULFH0HUOHDX3RQW\LØye og hånden. Tilpas- ningen mellom menneskets organer og de omgivelsene mennesket er en del av, øyets billed- GDQQHQGHHYQHNDQLNNHEHW\DQQHWKHYGHUGHQW\VNH¿ORVRIHQ*HUQRW%|KPHHQQDWGHW LDNWWDJEDUHNRPPHUI¡ULDNWWDJHOVHQ%|KPH6\QVDNWHQInUGHUPHGNDUDN-
34
29. september 11:10
VHSWHPEHU
29. september 14:34
VHSWHPEHU
2.02
35
ter av å etablere et mimetisk forhold mellom betrakter og det betraktede slik Dag Andersson EHVNULYHUELOOHGGDQQHOVHQ´,GHWPLPHWLVNHIRUKROGHUGHWLNNHEDUHYLVRPKDUHWEHVWHPW blikk på tingene. Tingene besvarer blikket og kaster sine blikk tilbake på oss (Andersson
´ 'HWWH EHW\U VDPWLGLJ KHYGHU$QGHUVVRQ DW KYLV YL DNWHU Sn WLQJHQH YLO YL LNNH bare være henvist til en forestilling om dem, men også kunne ha tilgang til tingene slik de er (Andersson 2001:39). Det organiske synet gir iakttageren tilgang til verden slik den viser seg som synlig.
Opphavet til det organiske bildet tilskrives den organiske atmosfæren
Organet selv, og ikke det betraktede området, kan også trekkes frem som opphav til billed- GDQQHOVHQ,I¡OJH*HUQRW%|KPHWLOK¡UHULNNHELOGHQHGHQLDNWWDWWHSHUVRQHQHOOHUGHWLDNW- tatte området, men den særegne atmosfærenPDWHULDOLWHWELGUDUWLOnVNDSH,I¡OJH%|KPH krever undersøkelsen av atmosfæren at man gir avkall på å undersøke gjenstanden som en NODUWDYJUHQVHW´WLQJ´PHGHQW\GLJIDVWODJWHHJHQVNDSHU,VWHGHQPnPDQWHQNHVHJDWJMHQ- standens egenskaper viser seg, ja, nærmest trer ut av seg selv og blir til i det øyeblikket de DUWLNXOHUHVIRUHNVHPSHOVOLNGHWYLOY UHWLOIHOOHPHGHQEOnIDUJHWNRSS%|KPH
Die Existenz der Tasse ist in dieser Auffassung der Eigenschaft blau bereits mit enthalten, denn das Blausein ist ja eine Weise der Tasse, dazusein, eine Artikulation ihrer Präsenz, der Weise ihrer Anwesenhet. Das Ding wird so nicht mehr durch seine Unterscheidungen gegen anderes, seine Abgrenzung und Einheit gedacht, sondern durch die Weisen, wie es aus sich heraustritt.
Atmosfære er en momentan hendelse, den er grunnleggende sansbar og vil derfor oppstå VRPHQWRWDOLWHWDYNURSSRJRPJLYHOVHU%|KPHKHYGHUDWLPRWVHWQLQJWLOGHWnPHUNHVHJ VHOYVRPLQQHKROGHUHWYLVVWLQQVODJDYUHÀHNVLYLWHWLQQHE UHULDNWWDJHOVHDYDWPRVI UHU kun iakttagelse av atmosfæren selv, og det er denne iakttagelsen som gir meg holdepunkter RPKYRUMHJEH¿QQHUPHJ$WPRVI UHQEOLUGHWXEHVWHPWEHVWHPWHGHQIRUQHPEDUHIHOOHV YLUNHOLJKHWHQVRPRSSVWnUPHOORPLDNWWDJHURJGHWLDNWWDWWH%|KPH
Opphavet til det organiske bildet tilskrives kroppens oppbygning og bevegelsesevne Merleau-Ponty (Merleau-Ponty 1994) har i verk som Kroppens fenomenologi i enda større grad betonet øyet som del av en sansende og betydningsskapende kropp. Områdets kvali- tative variasjoner erfares som en kinestetisk tilstand som også synet blir en del av. Meløes XWVDJQRPDW´>W@KH¿VKHUPDQVHHVZKDWKHVHHVLQWHUPVRIZKDWKHGRHV0HO¡H´
NDQWRONHVLGHQQHNXQQVNDSVWUDGLVMRQHQ(GZDUG&DVH\&DVH\KDUYLVWDWVDPPHQ- hengen mellom kropp, bevegelse og område ikke er av nyere dato. Casey trekker blant DQQHWIUHP.DQWVIRUVWnHOVHDYDWWLQJHQH´«UHTXLUHRXULQWHUYHQWLRQWREHFRPHRULHQWDWHG
&DVH\´RJDWGHQQHRUGQLQJHQI¡UVWIRUHWDVDYNURSSHQGHUHWWHUDYLQWHOOHNWHW Kroppens inndeling i en for- og bakside gir et erfaringsgrunnlag for en videre systematise- ULQJDYYHUGHQHWWHUHWK¡\UHYHQVWUHVNMHPD&DVH\'HU.DQWEHKDQGOHUNURS- pens betydning noe på siden av sine sentrale arbeider, plasserer Husserl kroppen i sentrum for all erfaring som Null-Körper´'HU/HLEEHZHJWVLFKRKQHVLFK]XHQWIHUQHQ+XVVHUOL
&DVH\´%HYHJHOVHQVNDSHULPLGOHUWLGHQNLQHVWHWLVNI¡OHOVHVRPRPUnGHWVV UOLJH EHVNDIIHQKHWSUHVLVWEOLUHUIDUWJMHQQRP+XVVHUOL&DVH\0HUOHDX3RQW\IRUWVHWWHU undersøkelsene av kroppens betydning ved å sette handling foran ting og hevde at kroppens
36
intensjonalitet, dens evne til å orientere seg mot noe annet enn sin egen kropp og samtidig erfare kroppen som en selvstendig enhet, ikke bare gir en følelse av, men samtidig konsti- WXHUHUGHWDOOPHQWHUIDUEDUHRJGHUPHGRJVnRPUnGHWVRPVnGDQ&DVH\'HQ gjennomførte bevegelsen legger også grunnlaget for å kunne forestille muligheten av virtuell IRUÀ\WQLQJ7LOVDPPHQJM¡UGHHQNXQQVNDSRPRPUnGHWWLOJMHQJHOLJLQQHQIRUHWIHQRPHQ- GRPHQH´7KHZKROHRSHUDWLRQLQFOXGHVWKHYLUWXDOPRYHPHQWRIWKHOLYHGERG\LQWRDQGRXW of) places of possible action as well as the various ways in which this body is itself a place
&DVH\´
Opphavet til det organiske bildet tilskrives farkosten som en modi¿kasjon av kroppen og veien som en modi¿kasjon av området
Som en videreføring av forståelsen av kroppens betydning i opptaksorganet, kan det også pekes på hvordan endringer i organets farkost og område bidrar til at premissene for iakt- tagelsen endres. Merleau-Ponty hevder at den blindes stokk ikke oppfattes som en ting han KROGHULKnQGHQPHQDW´«VSLGVHQHUIRUYDQGOHWWLOHWVDQVHRPUnGHGHQIRU¡JHUI¡OHVDQ- VHQVRPIDQJRJU NNHYLGGHGHQHUEOHYHWDQDORJPHGEOLNNHW0HUOHDX3RQW\´
På tilsvarende måte som stokkens spiss danner kontaktpunktet mellom den utvidede krop- SHQRJRPUnGHWGHQP¡WHULQQI¡UHUGHQIDUHQGHVIDUNRVWHWPRGL¿VHUHQGHPHOORPOHGGVRP preger den kinestetiske følelsen. Med farkost menes den farendes befordringsmiddel i vid IRUVWDQGDOWIUDNURSSWLOURPIHUJHPHQLGHQQHVDPPHQKHQJHQI¡OJHVPRGL¿NDVMRQHQODQJV et forløp som begynner med fottøyet, vandreren, og fortsetter gjennom hjul, motor, og karos- VHULWLOVMnI¡UHQ,DOOHWULQQHQHIRUHJnUHQXWYLGHOVHDYGHQHUIDUHQGHNURSSHQ´$WY QQH sig til en hat, en bil eller en stok vil sige at indrætte sig i dem e ller omvendt lade dem få del L HJHQNURSSHQV YROXPLQ¡VLWHW 0HUOHDX3RQW\ ´ VLHU 0HUOHDX3RQW\ RJ KHQOHGHU dermed oppmerksomheten på hvordan for eksempel kropp og bil i bestemte sammenhenger utgjør en kvalitativ enhet selv om de holdes adskilt med ord og også kan separeres materielt i mange tilfeller.
Nye måter å bevege seg på, nye kommunikasjonsformer og ferdselsårer gir både nye estetis- ke erfaringsformer og samtidig nye bilder å vurdere de eksisterende ut fra. Wolfgang Schivel- EXVFKEHVNULYHUGHQODQGVNDSVHQGULQJHQVRPIDQWVWHGGDGDPSPDVNLQHQHUVWDWWHW hestekrefter som drivkraft. Den nye iakttagelsen av områder foregikk både gjennom en stan- dardisering av veien ved hjelp av skinnegang, og en standardisering av farkosten der kropp, KHVWRJYRJQIUDnUHQHEOHHUVWDWWHWDYGHWPHNDQLVNHWRJHW6FKLYHOEXVFK Skiftet medførte en særlig endring av skalaen. Blant annet ble den farendes rekkevidde utvi- GHWPHQVUHLVHWLGHQEOHUHGXVHUW6FKLYHOEXVFKGHWXPLGGHOEDUHELOGHWEOHDYJUHQ- VHWDYIDUNRVWHQVKDVWLJKHWRJUHWQLQJ6FKLYHOEXVFKNRQWLQXLWHWHQPHOORPNURSS RJ RPUnGH EOH RSSO¡VW 6FKLYHOEXVFK RJ IRUKROGHQH PHOORP GH XOLNH VWHGHQHV IXQNVMRQVRPVHQWUXPRJNQXWHSXQNWHUEOHIRUDQGUHW6FKLYHOEXVFK'HQQ\HHUID- ringsformen gjorde at verden for mange fremstod som mindre.
Det kvalitative opptaksorganet erfares som visuelt og kinestetisk moment
^ŶĂƌƚďůĞǀĞŝĞŶƐƟ͕ŽŐĞŶŐŝŬŬƉĊďůƆƚďĂƌŶĊůĞůůĞƌǀĂƐƐĞƚŝƚƆƌƚ͕ŚĂůǀǀŝƐƐĞŶƚŐƌĂƐ͘KǀĞƌŇĂďĞƌŐĞŶĞ ǀĂƌĚĞƚƐĊŚĞƩĂƚĚĞƚƐƚĂŬŬƵŶĚĞƌĨŽƚƐĊůĞŶ͘dŝůƐůƵƩǀĂƌĚĞƚŝŬŬĞƐƟŚĞůůĞƌʹŵĞŶŶĊƌƐŬĂůĞŶŐĊ ƐŬĂƵůĞŝƐŽŵŝŬŬĞĮŶĞƐŽŵŵĞƌĚĂŐĞŶ;,ŽůƚǀĞĚƚϭϵϳϴ͗ϭϮϬͿ͍
2.03 Moment gitt av sykliske variasjoner
