N OT AT
5 /2010
DET NORSKE JOURNALISTISKE FELTET
Jan Fredrik Hovden
Nokre sosiale og mentale strukturar
Forfattar Ansvarleg utgjevar ISSN Sats Distribusjon
Jan Fredrik Hovden Høgskulen i Volda 1891-5973
Forfattar
http://www.hivolda.no/notat
© Forfattar/Høgskulen i Volda
Føresegnene i åndsverklova gjeld for materialet i denne publikasjonen. Materialet er publisert for at du skal kunne lese det på skjermen eller framstille eksemplar til privat bruk. Utan særskild avtale med forfattar/Høgskulen i Volda er all anna eksemplarframstilling og tilgjengeleggjering berre tillate så langt det har heimel i lov eller avtale med Kopinor, interesseorgan for rettshavarar til åndsverk.
Om notatserien
Ulike slag publikasjonar av mindre omfang, t.d. forprosjektnotat, papers,
artikkelutkast o.a. Eit hovudføremål med serien er å stimulere til publisering og
fagleg debatt i miljøet. Kvar forfattar er ansvarleg for sitt arbeid, og dekan skal vere
orientert om utgjevinga på førehand. Manuset må vere gjennomarbeidd med omsyn
til språk og struktur.
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1 Denne artikkelen er ei oppsummering av nokre sentrale poeng i mi dr. avhandling Profane and Sacred (Hovden, 2008). For utdjuping av analysene og metoden syner eg til denne teksten, som og ligg tilgjengeleg i fulltekst på nettet.
2 Nokre klassiske tekstar her er David Manning White´s studie av journalistiske portvaktarar (1950), Peter Golding og Philip Elliot´s Making The News (1979) og Philip Schlesinger´s studie av BBC, Putting Reality Together (1978) 3 Sjå td. Golding og Murdoch (1991), Allern (2001) og Høst (1996).
4 Ein prosopografi er ein type kollektiv biografi av eit sosialt mikrokosmos, der individ sine bakgrunnar og
posisjonar (i brei forstand) vert gjort gjenstand for ei omfattande empirisk samling og analyse. For ein introduksjon til den franske prosopografiske tradisjonen, sjå Broady (2002). Av Bourdieu sine verk er Homo Academicus (1988) ein av dei meir kjende døme på ein slik analyse.
5 Om feltteorien sjølvsagt er eit veletablert perspektiv i norsk sosiologi, finst det få større feltstudiar av
prosopografisk type. Eit unntak er Hjellebrekke og Korsnes (2005; 2007) sine studiar av det norske maktfeltet.
Høstaker (1997) sin studie av akademikarar ved to fakultet i Bergen bør òg nemnast her.
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BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER BARNETS YRKE VED 30-35 ÅRS ALDER
Journalist Ingeniør Kunstnar Lærar Jurist Lege
FARS YRKE N 297 3123 286 4187 143 462
Akademikar 98 3,7 0,9 0,0 2,4 0,0 7,7
Høgare stilling i offentleg
administrasjon 627 1,7 1,4 4,0 3,0 5,3 7,8
Lege, tannlege, farmasøyt 282 2,6 0,9 1,8 3,8 8,8 43,7
Jurist 108 0,0 1,6 0,0 2,5 57,0 29,4
Lærar, vidaregåande 602 3,0 1,1 1,7 5,0 1,4 6,2
Leiande stilling i industrien 1961 3,1 1,6 3,3 1,8 5,9 4,2
Lærar, grunnskule 542 1,3 0,9 7,5 3,6 0,0 5,5
Ingeniør 1112 1,6 2,5 3,6 1,9 3,0 5,0
Lågare stilling i offentleg
administrasjon 383 0 1,8 1,3 2,0 0,0 3,9
Journalist 97 11,4 1,2 0,0 2,4 8,6 3,8
Handel 2832 1,9 0,9 2,1 1,7 2,6 3,3
Kontor/serviceyrke 3215 1,0 0,8 0,9 1,8 2,1 1,3
Handverkar 2266 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,0 0,7 1,5
Ufaglært industriarbeidar 14001 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bonde 5199 0,7 0,7 0,7 1,5 1,0 0,7
Fiskar 1179 0 0,6 0,0 1,1 0,0 0,6
Anna yrke 12569 1,5 1,2 1,7 1,7 1,6 2,1
Kjelde: SSB Generasjonsdatabasen
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6 Jamfør til dømes Aarebrot (2003).
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7 Om dette er sant på eit generelt nivå, er dette sjølvsagt ei forenkling av ein kompleks struktur. Td. avvik journalistar i magasin og fagtidsskrift (spesielt dei siste) noko frå dette mønsteret ved å kombinere relativt låg journalistisk prestisje ved noko meir privilegerte sosiale bakgrunnar enn journalistar i dei mindre avisene.
8 Ei drøfting som må gå ut av plasshensyn er rekrutteringa av journalistelitane i høve andre sosiale elitar. Her framstår fyrstnemnde vere kjennemerka av relativ høg sosial mobilitet (kjennemerka ved ein relativ låg alder, få fedre med høgare utdanning og liten eigen utdanning). På mange måtar likner dei slik på dei politiske elitane, men skil seg frå dei ved å vere svært mannsdominert: berre 19% var kvinner (mot 39% av den politiske eliten). Jamfør (Gulbrandsen, Engelstad et al., 2002; Hjellbrekke og Korsnes, 2005).
9 Merk at ein i forfattarskapen kan finne direkte referansar til eit journalistisk felt allereie midt på åtti-talet (Bourdieu, 1984b; 1984c) og meir implisitt endå tidlegare (han snakkar td. om eit “rom av aviser” <l´espace des journaux> i
“The production of belief” frå 1977 (Bourdieu, 1993).
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10 For ei drøfting av norsk pressehistorie i eit feltperspektiv, sjå (Hovden, 2008:109-127). Liknande argument er fremja i både Eide (2000) sin norske redaktørhistorie og i Slaatta (2003:49-83).
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Far politiker Jury journalistpris
Nasjonal journalistpris
Annen journalistpris
Ingen høyere utdanning
1-2 år høy utd
3-4 år høy utd 5 år+ høy utd
Er/har vært redaktør i større mediepubl.
Statlig journalisthøyskole Ingen journalistutd.
<10 år journalist 10-20 år journalist
>20 år journalist
Annen storbypresse Ledende storbyavis
Fagpresse
Liten lokalavis Stor lokalavis
Ukepresse NRK Distrikt
NJ lokalverv
Far lærer grunnskole/vidg.
Nasjonale presseverv
TV2 Aftenposten
DN Dagbladet
VG
Nyhetsbyrå
Kommersiell radio TV annet BT
Adresseavisen
NTB
Se og hør Stavanger Aftenblad
KVINNE MANN
Oppvokst i Oslo Deltatt på SKUP-konf.
Tostrup
Far journalist Far redaktør
Far lektor univ/høgskole Far leder i offentlig sektor
Far leder i priv.næringsliv
Far realist/jurist/økonom Far ingeniør/tekn.Far lavere funk.
Far kontor/butikkarb.
Far bonde/fisker
Far håndverker Far ufaglært industriarb.
Vitenskaplig arbeid om journalistikk
KRIM
KULTUR POLITIKK
UTENRIKS
ØK/FINANS
HELSE/SAMLIV/SOSIAL KOMMUNESTOFF SPORT
Midlertidig ansatt ADM.DIR
SJEFSREDAKTØR
FRILANSER
REDAKTØR/RED.SJEF
PRODUSENT
JOURNALIST
KOMMENTAR
PROGRAMLEDER
REDIGERER
FOTOGRAF
GRAFIKK/ DESIGN
<300kr 300-499kr
>500kr Nasjonale politiske verv
Statlig utvalg om journalistikk
P2
P1
P3
NRK TV
Har avbildet i riksavis Allmennredaksjon
Spesialred.
Jury stipend/fond
ETABLERTE / KAPITAL+
ALDER + / MANN / AVIS
NYKOMMERE / KAPITAL- ALDER -/ KVINNE / KRINGKASTING SYMBOLSK KAPITAL+
ARVA KAPITAL+
NASJONAL / STORBYPRESSE
SYMBOLSK KAPITAL- ARVA KAPITAL- MAGASIN / LOKALPRESSE
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Kjelde: Hovden (2008: 196)
OLD - TOP - CAPITAL - MALE
UNIVERSALISTIC IDEOLOGY (common ideals/norm s/roles) NEUTRALISM - POSITIVISM
SACRED - PURE
LO CA
L - N . COURN JO
PITA L. A PRINT JOURNALISM
U JO
RN
. CA
PITAL
- N
ATIONAL
S
-ADVMISNARITAEC
ERSARY ROLE
ANTI-S TATE - A
NTI-P ARTY
D
ENO
LMINNAATIO
DO S MITUINATED HAB
DOMINATING HABI
TUS
YOUNG - BOTTOM - NO CAPITAL - FEMALE
PLURA
LISTIC IDEOLOGY (of ideals/norms/roles) NON-NEUTRALISM - NON-POSITIVISM
- “I am not a journalist”
- Media is too powerful - Journalism threatened by self-censorship, too Oslo-focused, advertising - “I am a journalist”
- Media is not powerful enough - AUDIENCE must be educated - SCRUTINIZE the powerful - INFLUENCE political agenda - a political / intellectual TASK - AUDIENCE is well informed, critical, responsible, reflected, tolerant, interested in politics
BROADCAST JOURNALISM PROFANE- UNCLEAN
- TRUTH “regardless of consequences”
- BE FREE from all influences/interests - TABOO on combining journalism with other types of work (e.g politics) - CORRECTIVE to other social elites - IDEAL: Have a creative personality - EXPLAIN to the audience
- AUDIENCE wants to be entertained, should not be educated - Journalism is a CALLING
- Big AUDIENCE = journalistic quality - “Journalistic debates are personally important to me”
- Should “mirror society”
- IDEAL: having a sense of justice - “life experience more important than education”
- IDEAL: “A certain cheek”
- “Journalism is an overpraised occupation”
- “Education is more important than life experience”
“RELIGIOUS VIRTOUSES”
“RELIGIOUSLY UNMUSICAL”
STRONG ILLUSIO
WEAK ILLUSIO
“MISSION FOR SOCIETY”
“IMPORTANT JOURNALISM”
“UNIMPORTANT JOURNALISM”
- Journalism is JUST AN ORDINARY JOB
11 Figuren er konstruert på basis av ei lesing av korleis journalistane sine posisjonstakingar fordeler seg i feltkonstruksjonen i figur 1 (i form av passive punkt (jfr. Le Roux og Rouanet, 2004:204). I motsetnad til
tradisjonelle framstillingar av MCA vert her synt berre den generelle vektorretninga (mot nedre venstre, mot toppen osb.), ikkje dei presise koordinatane for enkeltpunkt. Samstundes er informasjonen på fleire spørsmål forsøkt samanfatta til å antyde meir generelle disposisjonar, noko som sjølvsagt må medføre ein stor grad av tolking (figuren har slik eit klart innslag av det Bourdieu (1984a:452) kallar eit “teoretisk skjema”).
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a) Inkluderer også telegrambyrå og andre aviser med nasjonale rekkevidde om enn ofte medium storleik, som Klassekampen, Morgenbladet, Vårt Land og Dagens Næringsliv. b) Aftenposten, Stavanger Aftenblad, Adresseavisen og Bergens Tidende. c) Lokale aviser med under 6 registrerte medlemer i NJ vert rekna som små, elles som store. d) Den store journalistprisen, Narvesen-, Hirschfeld- eller SKUP-pris.
12 For eit meir omfattande tabellverk, sjå Hovden(2008:146-150).
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Hegge, Per Egil (Aftenposten) 7,4 % Geelmuyden, Nils C. (DN) 0,8 % Johansen, Jahn Otto (NRK) 0,5 % Osvold, Sissel B. (Dagbladet) 5,1 % Hafstad, Anne (Aftenp.) 0,8 % Kapuscinski, Ryszard 0,5 % Valebrokk, Kåre (TV2) 3,0 % Bye, Erik (NRK) 0,7 % Mannes, Siri Lill (TV2) 0,5 % Grosvold, Anne (NRK) 2,7 % Fisk, Robert 0,7 % Olufsen, Bernt (VG) 0,5 % Stangehelle, Harald (Aftenp.) 2,7 % Woodward/Bernstein 0,7 % Østlie, Kjetil (Aftenp.) 0,5 % Steinfeld, Hans-W (NRK) 2,5 % Borch, Christian (NRK) 0,7 % Botnen, Bjarte (Vårt Land) 0,4 % Kristansen, Tomm (NRK) 2,1 % Engdal, Eskil (DN) 0,7 % Børde, Håkon (NRK) 0,4 % Holm, Arne O. (NRK) 1,5 % Jacobsen, Alf R (NRK) 0,7 % Egeland, John Olav (Dagbl.) 0,4 % Skouen, Arne (Dagbladet) 1,4 % Pilger, Jon 0,7 % Guillou, Jan 0,4 % Sørbø, Kari (NRK) 1,3 % Borgen, Erling (NRK) 0,6 % Hansson, Steinar (Dagsavisen) 0,4 % Seierstad, Åsne (freelancer) 1,2 % Braanen, Bjørgulv (Klassek.) 0,6 % Helskog, Gerhard (TV2) 0,4 % Simonsen, Marie (Dagbladet) 1,2 % Duckert, Hege (Dagbladet) 0,6 % Lægreid, Erling (NRK) 0,4 % Wallraff, Günther 1,2 % Olsen, Inger Anne (Aftenp.) 0,6 % Moore, Michael 0,4 % Forr, Gudleiv (Dagbl.) 1,0 % Steinsland, Tonje (TV2) 0,6 % Nilsen, Fritz (NRK) 0,4 %
13 Ei vanleg misforståing er å sjå symbolsk kapital som ein type kapital som står i eit motsetningstilhøve til andre kapitalformer, men det er meir korrekt å sjå dette som ei form kapital i den grad den er miskjend som kapital. Td. er Weber (1988a) si skildring av ideen om økonomisk suksess som prov på guddommeleg utveljing i den
protestantiske etikken eit godt døme på at økonomisk kapital kan fungere som symbolsk kapital.
14 Jamfør td. parallellane til Fredrik Barth (1994) si beskriving av trålbasen som ein moderne sjaman.
15S:,()(4*0:*20,*5H,c+,344(I0+A3.,20*,(45.0,/3.)3(E5*0*,),-423**)*+P,5+,H3..)q.0/0+3.,4)A,1.H0(5:._204C,
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16 I spørjeskjemaet vart journalistane bedne om å oppgje “to personer som du mener er gode journalistiske forbilder”. 54% oppgav minst eit navn, 10% svarte ikkje på spørsmålet, 22% sa at dei ikkje hadde nokon slike førebilete og 13% at dei ikkje kom på nokon namn. Prosentane i tabellen er utrekna frå alle som har levert skjema, uavhengig av om dei som har oppgjeve ein rollemodell.
Hansen, Bjørn (NRK) 1,0 % Thompson, Hunter S 0,6 % Nordahl, Bjørn Olav (DN) 0,4 % Kokkvold, Per Edgar (NP) 1,0 % Tønset, Arne Egil (NRK) 0,6 % Olsen, Knut (NRK) 0,4 %
Omdal, Sven Egil (SA) 0,9 % Hegnar, Trygve (Kapital) 0,5 %
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17 Dette er neppe særmerkt for feltet: Alle sosiale felt er jo per definisjon eit rom av stridar om feltet sine grenser og slik også den symbolske kapitalen sin karakter. Den svært store pluralismen i det journalistiske feltet er likevel påfallande, og kan tolkast som utrykk for ein svak autonomi.
18 Anaximander (ca. 600 F.Kr) sa ein gong at dersom løver, hestar og oksar kunne teikne, ville dei teikne Gud som henhaldsvis løve, hest og okse.
