Table B. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

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App. I

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Table A. Terminology in the present dissertation with definitions and synonyms used in similar studies.

Terminology in the present dissertation

Definition Synonyms used in

similar studies

Comments

Mental health problems

General term referring to mental health symptoms in the population.

Mental health symptoms, mental health complaints, psychological complaints, mental distress, psychological distress, psychological symptoms,

Both sub-clinical and clinical symptom levels.

Anxiety, depression

Symptoms of anxiety or depression reaching a predefined case- threshold of a particular measurement instrument, but not necessarily equivalent to clinical diagnoses.

Will in the literature review in the present dissertation also be used when the measurement instrument is a diagnostic instrument.

Anxiety disorders, depressive disorders

Diagnostic categories of anxiety and depressive disorders.

Mood disorders, neurotic disorders, affective disorders, depressive illness

In contrast to the terms

“anxiety” and “depression”

defined above, the addition of “disorder” will be used only when the condition is defined through diagnostic instruments or medico-legal diagnoses.

Common mental disorders

Common term for anxiety and depression. May also include stress-related and adjustment disorders, but not alcohol related disorders in the present context.

Milder mental disorders, minor mental disorders, minor psychiatric disorders,

Includes case-level anxiety and depression measured both by screening and diagnostic instruments.

Severe mental disorders

Long-lasting, comprehensive mental disorders, often with severe functional impairments.

Examples are psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.

Sub case-level symptom loads

Symptoms of anxiety or depression lying in the area just below a predefined case-level threshold.

Subthreshold, subclinical, subsyndromal

Refers to HADS sub-scale scores in the range 5-7 in the results of the present PhD project.

Medico-legal diagnoses

Primary diagnostic code for which sickness or disability benefit is awarded, stated on sick-leave notes or disability benefit applications.

Usually stated by the applicants general practitioner or occupational physician.

Sickness absence

Time-limited absence from work because of health related work impairment

Sick-leave, short-term disability, sick days, work-loss

Ill health retirement

Permanent work-life exit because of health related work impairment Ill health

benefits Common term for the bureaucratic event of payment of benefits that shall compensate for sickness absence or ill health retirement before scheduled age retirement

Includes both sickness benefits and disability benefits/disability pension

Disability pension

Benefit type that shall compensate for permanent work-life exit before scheduled age retirement.

Disability benefit, incapacity benefit

Disability pension is often considered a more permanent type of benefit than disability or incapacity benefits.

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Table B. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

.

First author Year (Ref. no.) Country Aim(s) Study population (N) Study design Database Year(s) baseline Follow-up Independent variable/ Exposure Dependent variable/ Outcome

Covariates Main findings Koopmans et al 2010 (156) The Netherlands

Investigate recurrence of SA due to CMD, according to age and gender Employees in one company (137,172) Observational Official records 2001-2007 SA diagnoses of CMD Incidence and recurrence of SA

Age, gender No higher recurrence of SA due to anxiety and depressive disorders compared to distress and adjustment disorders. Higher SA incidence among women, no gender differences in recurrence. Recurrence more frequent among women age<45, no age differences found among men. Roelen et al 2010 (155) The Netherlands

Investigate recurrence of SA according to diagnosis Employees in one company (137,172) Observational Official records 2001-2007 SA diagnoses Incidence and recurrence of SA Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socioeconomic factorsc , work characteristicsi

SA due to musculoskeletal disorders had the highest recurrence, followed by mental disorders. Roelen et al 2009 (164) The Netherlands

Investigate the trends in incidence of SA due to CMD General working population (≈ 1 million) Observational Official records 2001-2007 SA diagnoses of CMD Incidence SA Age, gender, work characteristicsiSA due to CMD was 2.2% in 2001, increased to 2.7% in 2004 and decreased to 2.4% in 2007. Koopmans et al 2008 (174) The Netherlands

Determine the duration of SA due to depressive symptoms General working population (9,910) Observational Official records 2002-2005

SA diagnoses of depression Duration SAAge, gender, work characteristicsiMean (and median) duration of SA of 200 (179) days in men and 213 (201) days in women. Longer absence among older employees. Estimated rate of chronicity (1 year of absence) of 24%. Hensing et al 2006 (163) Norway

Assess the incidence of SA with psychiatric diagnoses from 1994 to 2000, and the distribution across gender, age groups, diagnostic groups and regions.

General population (≈2,3 million) Observational Official records 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 SA with psychiatric diagnoses Incidence SA Age, gender, socio- demographicsbSA with a psychiatric diagnosis increased in all age groups, in both genders and in all regions from 1994 to 2000. The increase was highest among the middle-aged and among women.

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Table B cont. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

.

Covariates Main findings Dewa et al 2002 (112) Canada

Study the prevalence of SA due to depression, and describe individual characteristics and disability outcomes Employees in one sector (≈ 63,000)

Observational Company records 1996-1998 SA diagnosis of depression Prevalence, duration and recurrence of SA Age, gender, work characteristcsi

Compared with other nervous and mental disorders, SA due to depression affected more workers, had longer duration and higher rates of recurrence. More than ¾ returned to work at the end of the SA episode. Nystuen et al 2001 (115) Norway

Describe incidence and duration of SA due to mental disorders General population (101,512) Observational Official records 1997-1998 SA with psychiatric diagnoses Incidence and duration of SA

Age, gender SA with psychiatric diagnoses accounted for 16.8% of all incidences and 31.5% of all refunded SA days. Higher incidence of SA among women compared with men. Median duration was 79 days. 8.5% had not returned to work after 12 months and were transferred to other benefits. Druss et al 2000 (111) USA

Compare the health and disability costs of depressive disorders with those of four other chronic conditions Employees in one company (15,153) Observational Company records 1995 Depression, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, back problems Mental health costs, medical costs, SA days, total health and disability costs Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, work characteristcsi

Depression accounted for significantly more costs than hypertension, and was comparable to the costs of the other three conditions. Comorbidity between depression and any other conditions increased the costs 1.7 times compared with the comparison condition alone. Depression was associated with significantly more SA days than any other condition. Hensing et al 2000 (113) Norway

Assess the prevalence of SA due to mental disorders, with special focus on gender differences General population on SA (28,799) Observational Official records 1994 SA with psychiatric diagnosis Cumulative incidence, number of SA days Age, gender Women had twice the cumulative incidence of SA with a psychiatric diagnosis. Men had more SA days. Cumulative incidence was highest among individuals aged 45-59 years. Depression was the most common diagnosis in both genders.

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Table B cont. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

.

Covariates Main findings Muto et al 1999 (110) Japan

Examine SA due to mental disorders Employees in eight companies (44,816) Observational Company records 1997 SA diagnoses Frequency, duration proportion of SA Age, gender Mental disorders constituted 21.0% of the SA, and SA due to mental disorders had longer duration than SA due to non-mental disorders. Hensing et al 1996 (181) Sweden

Introduce a new dimension of SA duration in the analysis of gender differences in CMD General population (≈ 400,000)

Observational Official records 1985-1987 SA diagnosis of CMD Incidence and duration of SA

Age, gender Men had longer SA duration, women had higher incidence. An increase in duration among women was found over three years. The gender differences were generally small. Stansfeld et al 1995 (108) UK

To report socio- demographic associations for psychiatric SA Civil servants (10,308) Observational Civil service records 1985-1988 SA with psychiatric diagnosis Duration of SA Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, work characteristcsi

Mental disorders were the third and fourth most common cause of long SA among women and men respectively, and the second most common cause for very long SA in both genders. SA rates due to mental disorder were higher among lower employment grades, among widowed and single men, and among divorced women. a Several of the studies have aims and results in addition to a focus on SA and ill health retirement. The additional results will not be mentioned in the current table.b Socio- demographic factors may include ethnicity, immigration status, region/living area, marital/cohabitation status, living with children. cSocio-economic factors may include education, income, material problems. dHealth related behaviour may include physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption. ePhysical measures may include BMI, oxygen uptake. fGeneral health may include general health status, work-related health, somatic symptoms. gSomatic illness may include chronic somatic illness, present somatic illness, somatic illness present last six months, number of somatic diagnoses. hMental health may include stressful life events, comorbid mental disorders iWork characteristics may include social support from superior/colleagues, job control, job security, shift work, occupation, employment status, part-time/ full time employment, employment skills, employment grade, duration of employment, company size, sector. jPsychosocial factors may include general social support, number of friends, social activities, Abbreviations in the tables: BDI – shortened Beck Depression Inventory, BMI – body mass index, CIDI – Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIS – Checklist Individual Strength, CMD – common mental disorders, DIS – Diagnostic Interview Schedule, DP – disability pension, GAD – general anxiety disorder, GHQ – General Health Questionnaire, HADS – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HPL – Human Population Laboratory, HSCL – Hopkins Symptom Checklist, IB – incapacity benefit, LOT-R – Life Orientation Test, LTSA – long-term sickness absence (>8 weeks), MHI – Mental Health Inventory, N/A – not applicable, PSE – Present State Examination, RTW – return to work, QoL – quality of life, SES – socio-economic status

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Table C. Overview over key cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Søgaard et al 2009 (195) Denmark

Estimate the incidence of mental disorders in LTSA General population on SA (1,121) Cross- sectional Population based survey 2004-2005 Record based LTSA Mental disorders assessed with PSE Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, work characteristcs9

High prevalence of mental disorders among individuals on LTSA Gadalla et al 2009 (191) Canada

Examine socio- economic and demographic factors associated with CMD, and assess the relationship of CMD with short-term disability and work activity General population (108,986)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 2005 Self-reported diagnosis of mood and/or anxiety disorder Self-reported short-term work disability Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , somatic illnessg

Presence of CMD was significantly associated with reduced and/or modified work activity and disability days. Munce et al 2007 (194) Canada

Examine whether depression is associated with SA among individuals with chronic pain General population (9,238,154)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 2002 Self-reported presence of pain condition and SA previous week Depression measured by CIDI Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, socio-economic factorsc 19% of individuals with absence meet criteria for depression versus 7.9% of non- absent individuals. Presence of major depression represented a three-fold increase in SA risk.

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Table C cont. Overview over key cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Kessler et al 2006 (192) USA

Compare work place costs of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder General population (3,378)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 2001-2003 Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder assessed with CIDI Work impairment, estimated work place costs Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, socio-economic factorsc, work characteristcsi

Bipolar disorder had lower prevalence but was associated with more than twice as many lost workdays per ill worker as major depression. Higher work loss in bipolar disorder was more associated with more severe and persistent depressive episodes than with mania/hypomania. Buist- Bouwman et al 2005 (190) The Netherlands

Examine association between physical and mental disorders and the separate and joint effect of physical and mental disorders on SA General population (7,076)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 1996 Mental disorders measured by CIDI and self- reported physical disorders

Self-reported SA Age, gender, socio- economic factorscBoth physical and mental disorders were significantly related to SA, mental disorders more so than physical disorders. Comorbidity between physical and mental disorders lead to a mainly additive increase in SA. The EseMed/ MHEDEA 2000 investigators 2004 (80) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain

Examine the impact of mental and physical disorders on work role disability and QoL in six European countries General population (21,425)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 2001-2003 CMD measured by CIDI, self- reported presence of five chronic physical conditions Self-reported SA and QoL Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, socio-economic factorsc, work characteristcsi

Individuals with a mental disorder had three to four more SA days compared with individuals without mental disorder. SA increased with number of disorders

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Table C cont. Overview over key cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Savikko et al 2001 (189) Sweden

Analyse the association between mental health problems and general SA Women in four occupational groups (1,407) Cross- sectional Population based survey 1995 Five different indicators of mental health problems General SA from official records

Age, work characteristcsiHigher levels of SA among women with mental health problems. The association was found for frequency, incidence, length and duration of SA, and was also found for less severe forms of mental health problems (i.e. worries). Kessler et al 2001 (188) USA

Compare the effect of different commonly occurring chronic conditions on work impairment General population (2,074)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 1995-1996 Self-reported presence of chronic conditions ticked from a list Self-reported work- impairment: SA days and work cutback days Age, gender, socio- economic factorsc , work characteristcsi

Next after cancer, major depression, panic disorder and GAD were associated with the highest number of work-impairment days. Comorbidity was associated with higher work impairment than expected by an additive model. Kessler et al 1999 (187) USA

Estimate short-term disability associated with major depression General population (8,098 and 3,032) Cross- sectional Two population based surveys 1990-1992, 1996 Major depression measured by CIDI, symptom severity measured by HSCL Self-reported SA days in the past thirty days

Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , somatic illnessg

Depressed workers had between 1.5 and 3.2 more SA than non-depressed workers during a thirty day period. Hensing et al 1998 (186) Sweden

Compare the role of mental disorders on SA Women in the general population (292) Cross- sectional Population based survey 1989-1990 Mental disorders assessed by CIDI

SA with diagnosis from official registries, SA episodes and days each year during follow- up Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , general healthf

Women with mental disorders had increased number of SA episodes and SA days in all SA diagnostic groups.

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Table C cont. Overview over key cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Hensing et al 1997 (185) Sweden

Assess SA among women in relation to mental disorder Women in the general population (292) Cross- sectional Population based survey 1989-1990 Mental disorders assessed by CIDI

General SA from official registries 1981-1990, number of SA episodes and SA days each year during follow-up Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, socio-economic factorsc, general healthf

Women with a mental disorder had higher rates of SA than women without mental disorder. Higher SA among women with comorbid mental and physical disorder. Kessler & Frank 1997 (39) USA

Examine relationships between mental disorders and work loss days General population (4,091) Cross- sectional Population based survey 1990-1992 Mental disorders assessed with CIDI Self-reported SA and work cutback previous 30 days

Work characteristcsiMental disorders were associated with SA, number of SA days do not differ significantly across occupations. Comorbidity between different mental disorders increases the number of SA days compared with pure disorders. Kopp et al 1995 (184) Hungary

Analyse the relationship between socioeconomic factors, severity of depressive symptomatology and SA rate General working population (20,902)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 1988 Depression measured by BDI Self-reported number of SA days due to a given illness previous year Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , work characteristcsi

Severity of depression was closely correlated with SA. Depression seemed to mediate between socioeconomic factors and higher SA rate. Kouzis et al 1994 (183) USA

Examine days missed from work or usual activities for different severity levels of emotional distress General population (3,481)

Cross- sectional Population based survey 1981 Mental disorders assessed with DIS Self-reported SA due to emotional problems and physical illness Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , somatic illnessg, work characteristcsi

Mental disorders were strongly associated with SA.

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Table D. Overview over key longitudinal studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Stansfeld et al 2011 (17) UK

Examine whether sub- clinical as well as clinical CMD predict long-term SA diagnosed with both psychiatric and non- psychiatric illness. Examine whether recent CMD and CMD present at two occasions have a stronger association with SA than less recent and single episodes of CMD.

Civil servants (5,104)

Longitudinal Two-wave health study 1989 & 1991- 1993 Follow-up 1991-1998 CMD measured by GHQ

SA, including SA diagnosis, from civil service records

Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, socio-economic factorsc, health related behaviourd, general healthf, somatic illnessg work characteristicsi

Clinical, but not sub-clinical CMD were associated with increased risk for long-term SA for psychiatric diagnoses for men, but not for women. Risk of psychiatric SA was associated with recent CMD and CMD present at two occasions for men only. CMD was not associated with increased risk of non-psychiatric SA after adjustment for covariates.

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Table D cont. Overview over key longitudinal studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Foss et al 2010 (197) Norway

Study individual and personal predictors of LTSA due to mental disorders General population (8,333)

Longitudinal Population based survey 2000-2001 Follow-up until 2005 Mental distress measured by HSCL LTSA, including mental disorder diagnosis, from official records Age, gender, socio-economic factorsc, health related behaviourd, general healthf, work characteristicsi , psychosocial factorsj

Mental distress had a strong and independent effect on LTSA. The effect of support from superior on LTSA was mediated through mental distress. Lexis et al 2009 (193) The Netherlands

Study the relationship between depressive complaints and SA General working population (3,339)

Cross- sectional and longitudinal Population based survey 2001 10 month follow-up Depressive complaints measured by HADS

SA from company records

Age, gender, socio-economic factorsc , health related behaviourd , somatic illnessg , work characteristicsi

Higher levels of depressive complaints were associated with shorter time to first SA episode, longer duration of this and higher number of SA days. Bültmann et al 2006 (16) Denmark

Examine the impact of depressive symptoms on LTSA General working population (4,747) Longitudinal Population based survey 2000 78 weeks follow-up Depressive symptoms measured by MHI-5 LTSA from official records Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , health related behaviourd, physical measurese, somatic illnessg

Increased risk of LTSA during follow-up among men and women with severe depressive symptoms. The effects were not linear, but occurred mostly only among those with high levels of depressive symptoms.

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Table D cont. Overview over key longitudinal studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and sickness absence

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Bültmann et al 2005 (196) The Netherlands

Examine mental distress as risk factor for SA and the influence of fatigue in this relationship General working population (6,403) Longitudinal Population based survey 1998 18 months follow-up Mental distress measured by GHQ, fatigue measured by CIS SA lasting more than 42 consecutive days from company records Age, gender, socio-economic factorsc, health related behaviourd, somatic illnessg

Mental distress was related to onset of SA. Adjustment for fatigue weakened the associations. Laitinen- Krispijn & Bijl 2000 (40) The Netherlands

Determine to what extent different types of mental disorders are related to an increased likelihood of SA and whether this increase depends on gender General working population (3,695)

Longitudinal Two-wave population based survey 1996 1 year follow- up Mental disorders assessed by CIDI

Self-reported SA Age, somatic illnessgMajor depressive disorder, dysthymia, simple phobia and drug abuse/dependence were predictive of SA in men. The associations were weaker among women, with none of the mental disorders significantly related to likelihood of SA. Broadhead et al 1990 (20) USA

Examine the relationship between depression and depressive symptoms on disability and SA days General population (2,980)

Longitudinal Population based survey, 1982-1983 1 year follow- up Mental disorders measured by DIS

Self-reported SA days Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc, health related behaviourd, somatic illnessg, mental healthh, psychosocial factorsj

Individuals with major depression had threefold increased risk of SA compared with asymptomatic individuals, but the result was not significant. No significantly increased risk for SA was found among individuals with dysthymia or minor depression.

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Table E. Overview over key studies examining the transition from sickness absence to ill health retirement or return to work

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Alexanderson et al (157) 2012 France

To investigate all-cause and diagnosis specific SA as long-term risk markers for DP Employees in one company (20,434) Longitudinal Company records 1990 to 1992 Follow-up until 2007 SA diagnosis DP Age, work- characteristicsi SA tripled the risk for DP among men, and doubled the risk for DP among women. Men with a SA diagnosis of mental disorder had much higher risk for DP than women with a SA diagnosis of mental disorder. Bratberg et al 2009 (182) Norway

To assess the cumulative incidence of LTSA with psychiatric diagnosis in 1997, and identify contextual and individual predictors of further transition to DP General population on SA (19,382)

Longitudinal Official records 1997 Follow-up until 2002 LTSA diagnosis of mental disorder DP Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc , work characteristicsi

Men had higher risk of DP than women. Higher age, lower education and lower income, and living in a deprived county were also risk factors for DP. Karlsson et al 2008 (178) Sweden

Assess the importance of SA diagnosis and socio- demographic variables as risk factors for DP, and compare these factors by gender and over time General population on SA (19,379)

Longitudinal Population- based survey Official records 1985-87 Two waves of follow-up (0-5 and 6-10 years) SA diagnosis, socio- demographic factors DP Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc , work characteristicsi

Among men, those with a SA diagnosis of a mental disorder had the highest risk of DP both 0-5 and 6-10 after inclusion. Among women, those with a musculoskeletal SA diagnosis had the highest risk of DP.

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Table E cont. Overview over key studies examining the transition from sickness absence to ill health retirement or return to wo rk

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Gjesdal et al 2008 (116) Norway

Investigate the incidence of different mental disorder diagnosis in LTSA, test predictors of the transition to DP and explore gender differences General population on SA (517)

Longitudinal Official records 1994 Follow-up until 1999 LTSA diagnosis of mental disorder

DP Age, gender, socio- economic factorsc, The most common SA diagnosis was depression for both genders. 1/3 of the men and 1/4 of the women obtained DP during follow-up. Women had more often LTSA with a mental disorder diagnosis, while men were at a higher risk for DP. Vaez et al 2007 (179) Sweden

To investigate SA and DP among employees initially on LTSA due to mental disorders, with regard to gender, age, SES, and previous SA General population on SA due to mental disorder (4,891)

Longitudinal, prospective and retrospective Official records 1999 Follow-up 1996-2002 LTSA with psychiatric diagnoses from official records

SA and DP Age, gender, work characteristicsiLow mean number of SA days per year prior to LTSA in 1999, but SA days increased dramatically by 2000. Higher rate of DP among men during follow-up, while women had higher rate of LTSA. Risk of LTSA decreased with age, while risk of DP increased with age. Kivimäki et al 2007 (177) Sweden

To investigate diagnosis specific SA as risk factor for subsequent DP General population (176,629) Longitudinal Population- based survey Official records 1985 Follow-up 1996 SA diagnosis DP Age, gender, socio- demographicsbIndividuals with SA for a mental disorder had the highest risk for DP during follow-up, and had 14.1 times higher risk for DP for a mental disorder than individuals with no SA.

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Table E cont. Overview over key studies examining the transition from sickness absence to ill health retirement or return to wo rk

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Gjesdal et al 2004 (180) Norway

To investigate the importance of LTSA diagnosis on subsequent DP General population on SA (3,628) Longitudinal Official records 1994 Follow-up until 1999 SA diagnosis DP Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc, work characteristicsi

Men with LTSA due to a mental disorder had increased DP risk. Gjesdal & Bratberg 2003 (175) Norway

To identify predictors for the transition from LTSA to DP with special emphasis on SA diagnosis and duration of SA episodes General population on LTSA (10,077)

Longitudinal Official records 1990-1991 3 years follow-up LTSA diagnosis and duration of SA episode DP Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc , work characteristicsi

Age, part-time employment, and duration of LTSA over 197 days increased the risk of DP. Compared with a SA diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders, diagnosis of mental problems, disease in the nervous system, respiratory system and circulatory system indicated high risk of DP. Only men SA due to a mental disorder had a statistically significant risk for DP.

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Table F. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and ill health retirement

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Cattrell et al 2011 (170) UK

Explore the reasons for decline in IB for musculoskeletal disorders and the overtaking of mental disorders as main reason for IB IB recipients in the general population

Observational Official records 1997-2007 IB diagnosis of mental/behavioural and musculoskeletal disorders

New IB awards Regions Annual numbers of IB for mental/behavioural disorders was fairly constant over the study period, while there was a decline in IB awards for musculoskeletal disorders. Regional differences were found. Thorlacius et al 2010 (165) Iceland

To explore longitudinal changes in the importance of mental and behavioural disorders and their subgroups among people receiving DP DP recipients in the general population

Observational Official DP records 1990-2007

DP diagnosis New DP awards Gender The rate of DP due to mental and behavioural disorders increased from 14% to 30% among women, and from 20% to 35% among men from 1990 to 2007. There was a marked increase in DP due to four subgroups of mental disorders. Brown et al 2008 (166) Scotland

Examine reasons for claiming IB IB recipients in the general population Observational Official records 2000-2007

IB diagnosis New IB awards Age, gender, work characteristicsiThere was a continuous rise in IB claims for mental disorders and corresponding fall in IB claims for musculoskeletal disorders in the period 2000-2007. Some regional differences were found. Individuals with a poor employment history were more likely to claim IB because of a mental health problem.

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Table F cont. Overview over key record-based studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and ill health retirement

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Prins 2006 (167) Belgium, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland

Compare cross-national trends in DP award due to mental health problems DP recipients in the general population Observational Official statistics over DP recipients 1993-2002 Size, trends, diagnostic patterns, risk groups

New DP awards Gender Steep increase in number of general DP recipients cross-nationally, and specific increase in DP awards for mental disorders. More women than men received DP for mental disorders. Andersson et al 2006 (168) Norway

Describe regional differences in the incidence of DP with psychiatric diagnoses, and determine whether these differences were related to age and/or gender General population Observational Official records 1988-2000

DP diagnoses New DP awards Age, gender, region Higher increase in incidence of DP with a psychiatric diagnosis among men and women living in rural regions. Higher incidence among men compared to women in urban regions. The incidence more than doubled in the youngest age group (16-29 years), and decreased in the oldest age group (60-67 years) during the follow-up period. Moncrieff & Pomerleau 2000 (114) UK

Examine trends in government sickness and DB between 1984 and 1995 General population Observational Official SA and DB records 1988-2000 IB: Sickness and disability benefit diagnosis Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc, work characteristicsi

There was a steadily increase in IB rates during follow-up, particularly among the more permanent forms of benefits. Mental disorders were the second most numerous category, particularly anxiety and depressive disorders. Salminen et al 1997 (109) Finland

Study the role of depression in DP awards General population Official records 1987, 1990, 1994 DP diagnosis of affective disorder Incidence DP None Three fold increase in DPs awarded for affective disorders during the study period.

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Table G. Overview over key longitudinal studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and ill health retirement

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Bültmann et al 2008 (200) Denmark

Examine whether severe depressive symptoms were prospectively associated with DP General working population (5,106)

Longitudinal Population based survey 1995 10 years follow-up Depressive symptoms measured by MHI-5 DP from official records Age, gender, socio- demographicsb, health related behaviourd, physical measurese, somatic illnessg

Severe depressive symptoms predicted DP award during follow-up. Mykletun et al 2006 (62) Norway

Investigate the contribution of CMD on DP awards, in particular DP awards for physical diagnoses General population (45,782)

Longitudinal Population based survey 1995-1997 6 to 30 months follow-up Anxiety and depression measured by HADS DP, including diagnoses, from official records

Age, gender, socio- demographicsb , socio-economic factorsc , health related behaviourd , general healthf , somatic illnessg , work characteristicsi CMD were predictors of both DP in general, and for DP awarded for non-mental disorders. The effects were stronger in individuals aged 20-44 than individuals aged 45-66. Somatic symptoms were important covariates.

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Table G. Overview over key longitudinal studies examining the relationship between common mental disorders and ill health retirement

a

. Use of abbreviations and uppercase letters as in Table B.

Covariates Main findings Karpansalo et al 2005 (199) Finland

Examine the prospective effect of depression on early retirement.

Men, aged 42-60 years, in the general population (1,726) Longitudinal Population based survey 1984 Follow-up until 2000 Depression measured by HPL

DP, including diagnosis, and non-illness related early retirement from official records Age, socio- economic factorsc, health related behaviourd, physical measurese, work characteristicsi

Men in the highest third of depression score had increased risk of non-illness based pension and DP due to mental disorders, chronic somatic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Kouzis & Eaton 2000 (198) USA

Examine the relationship between mental disorders, alcohol abuse or dependence, and transfer payments for disability General population (15,567)

Longitudinal Population based survey 1980-81 1 year follow- up Diagnosis of a mental disorder assessed with DIS Self-reported receipt of disability benefits Age, gender, socio- demographicsb socio-economic factorsc , mental healthh , psychosocial factorsj

Participants with panic disorder were 5.2 times more likely to receive benefits than those without this disorder, respondents with schizophrenia were 4.5 times more likely and those with two or more disorders were 2.8 times more likely to receive a benefit than those without these disorders.

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Table H. Materials and methods employed in the three papers of the present PhD project

Aims Study design Exposure variables Outcome variables

Covariates Statistical analyses Paper 1 Examine the prospective effect of CMD1 on SA2 in terms of duration of SA, recurrence of SA and changes in effect of CMD on SA over time.

Cohort: HUSK3 linked with FD-trygd SA2 registry 6.2 years follow-up CMD1 measured by HADS4 Duration of first SA episode Number of SA episodes Presence of SA episode in three timespans after baseline

Gender Socio-demographics (marital status, education, income) Health behaviour (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking) Physical measures (BMI5 , WHR6 , pulse, blood pressure, cholesterol) Somatic conditions Pain conditions: back pain, fibromyalgia

Descriptive analyses Cox regression Multi-nominal logistic regression Interaction test Paper 2 Examine the prospective effect of CMD1 on DP7 award in general and for non-mental diagnoses in particular. Compare the relative contribution of sub case-level and case- level anxiety and depression on DP7 awards in the population.

Cohort: HUSK3 linked with FD-trygd DP7 registry 7.18 years follow-up

CMD1 measured by HADS4General DP7 award DP7 award for non-mental diagnoses Portion of DPs7 attributable to sub case-level and case-level anxiety and depression Gender Socio-demographics (marital status, education, income, current work situation) Health behaviour (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking) Physical measures (BMI5, WHR6, pulse, blood pressure, cholesterol) Somatic conditions, medication use Pain conditions: back pain, fibromyalgia

Descriptive analyses Cox regression PAF8 Paper 3 Quantify lost working years associated with different medico-legal diagnostic groups

Descriptive: FD-trygd DP7 registry Medico-legal DP7 diagnoses Age at DP7 award Lost working years before age 67 DP medico-legal diagnoses Age Descriptive Abbreviations: 1 CMD: common mental disorders, 2 SA: Sickness absence, 3 HUSK: The Hordaland Health Study, 4 HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,5 BMI: body mass index, 6 WHR: waist-hip ratio, 7 DP: disability pension, 8 PAF: Population Attributable Fraction

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Table I. The items in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Item # Text

HADS-A 1 I feel tense or ”wound up”

3 I get a sort of frightened feeling as if something awful is about to happen 5 Worrying thoughts go through my mind

7 I can sit at ease and feel relaxed

9 I get a sort of frightened feeling like ”butterflies” in the stomach 11 I feel restless as I have to be on the move

13 I get sudden feelings of panic HADS-D

2 I still enjoy the things I used to enjoy 4 I can laugh and see the funny side of things 6 I feel cheerful

8 I feel as if I am slowed down 10 I have lost interest in my appearance 12 I look forward with enjoyment to things

14 I can enjoy a good book or radio or TV programme Responses given on a four-point scale from 0 to 3.

Items 2, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 14 are reversed before summation.

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Table J. Categorisation of medico-legal diagnostic information from the disability pension registry in FD-trygd

Categorisation Labelling in present thesis

ICD-10 terminology

ICD-10

code

ICD-10 label Mental versus non-mental diagnoses

Mental disorders F00-F99 Mental and behavioural disorders Non-mental conditions - All other ICD-10 codes Main diagnostic groups

Main diagnostics groups among disability pension recipients

Mental disorders F00-F99 Mental and behavioural disorders Musculoskeletal

disorders

M00-M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue Other disorders - All other ICD-10 codes Diagnostic chapters

The seven most prevalent diagnostic chapters among disability pension recipients

C00-D48 Neoplasms Mental disorders F00-F99 Mental and behavioural disorders

G00-G99 Diseases of the nervous system I00-I99 Diseases of the circulatory system J00-J99 Diseases of the respiratory system Musculo-skeletal

disorders

M00-M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue S00-T98 Injury, poisoning and certain other

consequences of external causes Other disorders - All other ICD-10 codes

Missing - Missing ICD-10 codes

Classes mental disorders All classes within the mental disorder chapter

F00-F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders Alcohol and substance

use disorders

F10-F19 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use Psychotic disorders F20-F29 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and

delusional disorders Depressive disorders F30-F39 Mood [affective] disorders

Anxiety disorders F40-F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

F50-F59 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances

and physical factors Personality disorders F60-F69 Disorders of adult personality and

behaviour Mental retardation F70-F79 Mental retardation

Developmental disorders

F80-F89 Disorders of psychological development Developmental

disorders

F90-F98 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and

adolescence

F99 Unspecified mental disorder

(24)

Figure A. Exclusion procedures Paper 1

Invited to the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)

N= 29,400

Nonparticipants n=10,835 excluded

Missing responses on questionnaire 1 or 2

n=2,603 excluded

Individuals not in paid employment at baseline

n=1,875 excluded

Less than 1 year between sickness absence and disability

pension award n=164 excluded

Final study sample:

followed up until December 31st 2003 n=13,436

More than 40 sickness absence episodes during follow-up

n=3 excluded Individuals sickness absent at

baseline n=484 excluded

(25)

Figure B. Exclusion procedures Paper 2

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I

Doctoral Theses at The Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen

1980 Allen, H.M., Dr. philos. Parent-offspring interactions in willow grouse (Lagopus L. Lagopus).

1981 Myhrer, T., Dr. philos. Behavioral Studies after selective disruption of hippocampal inputs in albino rats.

1982 Svebak, S., Dr. philos. The significance of motivation for task-induced tonic physiological changes.

1983 Myhre, G., Dr. philos. The Biopsychology of behavior in captive Willow ptarmigan.

Eide, R., Dr. philos. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND INDICES OF HEALTH RISKS. The relationship of psychosocial conditions to subjective complaints, arterial blood pressure, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and urinary catecholamines in middle aged populations in Western Norway.

Værnes, R.J., Dr. philos. Neuropsychological effects of diving.

1984 Kolstad, A., Dr. philos. Til diskusjonen om sammenhengen mellom sosiale forhold og psykiske strukturer. En epidemiologisk undersøkelse blant barn og unge.

Løberg, T., Dr. philos. Neuropsychological assessment in alcohol dependence.

1985 Hellesnes, T., Dr. philos. Læring og problemløsning. En studie av den perseptuelle analysens betydning for verbal læring.

Håland, W., Dr. philos. Psykoterapi: relasjon, utviklingsprosess og effekt.

1986 Hagtvet, K.A., Dr. philos. The construct of test anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues.

Jellestad, F.K., Dr. philos. Effects of neuron specific amygdala lesions on fear- motivated behavior in rats.

1987 Aarø, L.E., Dr. philos. Health behaviour and sosioeconomic Status. A survey among the adult population in Norway.

Underlid, K., Dr. philos. Arbeidsløyse i psykososialt perspektiv.

Laberg, J.C., Dr. philos. Expectancy and classical conditioning in alcoholics' craving.

Vollmer, F.C., Dr. philos. Essays on explanation in psychology.

Ellertsen, B., Dr. philos. Migraine and tension headache: Psychophysiology, personality and therapy.

1988 Kaufmann, A., Dr. philos. Antisosial atferd hos ungdom. En studie av psykologiske determinanter.

(46)

II

Mykletun, R.J., Dr. philos. Teacher stress: personality, work-load and health.

Havik, O.E., Dr. philos. After the myocardial infarction: A medical and

psychological study with special emphasis on perceived illness.

1989 Bråten, S., Dr. philos. Menneskedyaden. En teoretisk tese om sinnets dialogiske natur med informasjons- og

utviklingspsykologiske implikasjoner sammenholdt med utvalgte spedbarnsstudier.

Wold, B., Dr. psychol. Lifestyles and physical activity. A theoretical and empirical analysis of socialization among children and adolescents.

1990 Flaten, M.A., Dr. psychol. The role of habituation and learning in reflex modification.

1991 Alsaker, F.D., Dr. philos. Global negative self-evaluations in early adolescence.

Kraft, P., Dr. philos. AIDS prevention in Norway. Empirical studies on diffusion of knowledge, public opinion, and sexual behaviour.

Endresen, I.M., Dr. philos. Psychoimmuniological stress markers in working life.

Faleide, A.O., Dr. philos. Asthma and allergy in childhood. Psychosocial and psychotherapeutic problems.

1992 Dalen, K., Dr. philos. Hemispheric asymmetry and the Dual-Task Paradigm:

An experimental approach.

Bø, I.B., Dr. philos. Ungdoms sosiale økologi. En undersøkelse av 14-16 åringers sosiale nettverk.

Nivison, M.E., Dr. philos. The relationship between noise as an experimental and environmental stressor, physiological changes and psychological factors.

Torgersen, A.M., Dr. philos. Genetic and environmental influence on temperamental behaviour. A longitudinal study of twins from infancy to adolescence.

1993 Larsen, S., Dr. philos. Cultural background and problem drinking.

Nordhus, I.H., Dr. philos. Family caregiving. A community psychological study with special emphasis on clinical interventions.

Thuen, F., Dr. psychol. Accident-related behaviour among children and young adolescents: Prediction and prevention.

Solheim, R., Dr. philos. Spesifikke lærevansker. Diskrepanskriteriet anvendt i seleksjonsmetodikk.

Johnsen, B.H., Dr. psychol. Brain assymetry and facial emotional expressions:

Conditioning experiments.

1994 Tønnessen, F.E., Dr. philos. The etiology of Dyslexia.

Kvale, G., Dr. psychol. Psychological factors in anticipatory nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy.

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III

Asbjørnsen, A.E., Dr. psychol. Structural and dynamic factors in dichotic listening: An interactional model.

Bru, E., Dr. philos. The role of psychological factors in neck, shoulder and low back pain among female hospitale staff.

Braathen, E.T., Dr. psychol. Prediction of exellence and discontinuation in different types of sport: The significance of motivation and EMG.

Johannessen, B.F., Dr. philos. Det flytende kjønnet. Om lederskap, politikk og identitet.

1995 Sam, D.L., Dr. psychol. Acculturation of young immigrants in Norway: A psychological and socio-cultural adaptation.

Bjaalid, I.-K., Dr. philos Component processes in word recognition.

Martinsen, Ø., Dr. philos. Cognitive style and insight.

Nordby, H., Dr. philos. Processing of auditory deviant events: Mismatch negativity of event-related brain potentials.

Raaheim, A., Dr. philos. Health perception and health behaviour, theoretical considerations, empirical studies, and practical implications.

Seltzer, W.J., Dr.philos. Studies of Psychocultural Approach to Families in Therapy.

Brun, W., Dr.philos. Subjective conceptions of uncertainty and risk.

Aas, H.N., Dr. psychol. Alcohol expectancies and socialization:

Adolescents learning to drink.

Bjørkly, S., Dr. psychol. Diagnosis and prediction of intra-institutional aggressive behaviour in psychotic patients

1996 Anderssen, N., Dr. psychol. Physical activity of young people in a health perspective:

Stability, change and social influences.

Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim, Dr.

psychol.

Coping in extreme environments: The role of personality.

Strumse, Einar, Dr. philos. The psychology of aesthetics: explaining visual preferences for agrarian landscapes in Western Norway.

Hestad, Knut, Dr. philos. Neuropsychological deficits in HIV-1 infection.

Lugoe, L.Wycliffe, Dr. philos. Prediction of Tanzanian students’ HIV risk and preventive behaviours

Sandvik, B. Gunnhild, Dr.

philos.

Fra distriktsjordmor til institusjonsjordmor. Fremveksten av en profesjon og en profesjonsutdanning

Lie, Gro Therese, Dr. psychol. The disease that dares not speak its name: Studies on factors of importance for coping with HIV/AIDS in Northern Tanzania

Øygard, Lisbet, Dr. philos. Health behaviors among young adults. A psychological and sociological approach

Stormark, Kjell Morten, Dr.

psychol.

Emotional modulation of selective attention:

Experimental and clinical evidence.

(48)

IV

Einarsen, Ståle, Dr. psychol. Bullying and harassment at work: epidemiological and psychosocial aspects.

1997 Knivsberg, Ann-Mari, Dr. philos. Behavioural abnormalities and childhood

psychopathology: Urinary peptide patterns as a potential tool in diagnosis and remediation.

Eide, Arne H., Dr. philos. Adolescent drug use in Zimbabwe. Cultural orientation in a global-local perspective and use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students.

Sørensen, Marit, Dr. philos. The psychology of initiating and maintaining exercise and diet behaviour.

Skjæveland, Oddvar, Dr.

psychol. Relationships between spatial-physical neighborhood attributes and social relations among neighbors.

Zewdie, Teka, Dr. philos. Mother-child relational patterns in Ethiopia. Issues of developmental theories and intervention programs.

Wilhelmsen, Britt Unni, Dr.

philos. Development and evaluation of two educational programmes designed to prevent alcohol use among adolescents.

Manger, Terje, Dr. philos. Gender differences in mathematical achievement among Norwegian elementary school students.

1998

V Lindstrøm, Torill Christine, Dr. philos.

«Good Grief»: Adapting to Bereavement.

Skogstad, Anders, Dr. philos. Effects of leadership behaviour on job satisfaction, health and efficiency.

Haldorsen, Ellen M. Håland, Dr. psychol.

Return to work in low back pain patients.

Besemer, Susan P., Dr. philos. Creative Product Analysis: The Search for a Valid Model for Understanding Creativity in Products.

H Winje, Dagfinn, Dr. psychol. Psychological adjustment after severe trauma. A longitudinal study of adults’ and children’s posttraumatic reactions and coping after the bus accident in

Måbødalen, Norway 1988.

Vosburg, Suzanne K., Dr.

philos.

The effects of mood on creative problem solving.

Eriksen, Hege R., Dr. philos. Stress and coping: Does it really matter for subjective health complaints?

Jakobsen, Reidar, Dr. psychol. Empiriske studier av kunnskap og holdninger om hiv/aids og den normative seksuelle utvikling i ungdomsårene.

1999

V Mikkelsen, Aslaug, Dr. philos. Effects of learning opportunities and learning climate on occupational health.

Samdal, Oddrun, Dr. philos. The school environment as a risk or resource for students’ health-related behaviours and subjective well- being.

Friestad, Christine, Dr. philos. Social psychological approaches to smoking.

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V

Ekeland, Tor-Johan, Dr. philos. Meining som medisin. Ein analyse av placebofenomenet og implikasjoner for terapi og terapeutiske teoriar.

H Saban, Sara, Dr. psychol. Brain Asymmetry and Attention: Classical Conditioning Experiments.

Carlsten, Carl Thomas, Dr.

philos.

God lesing – God læring. En aksjonsrettet studie av undervisning i fagtekstlesing.

Dundas, Ingrid, Dr. psychol. Functional and dysfunctional closeness. Family interaction and children’s adjustment.

Engen, Liv, Dr. philos. Kartlegging av leseferdighet på småskoletrinnet og vurdering av faktorer som kan være av betydning for optimal leseutvikling.

2000

V Hovland, Ole Johan, Dr. philos. Transforming a self-preserving “alarm” reaction into a self-defeating emotional response: Toward an integrative approach to anxiety as a human phenomenon.

Lillejord, Sølvi, Dr. philos. Handlingsrasjonalitet og spesialundervisning. En analyse av aktørperspektiver.

Sandell, Ove, Dr. philos. Den varme kunnskapen.

Oftedal, Marit Petersen, Dr. philos.

Diagnostisering av ordavkodingsvansker: En prosessanalytisk tilnærmingsmåte.

H Sandbak, Tone, Dr. psychol. Alcohol consumption and preference in the rat: The significance of individual differences and relationships to stress pathology

Eid, Jarle, Dr. psychol. Early predictors of PTSD symptom reporting;

The significance of contextual and individual factors.

2001

V Skinstad, Anne Helene, Dr. philos.

Substance dependence and borderline personality disorders.

Binder, Per-Einar, Dr. psychol. Individet og den meningsbærende andre. En teoretisk undersøkelse av de mellommenneskelige

forutsetningene for psykisk liv og utvikling med utgangspunkt i Donald Winnicotts teori.

Roald, Ingvild K., Dr. philos. Building of concepts. A study of Physics concepts of Norwegian deaf students.

H Fekadu, Zelalem W., Dr. philos. Predicting contraceptive use and intention among a sample of adolescent girls. An application of the theory of planned behaviour in Ethiopian context.

Melesse, Fantu, Dr. philos. The more intelligent and sensitive child (MISC) mediational intervention in an Ethiopian context: An evaluation study.

Råheim, Målfrid, Dr. philos. Kvinners kroppserfaring og livssammenheng. En fenomenologisk – hermeneutisk studie av friske kvinner og kvinner med kroniske muskelsmerter.

Engelsen, Birthe Kari,

Dr. psychol.

Measurement of the eating problem construct.

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VI

Lau, Bjørn, Dr. philos. Weight and eating concerns in adolescence.

2002

V Ihlebæk, Camilla, Dr. philos. Epidemiological studies of subjective health complaints.

Rosén, Gunnar O. R., Dr.

philos.

The phantom limb experience. Models for understanding and treatment of pain with hypnosis.

Høines, Marit Johnsen, Dr.

philos.

Fleksible språkrom. Matematikklæring som tekstutvikling.

Anthun, Roald Andor, Dr.

philos. School psychology service quality.

Consumer appraisal, quality dimensions, and collaborative improvement potential

Pallesen, Ståle, Dr. psychol. Insomnia in the elderly. Epidemiology, psychological characteristics and treatment.

Midthassel, Unni Vere, Dr.

philos.

Teacher involvement in school development activity. A study of teachers in Norwegian compulsory schools Kallestad, Jan Helge, Dr.

philos.

Teachers, schools and implementation of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program.

H Ofte, Sonja Helgesen, Dr.

psychol.

Right-left discrimination in adults and children.

Netland, Marit, Dr. psychol. Exposure to political violence. The need to estimate our estimations.

Diseth, Åge, Dr. psychol. Approaches to learning: Validity and prediction of academic performance.

Bjuland, Raymond, Dr. philos. Problem solving in geometry. Reasoning processes of student teachers working in small groups: A dialogical approach.

2003

V Arefjord, Kjersti, Dr. psychol. After the myocardial infarction – the wives’ view. Short- and long-term adjustment in wives of myocardial infarction patients.

Ingjaldsson, Jón Þorvaldur, Dr.

psychol.

Unconscious Processes and Vagal Activity in Alcohol Dependency.

Holden, Børge, Dr. philos. Følger av atferdsanalytiske forklaringer for

atferdsanalysens tilnærming til utforming av behandling.

Holsen, Ingrid, Dr. philos. Depressed mood from adolescence to ’emerging adulthood’. Course and longitudinal influences of body image and parent-adolescent relationship.

Hammar, Åsa Karin, Dr.

psychol.

Major depression and cognitive dysfunction- An experimental study of the cognitive effort hypothesis.

Sprugevica, Ieva, Dr. philos. The impact of enabling skills on early reading acquisition.

Gabrielsen, Egil, Dr. philos. LESE FOR LIVET. Lesekompetansen i den norske voksenbefolkningen sett i lys av visjonen om en enhetsskole.

H Hansen, Anita Lill, Dr. psychol. The influence of heart rate variability in the regulation of attentional and memory processes.

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VII

Dyregrov, Kari, Dr. philos. The loss of child by suicide, SIDS, and accidents:

Consequences, needs and provisions of help.

2004

V Torsheim, Torbjørn, Dr.

psychol.

Student role strain and subjective health complaints:

Individual, contextual, and longitudinal perspectives.

Haugland, Bente Storm Mowatt Dr. psychol.

Parental alcohol abuse. Family functioning and child adjustment.

Milde, Anne Marita, Dr. psychol. Ulcerative colitis and the role of stress. Animal studies of psychobiological factors in relationship to experimentally induced colitis.

Stornes, Tor, Dr. philos. Socio-moral behaviour in sport. An investigation of perceptions of sportspersonship in handball related to important factors of socio-moral influence.

Mæhle, Magne, Dr. philos. Re-inventing the child in family therapy: An investigation of the relevance and applicability of theory and research in child development for family therapy involving children.

Kobbeltvedt, Therese, Dr.

psychol.

Risk and feelings: A field approach.

2004 H

Thomsen, Tormod, Dr. psychol. Localization of attention in the brain.

Løberg, Else-Marie, Dr.

psychol.

Functional laterality and attention modulation in schizophrenia: Effects of clinical variables.

Kyrkjebø, Jane Mikkelsen, Dr.

philos.

Learning to improve: Integrating continuous quality improvement learning into nursing education.

Laumann, Karin, Dr. psychol. Restorative and stress-reducing effects of natural environments: Experiencal, behavioural and cardiovascular indices.

Holgersen, Helge, PhD Mellom oss - Essay i relasjonell psykoanalyse.

2005

V Hetland, Hilde, Dr. psychol. Leading to the extraordinary?

Antecedents and outcomes of transformational leadership.

Iversen, Anette Christine, Dr.

philos.

Social differences in health behaviour: the motivational role of perceived control and coping.

2005

H Mathisen, Gro Ellen, PhD Climates for creativity and innovation: Definitions, measurement, predictors and consequences.

Sævi, Tone, Dr. philos. Seeing disability pedagogically – The lived experience of disability in the pedagogical encounter.

Wiium, Nora, PhD Intrapersonal factors, family and school norms:

combined and interactive influence on adolescent smoking behaviour.

Kanagaratnam, Pushpa, PhD Subjective and objective correlates of Posttraumatic Stress in immigrants/refugees exposed to political violence.

Larsen, Torill M. B. , PhD Evaluating principals` and teachers` implementation of Second Step. A case study of four Norwegian primary schools.

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VIII

Bancila, Delia, PhD Psychosocial stress and distress among Romanian adolescents and adults.

2006

V Hillestad, Torgeir Martin, Dr.

philos.

Normalitet og avvik. Forutsetninger for et objektivt psykopatologisk avviksbegrep. En psykologisk, sosial, erkjennelsesteoretisk og teorihistorisk framstilling.

Nordanger, Dag Øystein, Dr.

psychol.

Psychosocial discourses and responses to political violence in post-war Tigray, Ethiopia.

Rimol, Lars Morten, PhD Behavioral and fMRI studies of auditory laterality and speech sound processing.

Krumsvik, Rune Johan, Dr.

philos.

ICT in the school. ICT-initiated school development in lower secondary school.

Norman, Elisabeth, Dr. psychol. Gut feelings and unconscious thought:

An exploration of fringe consiousness in implicit cognition.

Israel, K Pravin, Dr. psychol. Parent involvement in the mental health care of children and adolescents. Emperical studies from clinical care setting.

Glasø, Lars, PhD Affects and emotional regulation in leader-subordinate relationships.

Knutsen, Ketil, Dr. philos. HISTORIER UNGDOM LEVER – En studie av hvordan ungdommer bruker historie for å gjøre livet meningsfullt.

Matthiesen, Stig Berge, PhD Bullying at work. Antecedents and outcomes.

2006 H

Gramstad, Arne, PhD Neuropsychological assessment of cognitive and emotional functioning in patients with epilepsy.

Bendixen, Mons, PhD Antisocial behaviour in early adolescence:

Methodological and substantive issues.

Mrumbi, Khalifa Maulid, PhD Parental illness and loss to HIV/AIDS as experienced by AIDS orphans aged between 12-17 years from Temeke District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A study of the children’s psychosocial health and coping responses.

Hetland, Jørn, Dr. psychol. The nature of subjective health complaints in

adolescence: Dimensionality, stability, and psychosocial predictors

Kakoko, Deodatus Conatus Vitalis, PhD

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing service uptake among primary school teachers in Mwanza, Tanzania:

assessment of socio-demographic, psychosocial and socio-cognitive aspects

Mykletun, Arnstein, Dr. psychol. Mortality and work-related disability as long-term consequences of anxiety and depression: Historical cohort designs based on the HUNT-2 study

Sivertsen, Børge, PhD Insomnia in older adults. Consequences, assessment and treatment.

2007

V Singhammer, John, Dr. philos. Social conditions from before birth to early adulthood – the influence on health and health behaviour