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Potential risk factor Case (exposure) Control
(non-exposure) Matched OR 95% CI P-value DEMOGRAPHIC
Sex (male) 105/171 (61.40%) 31/48 (64.58%) 0.87 0.42 - 1.78 0.688
Age group
Under 5 122/171 (71.35%) 27/48 (56.25%) 1.94 0.95 – 3.94 0.048
5 – 9 3/125 (2.40%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.33 0.04 – 3.01 0.237
10 – 14 5/127 (3.94%) 0/27 (–) – – –
15 – 19 5/127 (3.94%) 3/30 (10.00%) 0.37 0.07 – 2.09 0.179
20 – 24 4/126 (3.17%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.44 0.06 – 3.69 0.312
25 – 29 3/125 (2.40%) 0/27 (–) – – –
30 – 34 5/127 (3.94%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.55 0.09 – 4.37 0.385
35 – 39 2/124 (1.61%) 0/27 (–) – – –
40 – 44 3/125 (2.40%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.33 0.04 – 3.01 0.237
45 – 49 1/123 (0.81%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.11 0.00 – 1.64 0.093
50 – 54 5/127 (3.94%) 2/29 (6.90%) 0.55 0.09 – 4.37 0.385
55 – 59 5/127 (3.94%) 1/28 (3.57%) 1.11 0.12 – 26.0 0.704
60 – 64 1/123 (0.81%) 1/28 (3.57%) 0.22 0.01 – 8.40 0.337
65 - 69 3/125 (2.40%) 0/27 (–) – – –
70 - 85 4/126 (3.17%) 4/31(12.90%) 0.22 0.04 – 1.14 0.051
CLINICAL DATA
Number day with diarrhoea
Diarrhoea less than 5 days 96/171 (56.14%) 24/48 (50.00%) 1.28 (Ref.) 0.64 – 2.55 0.450 Diarrhoea from 5-6 days 48/144 (33.33%) 7/31 (22.58%) 1.21 0.44 – 3.49 0.678 Diarrhoea ≥ 7 days 27/123 (21.95%) 17/41 (41.46%) 0.40 0.17 – 0.90 0.015
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Used antib. before admitted 87/171 (50.88%) 14/48 (29.17%) 2.52 1.20 – 5.33 0.008 Used antib. in hospital 155/171 (90.64%) 43/48 (89.58%) 1.13 0.34 – 3.53 0.826
Chronic illness 24/171 (14.04%) 14/48 (29.17%) 0.40 0.17 – 0.90 0.014
Recent hospitalisation 68/171 (39.77%) 19/48 (39.58%) 1.01 0.50 – 2.04 0.982
Recent out patient clinic visit 109/171 (63.74%) 32/48 (66.67%) 0.88 0.42 – 1.82 0.709 History of diarrhoea last 90 days 97/171 (56.73%) 24/48 (50.00%) 1.31 0.66 – 2.61 0.408 Use antibiotic last 90 days 111/171 (64.91%) 20/48 (41.67%) 2.59 1.28 – 5.25 0.004 Use ant. fam. last 90 days 101/171 (59.06%) 20/48 (41.67%) 2.02 1.01 – 4.07 0.032 Visit patient in hospital 26/171 (15.20%) 1/48 (2.08% ) 8.43 1.17 – 171 0.015 History contact with diarrh. patient 10/171 (5.85%) 2/48 (4.17%) 1.43 0.28 - 9.81 0.651 ANTIBIOTIC CONSUMPTION’S HABIT
Where is the most plate that you will go when getting sick?
Go to hospital 51/171 (29.82%) 17/48 (35.42%) 0.77 (Ref.) 0.37 – 1.61 0.459
Go to private clinic 24/75 (32.00%) 10/27 (37.04%) 0.80 0.29 – 2.22 0.634
Go to private pharmacy 92/143 (64.34%) 11/28 (39.29%) 2.79 1.13 – 6.95 0.013
Self treat 4/55 (7.27%) 7/24 (29.17%) 0.19 0.04 – 0.88 0.015
Go to traditional healer 0/51 (–) 3/17 (17.65%) – – –
Knowledge of people 104/171 (60.82%) 14/48 (29.17%) 3.77 1.79 – 8.02 < 0.001
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Potential risk factor Case (exposure) Control
(non-exposure) Matched OR 95% CI P-value Drugs use when getting sick
Antibiotic 140/171 (81.87%) 18/48 (37.50%) 7.53 3.53 – 16.18 < 0.001
Vitamin 90/171 (52.63%) 25/48 (52.08%) 1.02 0.51 – 2.04 0.946
Flu tablet 46/171 (26.90%) 18/48 (37.50%) 0.61 0.30 – 1.27 0.154
Traditional medicine 14/171 (8.19%) 8/48 (16.67%) 0.45 0.16 – 1.26 0.084
Or the other 20/171 (11.70%) 7/48 (14.58%) 0.78 0.28 – 2.18 0.591
Place often by drug
Private pharmacies 143/171 (83.63%) 33/48 (68.75%) 2.32 1.05 – 5.13 0.022
Street vendor 6/149 (4.03%) 8/41 (19.51%) 0.17 0.05 – 0.62 0.003
Hospital pharmacy 22/165 (13.33%) 7/40 (17.50%) 0.73 0.26 – 2.05 0.498
Buy antibiotics with or without prescription
Without prescription of MD. 111/171 (64.91%) 22/48 (45.83%) 2.19 1.09 - 4.40 0.017 If not
Advise form drug seller 107/171 (62.57%) 22/48 (45.83%) 1.98 0.99 – 3.97 0.037
Decided yourselves 6/113 (5.31%) 3/25 (12.00%) 0.41 0.08 – 2.27 0.220
Advise form another person 58/165 (35.15%) 23/45 (51.11%) 0.57 0.28 – 1.16 0.093 Chance to buy antibiotic in community
Easy 167/171 (97.66%) 47/48 (97.92%) 0.89 0.02 – 9.26 0.698
Often use antibiotic when
Infection 157/171 (91.81%) 46/48 (95.83%) 0.49 0.07 – 2.38 0.275
Flu 91/171 (53.22%) 16/48 (33.33%) 2.28 1.11 – 4.71 0.015
Headache 20/171 (11.70%) 4/48 (8.33%) 1.46 0.44 – 5.33 0.510
Diarrhoea 90/171 (52.63%) 13/48 (27.08%) 2.99 1.41 – 6.44 0.002
Hurt 11/171 (6.43%) 2/48 (4.17%) 1.58 0.31 – 10.7 0.428
Or the other 42/171 (24.56%) 15/48 (31.25%) 0.72 0.34 – 1.54 0.351
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How to use antibiotics
One kind of antibiotic 144/171 (84.21%) 40/48 (83.33%) 1.07 (Ref.) 0.41 – 2.70 0.883 Two kinds of antibiotics 24/168 (14.29%) 7/47 (14.89%) 0.95 0.36 – 2.63 0.916 Three kinds of antibiotics 3/147 (2.04%) 1/41 (2.44%) 0.83 0.07 – 21.4 0.630
More 0/144 (–) 0/40 (–) – – –
Way to use antibiotic
Oral 162/171 (94.74%) 43/48 (89.58%) 2.09 (Ref.) 0.57 – 7.32 0.168
Injection 2/164 (1.22%) 0/43 (–) – – –
Other 7/169 (4.14%) 5/48 (10.42%) 0.37 0.01 – 1.43 0.098
Use antibiotic when diarrhoea 98/171 (57.31%) 15/48 (31.25%) 2.95 1.42 – 6.19 0.001 Stopped using antibiotic
After reduced symptoms 110/171 (64.33%) 23/48 (47.92%) 1.96 (Ref.) 0.98 – 3.94 0.034
Two days 16/126 (12.70%) 8/31 (25.81%) 0.42 0.15 – 1.22 0.069
Four days 32/152 (21.05%) 7/30 (23.33%) 0.96 0.35 – 2.71 0.924
One week 12/122 (9.84%) 9/32 (28.13%) 0.28 0.09 – 0.82 0.007
Two weeks 1/111 (0.90%) 1/24 (4.17%) 0.21 0.01 – 7.92 0.323
Price of antibiotic
Expensive 19/171 (11.11%) 11/48 (22.92%) 0.42 (Ref.) 0.17 – 1.04 0.036
Medium 129/148 (87.16%) 34/45 (75.56%) 2.20 0.88 – 5.44 0.060
Acceptable 23/42 (54.76%) 3/14 (21.43%) 4.44 0.94 – 23.7 0.030
The way will be use if antibiotic is expensive
Reduce dose 88/171 (51.46%) 34/48 (70.83%) 0.44 (Ref.) 0.21 – 0.91 0.017 Choose another one’s cheaper 36/124 (29.03%) 6/40 (15.00%) 2.32 0.84 – 6.75 0.077
Borrow more money 47/135 (34.81%) 8/42 (19.05%) 2.27 0.91 – 5.81 0.054
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Potential risk factor Case (exposure) Control
(non-exposure) Matched OR 95% CI P-value RISK FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE LIVING AREA
Type of water supply in the family
Water pipe supply 65/171 (38.01%) 20/48 (41.67%) 0.86 0.43 – 1.73 0.646
Wells 107/171 (62.57%) 29/48 (60.42%) 1.10 0.54 – 2.22 0.786
Pond 12/171 (7.02%) 4/48 (8.33%) 0.83 0.23 – 3.23 0.480
Rainfall water 36/171 (21.05%) 8/48 (16.67%) 1.33 0.54 – 3.39 0.503
Drinking water with or without boiling
Drinking un-boiled water 21/171 (12.28%) 1/47 (2.13%) 6.58 1.00 – 277.8 0.025
Eating outside 36/171 (21.05%) 6/48 (12.50%) 1.87 0.69 – 5.31 0.184
Used unhygienic toilet 103/171 (60.23%) 19/48 (39.58%) 2.15 1.06 – 4.40 0.022 Disposal sewage unhygienic 90/171 (52.63%) 17/48 (35.42%) 2.03 1.00 – 4.15 0.035
