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S H - 2 0 1 T H E H I S T O R Y O F S V A L B A R D

Thor Bjørn Arlov, NTNU & UNIS

8 The development of environmental protection and local

governance

1

Content of today’s lecture

The environmental protection regime

–Impacts of human activity

–The environment protection «coup» 1973 –Modern developments

Norwegian governance on Svalbard

–Designing an administration –The Governor: Sysselmannen –Self-determination and local governance

Man & nature on Svalbard – a conflict?

How effective has governance on Svalbard been?

1sthalf:

2ndhalf:

Problem:

2

Today’s Cultural Heritage Quiz

What and where is this?

© Norsk Polarinstitutt

(2)

Impacts of human activity

• What is an environmental impact?

–An (observable) effect on, or change in the environment caused by an activity or process

–Good or bad? Human impacts vs.

natural processes

• Impacts of harvesting bio-resources –17thand 18thCentury vs. modern

whaling

–Sealing, hunting and trapping –Fisheries on and around Svalbard

• Impacts of mineral extraction –Local pollution, littering, landscape

damages

• A sustainable development?

4

Svalbard and the ”oil boom”

Intensive and extensive exploration in the 1960s and early ’70s

Created a (potential) environmental problem and a question of governance

18 wells drilled (1961-1994);

impacts are probably modest

Why would oil and gas on Svalbard be of interest?

5

Nature conservation concerns

• Early whaling: regulation by monopoly

• The rise of nature conservation awareness

• Conflicts between trappers and tourists

• Early protection initiatives; the Svalbard Treaty and hunting regulation

Reindeer 1925

Two small plant reserves in the 1930s Walrus 1952

Geese 1955 Eider duck 1963 Polar bear (1970) 1972

(3)

A modern environmental regime

• Background: the petroleum exploration and environmentalism

• The protection ”coup” of 1973:

environmental vs. legal/political concerns

–Nature conservation –Cultural heritage

–Restrictions on human activity

• The Svalbard environment law 2002

• 8 new national parks 2003–05, incl.

Bjørnøya and Hopen; development

of management plans Protected land area 39,800 km2 Including sea area 115,600 km2

7

15 minutes break

8

A part of the kingdom of Norway?

• The Svalbard Treaty (1920) and the question of administration

• Governance by remote control?

Legal and political considerations 1920–25

• Economic crisis and tight budgets:

limitations on ambition

• Second thougths: the making of the Svalbard Law

• Annexation or integration? National self-esteem and pragmatic solutions

(4)

The birth and rise of a Sysselmann

• Economic restraints and political indecisiveness 1925–35

• Reorganization 1935: A permanent sysselmann

• The lone sheriff: state authority in a company town

• Peaceful co-existence: Soviet- Norwegian relations on Svalbard

• Post-war developments: new challenges for the local government

• An amazing expansion from the 1970s

J.G. Bassøe (1925-35) W.T. Marlow (1935-42)

10

Local self-determination

• In the periphery of Norwegian democracy

• Sysselmann vs. Store Norske:

the Welfare Council (1948)

• The Svalbard Council (1971): power to the people?

• Normalization in a cold war context

• The 1990s: Towards a real local democracy – but only in Longyearbyen

• The watershed: Establishing Longyearbyen lokalstyre (2002)

11

Governance in the long perspective

A «minimum regime» 1925–1965

Tightening the grip: Expansion from the 1970s and normalization

The significance of environmental protection in a governance perspective

The long way to local democracy

Svalbard today: still

”underregulated”?

(5)

Next time on HOS…

14

End of 8

th

lecture

15

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